little mountain ranch

L I T T L E M O U N T A I N R A N C H

A H i g h l a n d R e t r e a t

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PREPARED FOR

PRIVATE CLIENT

PREPARED BY

AN AFFILIATE OF

INTRODUCTION

THE VISION

THE PROPERTY

THE REGION

THE HISTORY

SITE INVENTORY & ANALYSIS

LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGY

TERRAIN

ECOLOGY

VEGETATION

ASPECT

WILDLIFE

SITE DESIGN ELEMENTS

ENTRANCE MEADOW

MEADOW PRECEDENTS

HOME SITE

HOME SITE PRECEDENTS

INTERVENTIONS

DISCOVERY & CONTEMPLATION

STEWARDSHIP

ATV TRAILS & AMENITIES

SITE AMENITY PRECEDENTS

SUMMARY

CONTENTS

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LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH, a H i g h l a n d R e t r e a t

t o p . . . r i d g e F r o m

RIDGE TOP

ROUTE 220

JACKSON RIVER

NORTH

INTRODUCTIONMcKee Carson and Field Sport Concepts, Ltd. are proud to provide the family with the following inventory, analysis, planning, and design explorations for Little Mountain Ranch.

We have evaluated the property in order to explore certain master plan confi gurations regarding the program vision. This report is a record of our initial observations, inventories, analyses, and recommendations. While it is not a design document, it is our intent that the initial concepts contained herein, along with our research and recommendations, serve to assist you and your family with a vision and future planning decisions for your property.

The master planning process began with a comprehensive analysis of the site and its geographic, cultural, and historical relationship to its context. An understanding of these natural and cultural infl uences, site context, existing conditions, and programmatic goals all contributed to the unique landscape language that was developed for this master plan.

Through the investigation of maps and narratives of Highland County, we chronicled the site’s cultural and natural history. After numerous on-site investigations we conducted a detailed site inventory and analysis, including site ecology, plant communities, terrain, and solar aspect. Evaluation of the site’s opportunities and constraints associated with the programmatic goals led us to further explore and reveal the site’s unique character through a series of design interventions.

This document is a record of that process and the resulting design recommendations we have developed as a result. It is our sincere hope that we not only meet your expectations but exceed them, and that this book serves to highlight the unlimited potential, outstanding integrity and overall beauty found at Little Mountain Ranch from ridge top to river valley.

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From ridge top...

...t o r i v e r v a l l e y

THE VISIONThe vision for Little Mountain Ranch is to create a multi-functional retreat for the owner; a place of respite and recreation designed to meet the needs of a growing family today, and into the future. The property is impressive, with places and features that give it a unique identity. With very few exceptions, the land, as a resource, lends itself well to the envisioned programmatic elements that will ultimately preserve the value and ensure the family’s enjoyment of the property. Its owners are interested in preserving the property’s integrity through the establishment of conservation easements and enhancement of ecologically sensitive areas. The introduction of new rural recreational pursuits, which can be enjoyed by family, friends and visitors, combined with ecologically sensitive ranch operation will create a retreat with few equals.

Those programs envisioned for the property include:

CABINS AND CAMPSITES

To accommodate family and friends

TRAILS AND TRAIL DESTINATIONS

For passive and active recreation along with the general enjoyment of the properties unique elements.

PONDS

To enhance aesthetic, wildlife, and agricultural uses.

WILDLIFE HABITAT AND HUSBANDRY

To be established in certain areas of the property and enhanced in others.

AGRICULTURE AND TIMBER

To develop sustainable and ecologically sensitive management of natural resources.

SUBDIVISION OF THE PROPERTY

Solely for estate planning purposes and for the ultimate creation of home sites for family members.

As illustrated in this program, a conservation easement will preserve the site’s ecology and protect it for future recreational enjoyment.

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...to river valley



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THE PROPERTYLittle Mountain Ranch is located in Highland County, Virginia, along U.S. Route 220. A part of the once larger Tomahawk Ranch, Little Mountain Ranch is grand in both appearance and size, with over 1800 acres in its boundaries. The ranch sits on the northwestern slope of Little Mountain, literally spanning from ridge top to river valley. Roughly 2500 linear feet of the property borders Route 220, while the Jackson River fl ows approximately 4500 feet through the property at the base of Little Mountain.

Little Mountain is composed primarily of sedimentary rock, as is most of the Ridge and Valley province. The ridge line of Little Mountain is composed of particularly hard sandstone, pieces of which have tumbled down and collected in various locations across the mountain. A second outcropping of sandstone can be seen along the Jackson River near the river ford currently used by the family. This outcropping is part of a distinct layer of sandstone which runs the length of the property at a relatively consistent elevation. In between these two harder belts of sandstone, shale, limestone and softer sandstones exist, which are the hallmarks of karst geography. An on-site cave and associated sinkhole are evidence of this karst geography.

Because the property encompasses the slopes of Little Mountain from ridge top to river valley, there are a variety of terrains on which the predominant oak-hickory-maple forest is found. Although the property is dominated by steep rocky slopes, smaller areas of very gentle grade occur on the mountain side as well.

In the river valley, fertile grasslands compose the fl oodplain of the Jackson River. These grasslands are predominantly used for agricultural purposes such as cattle farms. Only about 100 acres of the ranch are open grassland. The Jackson River, a typical freestone stream, fl ows in a series of rills and pools that meander along the course of least resistance. Due to its meandering nature, the river sometimes cuts a new path through the valley fl oor either forming an island or an oxbow of water that is cut off from the main channel. These will change over time and are the creation of the dynamic hydraulic force of the river.

The property is home to a large community of wildlife species including mammals, fowl, and many types of aquatic life. Some are found across the state and are commonplace at the Ranch, such as deer, turkey, and squirrel; while others have more limited ranges, like the Snowshoe Hare (Lepus americanus) and Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), which are exclusive to the mountains of western Virginia.

The site not only offers its natural beauty, but also a host of recreational opportunities. A network of existing logging roadbeds offer an excellent framework for developing trails for hiking, mountain biking, horseback riding, and All Terrain Vehicles (ATV’s) all the while providing access to unique places throughout the ranch. The Jackson River hosts some of the state’s best fi shing opportunities as well as a place to swim, fl oat, or relax beside the water. The potential for sporting clays and/or skeet shooting exists in the open meadows on site. Other active recreational opportunities include hunting and camping, while passive recreational opportunities, such as picnicking or simply enjoying the scenery are almost limitless.

RANCH PROPERTYNW slope of Little Mountain,1801.67 acres

SANDSTONE RIDGE

KARST CAVE ENTRANCE

JACKSON RIVER MEANDER


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THE REGIONLocated in the Ridge and Valley Province of the Appalachian Range, Highland County encompasses 416 square miles of arguably, the most beautiful and unique environments east of the Mississippi River. Per square mile, the county is one of the least populated on the east coast. As a result, the lack of development in the county helps support a rich diversity of plant and animal life unique to the Appalachian Mountains.

The local economy is built around the wealth of its natural resources and agricultural businesses abound here. Approximately 70% of the county’s 260,000 acres is forested with the dominant species being oak, hickory, and maple. This has fueled the timber industry in the area which supports several local sawmills and has contributed signifi cantly to the Highland County economy. Roughly 70,000 acres falls under the protection of federal and state agencies, including the United States Forest Service and the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries.

Highland County is quite high for Virginia, averaging 2,800 feet in elevation. As a result, it is almost exclusively occupied by headwater streams and rivers. Northwest of Monterey (the county seat), the county falls within the Potomac watershed; all of the waterways here fl ow into the South Branch of the Potomac River. The southern and eastern portions of the county, including the Jackson, Bullpasture, and Cowpasture Rivers, fall within the James River watershed. It is said that there is a red roofed barn in Monterey whose roof runoff falls to the Potomac on one side and to the James on the other.

The climate of Highland County offers comfortably cool summers and chilly winters. The coolest month has been January with an average temperature of 26.6 degrees Fahrenheit and an average snowfall of 11 inches. Conversely, the warmest month is July averaging 68.1 degrees; it also represents the month with the heaviest rainfall average at 3.95 inches. This is somewhat misleading however, as no month averages fewer than 3.20 inches resulting in a total annual precipitation of 42 inches for the county.

HIGHLAND COUNTY, VIRGINIABordered to North and West by West Virginia

LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCHSE portion of Highland County,Ridge + Valley Physiographic Region


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WEST VIRGINIA VIRGINIA

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JAMES RIVER

JACKSON RIVER

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THE HISTORYThe Highland County area was populated by Native Americans well before European settlers arrived. As evidence, the discovery of a 3,000-year old settlement near McDowell is located to the east of the ranch in the Bullpasture Valley. When Europeans fi rst arrived in the area they found that the land was not claimed by any particular tribe, but served as a common hunting ground for the Shawnee, Cherokee and Delaware tribes.

At the time Highland County was teaming with buffalo, bear, deer and game birds, many of which are found and seen here today. It is also believed that the Native Americans practiced burning to maintain grass-land in the valleys in order to attract game to the area.

Although settlement had already begun in the Bullpasture valley, the William and Stephen Wilson families were the fi rst to settle in the Jackson River valley in 1753. Originally from Dublin, Ireland, the Wilson Brothers had moved south to Virginia after living for a time on Brandywine Creek in Pennsylvania. Interestingly, their fi nal stop was close to Little Mountain Ranch where they settled just south at the confl uence of Bolar Run and Jackson River.

Most early settlers were, like the Wilsons, of Scotch-Irish or German heritage. Unlike coastal settlers, they often chose to abandon the Native American place names in favor of more European names. The Native American name for the Bullpasture and Cowpasture Rivers was Wallawhatoola, or “river that bends.” The native name for the Jackson River is unknown, but it is currently named for early pioneer William Jackson, not the Civil War icon Stonewall Jackson as one might suspect. Bolar Run, in Big Valley to the east of Little Mountain Ranch, was originally known as Wilson’s Mill Run for the Wilson family. The current name comes from Colonel John Bolar of Bath whose wife inherited the land from her father William Wilson.

CIVIL WAR ERA MAP OF HIGHLAND COUNTY WITH CURRENT LOCATION OF LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH HIGHLIGHTED

SHEEP DRIVE, HIGHLAND COUNTY

CATTLE DRIVE, HIGHLAND COUNTY

Highland County, as it is known today, was formed in 1847. The county seat of Monterey was founded the following year. Originally it was simply called “Highland,” but the name was changed in honor of the Mexican town where General Zachary Taylor defeated the Mexican Army during the Spanish-American War.

Historically, agriculture has been the staple industry for economic gain in Highland County. Sheep farming and wool sales along with cattle ranching were, and still are, the main livestock industry. The harvesting, processing, and sale of wood products were and continue to be a major contributor to the economy of the county.

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MAP NOT TO SCALE

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SITE INVENTORY & ANALYSISA number of inventory and analysis studies were conducted pertaining to the physical elements of the ranch property. These studies, and the resulting fi ndings, assisted the team in making solid, justifi ed, and appropriate planning and design decisions for the project.

LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGY

TERRAIN

ECOLOGY

VEGETATION

ASPECT

WILDLIFE

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Field visits and on-site reconnaissance was necessary to investigate design opportunities and constraints and familiarize the team with the property. Assessment of wildlife habitat and corridors, terrain, solar aspect, vegetation, scenic and historic values, fl ood plain and surface drainage, and land uses were all part of the site investigation. The following analysis describes the implications and characteristic of each physical element.

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The property covers a wide range of elevation change, with approximately 1,390 feet of topographic change from the highest point atop Little Mountain at 3,493 feet, to the lowest point in the Jackson River valley at 2,103 feet. There are three distinct landscape typologies: the fl at riverine fl oodplain, the moderate to steep transitional slopes, and the rocky, steep ridge top.

RIVERINE FLOODPLAINRoughly 100 of the ranch’s 1,800 acres are located in the fl ood plain of the Jackson River. This zone is level with slopes ranging from 0-3% and is characterized by silt and sandy loam soils. The top of the seasonal high water table is at 22 inches. Because of its low banks, typically less than 5 feet in height, this zone is prone to occasional fl ooding. Given its rich organic content the fl oodplain is ideal for farming and wildlife husbandry practices.

TRANSITION SLOPEThe majority of the ranch’s acreage lies in the moderate to steep transitional slopes that span the mountain side between the riverine fl oodplain and ridge top typologies. This is where most of the topographical variance of the property is found, as some 1,100’ of elevation is gained. The geology of Little Mountain is dominated by two sandstone ridges, one atop the mountain and one that forms the uphill edge of the fl oodplain. These two outcrops defi ne the edges of the transitional zone. The lower sandstone formation provides a bench along the mountain side where the topography becomes more moderate (between 2,300’ to 2,500’ in elevation) allowing for several potential building sites and trail locations. The soil in this zone tends to be shallow and well drained with a high cobble and stone content.

RIDGE TOPThe ridge top is characterized by its rocky, undulating topography ranging from 200- 300’ from its highest point (3,493’) along the ridge top to the lowest elevation of 3,185’. This typology is comprised of shallow, well drained soil that occasionally presents sandstone rock outcroppings. While not hospitable to building, the ridge top offers excellent views to both the Bullpasture and Jackson River valleys.

LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGY

2200’ and lower

2201’ - 2300’

2301’ - 2400’

2401’ - 2500’

2501’ - 2600’

2601’ - 2700’

2701’ - 2800’

2801’ - 2900’

2901’ - 3000’

3001’ - 3100’

3101’ - 3200’

3201’ - 3300’

3301’ - 3400’

3401’ - 3500’

RIDGETOP ROCK OUTCROP

TRANSITION SLOPE


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TERRAIN Slopes on site were calculated and grouped into six categories according to development guidelines for trails, roadways, and building sites. As shown on the adjacent map, a majority of the property contains slopes of 25% or greater which directly correlates with the transition zone between the riverine fl oodplain and the ridge top. There is a substantial amount of acreage that falls in the 15-25% slope range and is suitable for building and trail development. In terms of analyzing the property for programmatic elements, slope ranges under 25% are the most conducive for home sites and ATV trails. However, some of the most interesting places on site are the steep, rocky ridges and ravines, and thus are given special consideration in the design phases.

0-5% - Relatively fl at, mostly found in the fl ood plain meadows.

10-15% - More diffi cult ATV terrain, Dept. of Transportation allows 14% max for roads.

15-20% - Too steep for ATVs to ascend straight uphill, trails should traverse slope.

20-25% - Maximum slope recommended for buildings.

25+% - Very steep. Access between roadways and building pads diffi cult.

5-10% - Slightly steeper, but easily walkable. Similar to slope of handicap ramps.

RIVERINE FLOOD PLAIN

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Ecology is the scientifi c study of the interactions of organisms with their environment and with each other. An ecosystem is a combination of relationships among living resources, habitats and residents of a region; it can be a large geographic region, like the Appalachian mountains, or something as small as a puddle. An ecological community is an assemblage of these species interacting in a specifi c habitat. We have categorized Little Mountain Ranch into three main ecological communities: forest, riparian edge, and meadow. While they can be seen as separate, the function of each is inherently connected to the others and to the larger ecosystems in which they are situated.

FOREST Forests are areas with a high density of trees. They take in large amounts of carbon dioxide and are the best landscape for ensuring good water quality, preventing soil erosion and providing important habitat for a wide range of animals. It is claimed that one teaspoon of healthy forest soil may contain more than 10,000 organisms, which many of the plants, such as mountain laurel, rely on to survive.

Forests can be categorized into four main layers: canopy, subcanopy, understory, and groundplane (herb layer). Each layer is specifi cally adapted for the level of shade and moisture that it receives, and the presence of all layers is important to the health of the forest and its inhabitants.

The forest community of Little Mountain Ranch is termed an oak-hickory or oak-hickory-maple complex, as they are the dominant tree species. At one time it was an oak-chestnut forest, but a blight brought in with the Chinese chestnut in the 1940s and 50s killed off the American chestnut, radically altering the forest landscape. Prior to their decimation, it is estimated that one in every four trees in the Appalachian mountains was an American chestnut. What was once a 100-foot tall canopy tree is now a small sapling that generally succumbs to the blight within a few years, and there are numerous examples all over the property.

RIPARIAN EDGE A riparian edge is the area directly adjacent to a river or stream. Because this area is prone to fl ooding, the plants found here are well adapted to changing conditions. Healthy riparian edges are some of the most diverse ecosystems in nature supporting more species of plants and animals than either forest or meadow. These edges also provide critical habitat for fi sh, insects, reptiles, amphibians, small mammals and birds; thereby also

ECOLOGYsupporting the animals that prey on them. Acting as wildlife “highways” for migratory species, riparian corridors and edges help connect isolated forest stands.

Healthy riparian edges assist in preventing stream bank erosion and deterioration of water quality. Shaded river channels help to improve aquatic habitat and contribute plant matter to the base of the aquatic food web. Riparian edges also reduce fl ood damage to surrounding land and fi lter pollutants from runoff before it reaches the stream.

The state of Virginia offers tax credits and assistance programs for the establishment and maintenance of this valuable territory.

MEADOW Meadows are characterized by plants such as grasses, forbs (herbaceous plants and wildfl owers) and small shrubs. They provide habitat for deer, turkey, rabbit, quail, mice, butterfl ies and a host of insects as well as forage areas for livestock. Predators such as hawks, owls, and fox depend on small meadow animals for most of their food. Meadow diversity is greatly affected by the types of plants that grow in them and the frequency of mowing or burning, since cover and food is limited in freshly mown or burned areas.

There are two main types of grasses typically found in a meadow: cool season grasses and warm season grasses. As the names imply, cool season grasses do most of their growing when the weather is cooler in the spring and fall, while warm season grasses are adapted to thrive in the heat of the summer.

Native warm season grasses are taller and grow in clumps. This is benefi cial for small animals that can move freely and safely at ground level while remaining sheltered from above. Warm season grasses typically keep their form in the winter, providing year-round visual interest and cover for animals. Because they do not crowd out other plants, warm season meadows are generally more diverse providing more food and habitat for a wider variety of animals.

Cool season grasses can be bunch grasses, but most are non-native, sod-forming grasses. Tall fescue is the most commonly found meadow grass because it is easy to maintain and good pasturage for livestock. However, fescues are undesirable in a meadow because they start growing long before other grasses and form a dense mat which keeps other plants from germinating, resulting in a monoculture that limits food and habitat for wildlife.

THE JACKSON RIVER HAS LOST RIPARIAN EDGE TO PASTURE LAND

ERODED RIPARIAN EDGE


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LAYERED FOREST AT LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH

MEADOW WETLAND DURING COOL SEASON (MARCH) SAME WETLAND DURING WARM SEASON (JUNE) SHOWING DIVERSITY OF WARM SEASON PLANTS



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The vegetative community on Little Mountain Ranch is considered part of the Central Appalachian Northern Hardwood Forests. These mixed hardwood forests are prevalent at high elevations and can be further broken down into three primary communities: terrestrial, alluvial, and riverine. The terrestrial community occupies the entire mountain and is comprised of the oak-hickory-maple complex, while the alluvial and riverine communities include species located in the fl ood plain and Jackson River itself.

TERRESTRIAL COMMUNITYThe terrestrial community includes all upland (non-wetland) habitats and occurs primarily on the mountainside of Little Mountain Ranch. The canopy in this community includes species such as: sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red maple (Acer rubrum), sweet birch (Betula lenta), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra), while American beech (Fagus gradifolia), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) are less frequent co-dominants. The sub-canopy is comprised of species such as black cherry (Prunus serotina), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), white pine (Pinus strobes) and a host of other companions. The understory and ground plane include a matrix of species ranging from shrubs such as mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and rhododendron to herb layers of haysented fern (Dennstaedita punctilobula), and whorled aster (Aster acuminatus).

The importance of red maple, sweet birch, northern red oak, and black cherry in contemporary Virginia exemplifi es this community and refl ects secondary succession following catastrophic logging and fi re disturbance in the early part of the twentieth century.

ALLUVIAL COMMUNITYSpecies in this community occupy temporarily fl ooded habitats including the Jackson River fl oodplain. Characteristic trees include sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), boxelder (Acer negundo), river birch (Betula nigra), black walnut (Juglans nigra), and black willow (Salix nigra). Shrubs include spicebush (Lindera benzoin), alder (Alnus serrulata), and witchhazel (Hamamelis virginiana).

VEGETATION

CANOPY

SUB - CANOPY

UNDERSTORY

GROUNDPLANE

FOREST LAYERS

Herbaceous composition varies greatly but include species such as joe-pye weed (Eupatorium fi stulosum), jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphylum), and sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis). More frequently fl ooded areas along the stream channels support some wetland species such as twisted sedge (Carex torta), hooked buttercup (Ranunculus recurvatus), and marsh blue violet (Viola cucullata).

RIVERINE COMMUNITYThe fl oating and submergent herbaceous vegetation of this community inhabits the Jackson River itself. Characteristic species include waterweeds (Elodea candensis), and horn-leaf riverweed (Podostemum ceratophyllum) that is often rooted on shallow submerged boulders and rock outcrops.



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ASPECTAspect refers to the direction in which a slope is oriented in relation to the solar position. This determines vegetative plant growth, the plant species, and microclimatic conditions throughout the day and year. This positioning also helps us understand the most useful and valuable places to locate buildings. The main ridge of Little Mountain runs in a northeast to southwest direction with smaller ridges projecting perpendicularly from the main ridge. These smaller ridges have primarily northern and southern aspects.

Solar analyses, according to the slope aspect, were developed for the property on three different days (corresponding to winter and summer solstice, and spring/fall equinox), and at three different times of day. It is clear that the northern slopes of the smaller ridges receive much less sunlight throughout the year in comparison to the southern slopes.

JUNE 21 (summer solstice) 9 a.m. | 1 p.m. | 6 p.m. MARCH/SEPT. 21 (spring/fall equinox) 9 a.m. | 1 p.m. | 6 p.m.

DECEMBER 21 (winter solstice) 9 a.m. | 1 p.m. | 6 p.m

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March 21 /

December 21

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WILDLIFEHighland County is home to a wide array of wildlife. Supporting over 500 species, the area includes an incredible variety of both game and non-game species. The Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries and the Federal Government have listed 49 of these species worthy of special conservation efforts. A small percentage of those are listed on either the state or federal government endangered species list. A few examples of these rare species include the Virginia big eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus); the Virginia northern fl ying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus) and the Snowshoe Hare (Lepus americanus). Interestingly, sightings of the squirrel and hare have actually been limited statewide to the far northwestern corner of Highland County. That said, these species represent only a small percentage of the total species found in Highland, most of which are abundant in number.

Some of the species include:

BIG GAME SPECIES

Whitetail Deer | Odocoileus virginianus

Wild Turkey | Meleagris gallopavo

Black Bear | Ursus americanus

SMALL GAME SPECIES

Ruffed Grouse | Bonasa umbellus

Waterfowl | Anatidae family

Dove | Columbidae family

Quail | Galliformes order

Eastern Cottontail Rabbit | Sylvilagus fl oridanus

Gray, Fox, and Ground Squirrel | Sciuridae family

AQUATIC SPECIES

Rainbow Trout | Oncorhynchus mykiss

Brown Trout | Salmo trutta

Smallmouth Bass | Micropterus dolomieu

Rock Bass | Ambloplites rupestris

RARE SPECIES

Snowshoe Hare | Lepus americanus

Golden Eagle | Aquila chrysaetos

Virginia Northern Flying Squirrel |Glaucomys sabrinus

Bald Eagle | Haliaeetus leucocephalus

SITE DESIGN ELEMENTSThe richness of Little Mountain Ranch is representative of the distinct, multi-layered vernacular of Highland County. The following design recommendations are intended to recognize and celebrate this unique diversity. We feel that designing in an ecologically conscientious manner that recognizes the landscape as a cohesive whole is essential to the success of the ranch as a multi-faceted family retreat. The following recommended site elements are chosen to refl ect the family’s envisioned program while weaving in the preservation and enhancement of the site’s ecology.

In generating the content for this section, we recognize that the treatments being proposed for each element fall into one of three categories:

INTERVENTIONS: locations where we propose designed elements to improve the use, function, and aesthetics of a place while highlighting its ecological uniqueness and value.

DISCOVERIES: places that are in need of minor improvement that also provide an opportunity for exploration.

STEWARDSHIP: places where changes in the long-term management of the site help enhance, restore, and sustain the natural heritage, biodiversity, and beauty of natural communities.

The common thread among these categories is the effort to design each element with an eye towards the existing character of the site. The sandstone ridge top, the oak- hickory- maple forest complex, the natural views, and the essential importance and pristine quality of water throughout the site all offer the essential elements for design. The character of a place is conveyed through existence and abundance of these elements on site and became the catalyst for further design exploration and inspiration. This allowed us to connect the intervention, discovery, and stewardship elements to each other and to the property through a material palette driven in large part by the site itself.

Overall, the goal of this section is to help the family visualize potential outcomes for creating a modern, ecologically sound, place specifi c, and graciously appointed family retreat to be treasured and enjoyed for generations.

INTERVENTION

ENTRANCE MEADOW

MEADOW PRECEDENTS

HOME SITE

HOME SITE PRECEDENTS

CABIN & CAMP SITES

OLD HOMESTEADS

DISCOVERY & CONTEMPLATION

OVERLOOKS

SPRING CREEK CAVE

STEWARDSHIP

WILDLIFE PONDS & SPRINGS

CLEAR CUT EDGE & POWERLINE EASEMENT

ATV TRAILS & AMENITIES


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INTERVENTION

FISHING REST STATIONAssuming it would take about half a day to fi sh up-stream from the house site to the north edge of the entrance meadow, a place to get out of the river and have lunch makes the experience much more enjoyable.

RIPARIAN BUFFERS - THE STREAMSThe degraded buffers could be improved and widened with fl owering plants for the summer and more structured species to improve the winter aspect.

THE BARNAdditional trees create a screen so that the barn is more incorporated into the meadow and less visible upon entrance to the property.

NATIVE GRASSESThe existing fescue pasture grass could be replaced, in whole or in part, with native warm season grasses to provde more color and texture to the meadow as well as improve the habitat.

STRUCTURED PLANTINGShrubs and trees create a hide-and-reveal effect that focus views and create a rythm to the entrance experience.

RIPARIAN BUFFERS - THE RIVERNative tree and shrub plantings along the river improve the trout habitat, repair the bank erosion, and frame the meadow.

ENTRANCE MEADOW

The journey through Little Mountain Ranch begins dramatically. A picturesque fl oodplain meadow represents one of the most unique and biologically diverse areas on the entire property. This space is treated with a certain degree of reverence; interweaving human use and occupation with the dynamic nature of the site’s ecology.

Approaching the meadow from Rt. 220 you pass through the threshold of the existing stone entrance walls signaling the arrival to Little Mountain Ranch. Beyond this threshold you enter the meadow where native warm season grasses and wildfl owers fl uctuate in concert with the changing light, weather, and seasonal cycles, which transform the fl oodplain into a didactic, biologically rich gateway to the property. A realigned entrance drive gracefully weaves through the meadow while taking advantage of the high points of the fl oodplain and capturing views both into the site and to the valley beyond. Enhancement of the existing stream in the fl oodplain helps emphasize the ecological richness of the ranch while providing additional layers of seasonal interest. The creation of small pools along the stream recalls the natural history of beaver occupation in the valley while serving as a place for recreation and stormwater collection. Weir walls, built with local stone, act as small dams for the creation of the pools and further extend into the landscape becoming sculptural elements that celebrate the ranch’s natural materials. The selective placement of native trees and shrubs helps to frame views, stabilize the degraded stream and river banks, and enhances the site’s ecological diversity and beauty.

SPRING CHANNEL IMPOUNDMENTThe current channel could be impounded with a series of small weirs to create drop pools.

ROAD ALIGNMENTMore graceful curves follow the high points in the meadow, and orient the entrance towards the beautiful views of the site and down the valley.

PICNIC SHELTERThe existing Sycamore grove can be augmented with wildfl owers or more trees to make an idyllic and private picnic setting that is screened from the road.

BRIDGE ACROSS THE RIVERA bridge across the river ensures access year round and protects the river bottom from erosion.

ENTRANCE

Existing stone walls to remain and enhanced by a new gate and plantings

STREAM CROSSINGCulverts and small bridges will be needed to cross streams and impoundments. They should refl ect the entrance columns in the use of stone as the primary material.


25

ROU

TE 2

20

JACK

SON R

IVER

TO HOME SITE AND TRAILS

NORTH



26

ENTRANCE MEADOW ALTERNATIVE

INTERVENTION

ENTRANCE ALLEEFollowing the graceful curves of the new road alignment, an allee of trees gives the entrance drive and sequence through the meadow a more formal and enclosed feel.

RIPARIAN BUFFERS - THE STREAMSVegetative buffers along the streams and Jackson River are densely planted with native plants that give the buffers texture, color, and seasonal interest while also improving wildlife habitats.

MEADOW STRUCTURINGThe edges and composition of the meadow native plant palette can be structured so as to reveal views, buffer water bodies, and add seasonal color, interest, and texture.


27

ROU

TE 2

20

JACK

SON R

IVER

TO HOME SITE AND TRAILS

NORTH



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INTERVENTIONMEADOWN PRECEDENTS

The individual components of the meadow design offer a great deal of opportunity for customizing the entry experience. It is in these details that an overall feel for the space is created. The details are a mixture of plantings and materials that seek to augment and improve the existing palette found in the meadow. This page illustrates examples of design elements and materials.

sc

w

e

m

sc

sc

f

f


29

f FENCE TYPES

w WEIR WALLS

m MEADOWS

sc STREAM CROSSING

e ENTRANCE GATES



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INTERVENTIONHOME SITE

Linking the meadow to the home site is a bridge that spans the Jackson River. Departing the bridge, the entry drive penetrates the forest evoking a realm of privacy and seclusion. As you approache the home, the drive enters an orchard that recalls the historic settlement patterns of early homesteaders. Leaving the orchard, the drive terminates at an entrance court defi ned by a series of formal plantings of native species. These plantings begin to defi ne the outdoor spaces around the home and signal the transition from nature to human inhabitance. This progression of spaces to the front door is a conscious reduction of scale allowing the home to act as the mediator between the fl oodplain meadow and the oak-hickory-maple forest of Little Mountain.

The home is oriented along a ridge taking advantage of the fl attest topography, opening the home to the most expansive views, and maximizing its passive solar aspect. This orientation is further emphasized by extending garden spaces along the ridge which provides an elevated promenade along this topographic condition. Terrace retaining walls form the edge between outdoor living space and meadow. The views here are expansive from the fl oodplain meadow to the Jackson River, and the surrounding Allegheny Mountains. The design of the home site provides the type of outdoor rooms that expand the living space of the home into the landscape and provide, in concert with the home, a retreat unlike any other.

ROAD ALIGNMENTUtilizing the existing road bed, the entry drive navigates the oak-hickory-maple forest and orchard, which together connect the entrance meadow with the home site.

HOME ORIENTATIONThe home is sited along a ridge that squares it and the auxillary structures to the predomi-nant views of the valley and surrounding mountain rainges. Gardens, terraces, decks, and pavilions can all contribute to outdoor spaces that capture the grandeur of the valley views.

ORCHARDAs part of the entry sequence, the orchard signals the arrival to the home site while recalling historical settlement patterns.

SPRING IMPOUNDMENTSpring-fed impoundment captures stream water in the drainage during high water periods while also providing a place for rest and refl ection.

NATIVE GRASSESNative warm season grasses provide color and texture to the meadow and improve wildlife habitat.

STRUCTURED PLANTINGPlantings of native trees and shrubs frame views of the valley, form outdoor rooms, and protect the home from chilling winter winds.

RIPARIAN BUFFER - RIVERNative tree and shrub plantings along the river improve the trout habitat, repair the bank erosion, and frame the meadow.


31

NORTH

JACKSON RIVER

TO MEADOW ENTRANCE



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INTERVENTIONHOME SITE PRECEDENTS

As with the meadow, individual components and materials of the home site design offer a great deal of opportunity for tailoring your living experience. There is a unique opportunity to tie these materials into the larger landscape that helps identify the home as your personal mountain retreat. This page illustrates examples of these design elements and materials.

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si

ev

m

pg

pg


33

MEADOWSm

SPRING IMPOUNDMENT

EXISTING VIEW

si

ORCHARDor

PRIVATE GARDENS

ev

pg



34

INTERVENTIONHOME SITE PRECEDENTS

po

pv

gt

ptgp

gp


35

PAVINGpv

gp GARDEN PATH

pt PAVED TERRACE

po POOL

gt GRASS TERRACE



36

CABIN OR CAMP SITES:

The following sites have been selected based on a certain set of criteria: they require minimal clearing to begin construction; they take advantage of distant views; they are located at the convergence of several habitats; and they are relatively accessible. These places may initially serve as camp sites providing the opportunity to experience them yearly and seasonally. Favorites may arise as each place becomes more familiar to the family. Once these favorite spots are identifi ed, the family may then move towards developing the camp sites into cabins. This, too, could be a gradual process by building more elaborate outdoor fi replaces or shelters before fi nally constructing them into cabins. Through this process, a hierarchy of sites can be established providing a range of experiences from gracious private cabins to rustic outdoor experiences. Whatever the case, these elements, in keeping with the design language generated thus far, should take advantage of existing on-site materials and the ecological context.

INTERVENTION

FORESTED CABIN OR CAMPSITEA FOREST CLEARING CABIN OR CAMPSITE

MEADOW EDGE CABIN OR CAMPSITE


37

COUNCIL RING EXAMPLE

FIREPLACE EXAMPLE FIRE PIT DETIAL EXAMPLE

STONE EDGE

STEEL PIPE

STONE BASE

1’ -

6”SECTION VIEW

3’ -

6”PLAN VIEW

GRILL NOTCH

CAMPFIRE OVERLOOK ON MOUNTAIN TOP FIRE RING EXAMPLE

LOG BENCH DETAIL EXAMPLE

SECTION VIEW

PLAN VIEW



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DETAIL OF CHIMNEY CONSTRUCTION

FOUNDATION STONES ON APPLE TREE AXIS

OLD HOMESTEADS:

The old homesteads are a particularly intriguing piece of the property’s history. The use of these elements as picnic, camping, or cabin sites creates a unique location/destination on the ranch. Unfortunately, one of the relics found itself in the way of the power line and is therefore within the utility easement. However, with its proximity to Sinking Creek Cave it still provides an excellent place for a picnic/camping site.

Clearing away vines and weeds from the homesteads help to further identify these spaces as a symbolic part of the property’s history. Proper care and maintenance of the remnants is vital to their longevity. It also may be of interest to seek out an archaeologist to analyze the homesteads and make recommendations for their preservation. This will also provide a better understanding of the property’s history.

INTERVENTION

CHIMNEY RUIN IN POWERLINE CUT

CHIMNEY RUIN AT MEADOW HOMESITE


39

VIEW OF CHIMNEY RUIN AT OLD HOMESTEAD IN MEADOW CLEARING WITH FIRE PIT

CHIMNEY AND ORCHARD REMNANTS

CAMPFIRE SEATING EXAMPLE

FOREST AND MEADOW EDGE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE OF MEADOW GRASSES IN OPEN FOREST



40

DISCOVERY & CONTEMPLATIONVIEW OVERLOOKS:

There are numerous places on the property that fall under this category, and with some selective clearing the views from these points can be magnifi cent. These opportunities exist throughout the property, but certain locations merit extra attention. Of particular interest is the switchback located near the top of the northernmost black trail. A seat wall and picnic area could be included in this location so that the family can enjoy this view at a leisurely pace.

It is important to note that selective clearing is a process that must be approached with care. It is not only important to remove trees which block views, but, just as important, is to leave trees which frame views. This principle applies throughout the property and should be employed at the home site and the entrance meadow, as framing and revealing views is essential in both. Any species selectively taken can be used as site furniture, site steps, or for trail erosion control measures.

VIEW FROM HIGHEST POINT ON PROPERTY

SECTION SHOWING SELECTIVE CLEARING ZONE AND OVERLOOK

ZONE OF SELECTIVE CLEARING

OVERLOOK WALL AND PLATFORM

(3,493’)


41

SINKING CREEK CAVE

Sinking Creek Cave is arguably one of the most unique and exciting elements found on the property. This cave is a form of karst topography which is created when limestone is dissolved from constant interactions with underground water. The water carves channels and caves that are susceptible to collapse from the surface. When enough limestone is eroded from underground, a sinkhole develops, such as the entrance to this cave. This effect of water on limestone is clearly visible near the mouth of the cave.

Descending the sinkhole the air becomes inherently moist and cool. This microclimate has lead to the growth of a unique collection of plant species such as: Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Arisaema triphylum, a unique spring wildfl ower; American hornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana, that is identifi able by its smooth, twisted trunk; and a host of ferns, mosses, and lichens.

Beyond this entrance we can only imagine the network of channels and caverns that exist and are ripe for exploration. The cave itself should be explored and mapped by a professional, but could potentially offer the family a recreational opportunity like spelunking. Overall this is a unique location and will offer, even on the hottest day, a fi ne place to cool down.

CAVE ENTRACE

DISAPPEARING SPRING JACK IN THE PULPIT | ARISAEMA TRIPHYLUM



42

STEWARDSHIPPOWERLINE CUT + CLEAR CUT EDGE:FOREST AND MEADOW STEWARDSHIP

These disturbed areas of the property should not necessarily be viewed with disdain, as they offer many unique lessons and opportunities that are not found elsewhere on the property. The power lines, towers, and associated easement are a permanent fi xture on the property but offer some of the fi nest views to the Jackson River Valley. It also provides a rare opportunity for native warm season grasses to grow representing a meadow habitat. These rapidly vanishing landscapes offer excellent habitat for ground nesting game birds such as the Bobwhite Quail, (Colinus virginanus), and Ruffl ed Grouse, (Bonasa umbellus). Quail Unlimited, a conservation organization dedicated to quail recovery, recognizes the potential that utility easements offer for meadow species. They have worked with the power companies to generate a program through which landowners can create warm season meadows in easements on their properties. The family may want to consider taking advantage of this opportunity to increase the diversity of habitat on the property. This could supplement any meadow restoration work performed in the fl oodplain of the property.

The second area of disturbance is the clear cut which borders the northern boundary of the property. Although the family has no control over this section, the visual impact of the clear cut is hard to ignore. There is an opportunity here not only to see the devastating effects of clear cutting, but also to view and learn, over time, the restorative effects of nature and the cyclical process of succession.

FOREST STEWARDSHIP

Proper forest management can provide many long-term benefi ts to the ranch by producing yields of timber for profi t and attracting an abundance of wildlife. Specifi cally, sustainable forestry integrates the regeneration, growing, nurturing, and harvesting of trees for useful products while conserving soil, air, and water quality, wildlife and fi sh habitat, and landscape aesthetic quality. Consulting with the Virginia Department of Forestry, a local forester, or a forest ecologist would be essential and benefi cial in implementing this stewardship objective.

The DOF offers fi nancial assistance to landowners willing to practice sustainable forestry management.

Below is a link to their website:http://www.dof.virginia.gov/info/index-fi nance-assist.shtml

WARM SEASON GRASSES AND VALLEY VIEW FROM POWERLINE EASEMENT

CLEAR CUT BORDERING PROPERTY

The American Chestnut Foundation helps to restore the American chestnut to its native woodlands.

Below is a link to their website:http://acf.org/

MEADOW STEWARDSHIP

Burning and mowing your meadow on a regular basis is a necessity for success. Burning and mowing are usually conducted in mid-spring. Burning removes the accumulated plant litter from the previous year’s growth and exposes the soil surface to the warming rays of the sun. Burning encourages earlier soil warming, and typically increases growth, fl owering, and seed production of the native fl owers and grasses. A mid-spring fi re also sets back undesirable “cool season” weeds. Timing of the burning is critical, and mid-spring is recommended over early spring.

In the event that burning your meadow is not an option, mowing can be substituted. Mowing should also be done in mid-spring and raking off the mowed material to expose the soil surface is recommended. Do not mow or burn after new plant growth has reached one foot or taller, as this could damage some of your desirable plants. Burning can usually be instituted at the beginning of the third growing season.

Rotational burning of one-half or one-third of your meadow on an annual basis generally recommended. Once your prairie has become well established, it will return year after year with just a minimum of maintenance.

BOBWHITE QUAIL | COLINUS VIRGINIANUS

PRESCRIBED BURN CONTROLLED MEADOW BURN

NATIVE WILDFLOWER MEADOW FOLLOWING PRESCRIBED BURN


43

SPRING FED POND EASTERN VERNAL POOL

RIVERS, PONDS, AND SPRINGS:RIPARIAN BUFFER STEWARDSHIP

The Jackson River, as mentioned in previous sections, is the main body of water on the ranch. We also identifi ed three small ponds on the property; one of which is an Eastern vernal pool, a depression that is fi lled by rainwater, while the other two are spring-fed. The ponds are limited in size due to their topography and well drained soils, making enlarging them potentially diffi cult. However, slight enlargement coupled with select planting can make them a spectacular place to view wildlife and look for tracks. The springs at these locations could also serve as watering stations along the ATV trails and for the campsites.

RIPARIAN BUFFER STEWARDSHIP

Improving the riparian buffers along the Jackson River and its fl oodplain streams help prevent erosion improve water quality. This will have a more specifi c impact on the improvement of the trout population in the Jackson River. Typically, planting a 100 foot wide strip of forest and/or native grasses can reduce sediment by 97 percent, nitrogen by 80 percent, and phosphorus by 77 percent. The state offers cost-share incentives to aide in the restoration and implementation of these buffers.

Below is a link to their website:

http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/sw//crep.htm

Other websites of interest:

http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/dnh/karsthome1.htm

http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/dnh/steward.htm

JACKSON RIVER

RIPARIAN BUFFER ZONE



44

There are a myriad of logging roads that criss-cross the property making ideal ATV trails. Several trails have a well compacted sub-base and are clearly identifi able, while others are more obscure and rough in nature. This variation allows for a wide range of experiences and skill as they lead through old meadows, up rocky slopes down bucolic hollows, past small springs, wildlife ponds, and old homesteads.

We suggest:

- Trails should stay out of easily damaged natural areas such as meadows, wetlands and streams.

- When necessary, stream crossings should be designed to prevent bank erosion and any adverse impact to downstream water quality.

- Given the complex range of trails on the property, both a trail map and on-site navigation aids are recommended.

- There could be loop trails for day rides, and destination trails which lead to camp sites, overlooks, and picnic spots.

The American Motorcycle Association (AMA) rates trails into three categories: Easiest, More Diffi cult and Most Diffi cult. The following is AMA’s defi nition of these categories:

EASIEST

No areas that are steeper than 15% grade, and no long stretches of moderate steepness greater than 8%. The surface is relatively smooth and compact with minor obstacles only. Level ground for two to three feet on either side of the ATV.

MORE DIFFICULT

Steeper, with long stretches up to 12% grade and no areas steeper than 30%. Some areas of relatively rough terrain, loose or muddy soil, and/or obstacles. Trail is narrower, may drop off on downhill side or have more frequent tight curves.

MOST DIFFICULT

Maximum sustained slopes of 15%, with some areas at or past the limits of ATV use. Surface is relatively rough with areas that are very rough, including loose soil and large obstacles. Narrowest width of trail, with level ground only one-and-a-half to two-and-a-half feet on either side of the ATV. These are more suited to motorbikes than ATVs.

Most of the trails on the property fall into the Easiest or More Diffi cult range because they were designed for logging trucks. Additional trails could be designed as More Diffi cult to work with the existing trail network.

ATV TRAILS

TRAIL EROSION AT STREAM CROSSING EASY TRAIL ON PROPERTY

MORE DIFFICULT TRAIL ON PROPERTY

MOST DIFFICULT TRAIL ON PROPERTYEROSION AND DRAINAGE CONTROL EXAMPLES

STREAM ARMORING


45

Trail amenities help express the qualities and characteristics of the place where they occur. The materials and furnishings recommended for Little Mountain Ranch should evoke a rustic mountain retreat vernacular with the simplicity of modern design. It is important that future design decisions stay in keeping with the vision of the proposed master plan. We have provided examples of precedent images and custom ideas.

Possible amenities include, but are not limited to:

- Trail wayfi nding; these signs can be simple arrows or more elaborate rock etchings, as suggested in the graphic, but ideally they would clearly identify the trails without disturbing the natural feel of them.

- Drinking source; spring basins provide an accessible and clean source of water. Custom built hand pumps or simple stone enclosures help to capture the water for ease of drinking.

- Shelters and pavilions; these may occur on distant sections of the trail and may be as simple as a lean-to rain shelter or more structured places to spend the night, and enjoy a fi re. This could be especially nice for winter rides!

TRAIL AMENITIES

EXAMPLE OF AN ETCHED ROCK TRIAL MARKER LOCATED ALONG A CURRENT ATV TRAIL.

TRAIL SHELTER

SPRING-FED BASIN



46


WOODEN BENCHES

ATV STREAM CROSSINGS

CISTERN & PUMP

FOOT BRIDGES

FENCES


47

FIRE PITS

OVERLOOKS

SHELTERS / PAVILIONS

TRAIL MARKERS

STONE SEATING

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study is to provide a master plan for the family of their Highland County property, establishing an overall design vision and planning recommendations for future use. The proposed recommendations are programmed to function for the enhancement, preservation, and introduction of rural recreation pursuits. Interweaving the programmatic elements with the dynamic patterns of the site’s ecological processes recognizes Little Mountain Ranch as a unique, meaningful, multi-functional family retreat.

There are numerous projects that can be executed on Little Mountain Ranch. The phasing and subsequent implementation of these projects will depend on the family’s priorities. It is important that future participating parties work together and utilize the recommendations and design vocabulary outlined in this book. This, coupled with the continued stewardship of the site’s ecology, will help achieve the goals of the family’s envisioned program.

Speaking for the entire team, we have seen few properties as unique and distinctly Virginian as Little Mountain Ranch. We are extremely pleased to provide you with this master plan and would be honored to have the opportunity to continue our involvement in realizing the vision for your ranch.

DISCLAIMER:

The images in this document were printed without the permission of their owners. This document is intended for the sole use of the client and the offi ces of McKee Carson and Field Sport Concepts, Ltd. It is to be used for internal design discussions only and therefore should not be reproduced for anyone other than the client, McKee Carson, or Field Sport Concepts, Ltd.

McKeeCarson and

Field Sport Concepts, Ltd301 East High Street

Charlottesville, VA 22902

p: 434 . 977 . 7522f: 434 . 979 . 1194

w: www.mckeecarson.com

49

little mountain ranch

Documents

manytomahawk ranch

inthe property

property inorder

n d r e t r e

sensitive ranch operation

river valley

site inventory analysis

site context