literature review
TRANSCRIPT
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Rochelle Walton March 13, 2014 English 1102 Professor Walden
Shape-shifting/Skin-walker: Although shape-shifters and skin walkers are not the exact same
thing, they often get confused for each other. They are used interchangeably. Moonlight explains
how Native American tribes believe that a man can transform into a wolf through shape-shifting.
The Navajo tribe is most common for this belief although the term that they use is skin-walker.
The tribe believes that skin-walkers appearances are different from those who are not skin-
walkers. The Hopi tribe believes that shape-shifting can be brought on by ceremonies (Moonlight
2009). In the Navajo and Hopi tribe, skin-walker myths about humans becoming animals are
most common. These said skin-walkers are not werewolves however, but witches. The Navajo
believe that skin-walkers can read minds and imitate others voices to lure people to them. The
only way to get rid of a skin-walker is to pronounce their whole name from behind them, and
three days later they will die from the wrong they have committed (Neilson 2000). In many
Native American cultures and religions, a shape-shifter is a witch that can change it appearance
and take on animal characteristics. Almost all cultures have their own shape-shifter story, but the
most common is the werewolf. Other places such as Africa, India, and Egypt have their own
shape-shifters. All Nave American tribes have their own version of a shape-shifting story but
they all have the same root of a witch transforming into an animal. In the Navajo tribe believes
that skin-walkers use mind control to make humans harm or even kill themselves. (Kelleher
2014). Stypczynski speaks on how the fascination with shape-shifting has really evolved over the
years. This concept has crossed many cultures throughout history. It has been featured in many
pieces such as books, plays, and movies (Stypczynski 2008).
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Rochelle Walton March 13, 2014 English 1102 Professor Walden
Werewolf: Is a person who transforms into a wolf. It is a mythical creature and usually changes
during a full moon. The Navajo and Hopi tribes have myths that are common to werewolves, the
skin-walkers, but these skin-walkers are believed to be witches instead of wolves (Neilson 2000).
The archetype of shape-shifter has evolved into a werewolf over the years (Stypczynski 2008).
Werewolves have been at the forefront of peoples minds as something to fear when
encountered. However from the past to now the fear of werewolves has begun to die down
(Regal 2010). Werewolves are uncommon in Native American tribes and the idea of werewolves
differs from the idea of shape-shifting in Native American legends. The European belief of a
werewolf is a man shape-shifting into a human killing beast howling at a full moon. Werewolves
are extremely unlikely in Native American tribes but they arent nonexistent (Neilson 2000).
Although the werewolf may be seen as a myth or a theme for a scary movie, shape-shifting and
skin-walkers are real to the Navajo tribe (Kelleher 2014).
Totem: A totem is an animal or person who is believed to have a spiritual and or power. The
wolf is seen as a totem in Native American tribes. The wolf is believed by Native Americans
tribes to be the spirit of protection (Moonlight 2009). Native Americans see the wolf as a way to
find ones inner self. The image of a wolf howling at the moon represents this inner knowing.
Tribes also believe that the wolf is their ancestor. Wolves in this generation are misunderstood
and how they are viewed has changed. Media and stories misrepresent them. They portray them
as horrible, dangerous creatures. The wolf in the Native American culture represents night. Night
is the time in which you are alone and dream, and can really find yourself. Native tribes believe
that the wolf teaches strength and teaches you how to face your fears. Wolves need sincerity.
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Rochelle Walton March 13, 2014 English 1102 Professor Walden
Wolves are very intelligent, have excellent hearing, and express themselves through body
language. They arent the dangerous creatures that the media tries to portray them as. A wolfs
medicine is death and rebirth. They face death with dignity and courage (Woolcott 2014). For
Native Americans, totems are an identification. A tribe will contain qualities that correspond
with the totem that they have. The wolf is a totem of protection. The Shaman tribe use the wolf
to travel the dead and living world. They believe that it helps them heal the sick and gain
spiritual information. Native Americans have great respect for wolves and try to imitate their
hunting skills. They use wolf packs to teach their children about sticking together and mating.
Some tribe s believe that the wolf is a spirit which has the power to help the tribe as they deserve
it. Wolf dances and ceremonies are performed to call the wolf spirit upon the tribe (Neilson
2000).
Quileute: The Quileute tribe lives in Washington State on the reserve of La Push. There are only
about 750 tribal members left today. The Quileute tribe wasnt well known until Stephanie
Meyers, Twilight Series, brought acknowledgement to them. However the Quileute tribe doesnt
hold the shape-shifting power that the series assigns to them, their connection to wolves is
similar. The tribe believes that the wolves are their ancestors. According to their myths they
came from wolves not transform from them whenever they wish. Quileute legends have
characters that a lot of other cultures have (Quileute legends 2014). Although the Quileute tribe
does not have shape-shifters they do believe that they originated from wolves. According to their
myth, Qwati was walking through Quileute land and saw that there were no people so he found
two wolves and turn them into the Quileute people (A-Cit 2010).