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(一) 匾 _____________________________________________________________________ 2 (一) 鲁 迅 【背景简介】 鲁迅 (1881 - 1936),本名周树人,是二十世纪中国最有影 响的作家和评论家,也是近代中国短篇小说的奠基者。他的作 品如<狂人日记>、<阿 Q 正传>、<孔乙己>等已成了中国短 篇小说的经典。每一个受过教育的中国人几乎都或多或少地读 过鲁迅的作品。他的作品不但反映了清末民初的时代脉动,也 深刻地剖析了中国人的个性,尖锐地指出了中国人的虚假、残 忍和奴性。 鲁迅早年留学日本,从医学改习文学,希望用文学来救 治中国人的“病”。除了小说以外,他还写了大量的杂文来批 判中国的旧传统。 本书所选<匾>是鲁迅对任意输入文艺批评外来名词的讽 刺。<过客>则是一出哲理短剧,用老翁、女孩和过客三人的 简短对话道出人生的苍凉和死亡的必然。 © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. For general queries, contact [email protected]

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Page 1: Literature and Society: An Advanced Reader of Modern ...assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10905.pdfliterary and art circle/world 现象 xi4nxi4ng n. phenomenon 尽先 j-nxi1n adv

(一) 匾 _____________________________________________________________________

2

(一)

鲁 迅

【背景简介】

鲁迅 (1881 - 1936),本名周树人,是二十世纪中国最有影

响的作家和评论家,也是近代中国短篇小说的奠基者。他的作

品如<狂人日记>、<阿 Q 正传>、<孔乙己>等已成了中国短

篇小说的经典。每一个受过教育的中国人几乎都或多或少地读

过鲁迅的作品。他的作品不但反映了清末民初的时代脉动,也

深刻地剖析了中国人的个性,尖锐地指出了中国人的虚假、残

忍和奴性。

鲁迅早年留学日本,从医学改习文学,希望用文学来救

治中国人的“病”。除了小说以外,他还写了大量的杂文来批

判中国的旧传统。

本书所选<匾>是鲁迅对任意输入文艺批评外来名词的讽

刺。<过客>则是一出哲理短剧,用老翁、女孩和过客三人的

简短对话道出人生的苍凉和死亡的必然。

© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

For general queries, contact [email protected]

Page 2: Literature and Society: An Advanced Reader of Modern ...assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10905.pdfliterary and art circle/world 现象 xi4nxi4ng n. phenomenon 尽先 j-nxi1n adv

(一) 匾

3

(一)

鲁 迅

【背景简介】

Lu Xun (1881-1936), original name Zhou Shuren, was one of China's

most influential writers and critics of the twentieth century. He was also one of the creators of the modern Chinese short story. His works, such as “Diary of a Madman,” “The True Story of Ah-Q,” “Kong Yiji,” and many others, have become classics of modern Chinese literature. Nearly every educated Chinese person has read Lu Xun’s works at one time or another. His works not only reflect the way of life during the period between the end of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) and the beginning of the Chinese Republic (1912- ), but also analyze the mentality of the Chinese. They poignantly remark on hypocrisy, cruelty, and slavishness in the Chinese character.

Lu Xun’s early years were spent studying in Japan. He changed his

field of study from medicine to literature, with the hope of using literature to cure the “disease” that afflicted China. In addition to short stories, he also wrote many articles that criticized China's old traditions.

Two works by Lu Xun are included in this book. "Tablet" reflects Lu

Xun's sarcasm toward the random import of foreign terminology for use in literary criticism. "The Passerby" is a short philosophical play. The three protagonists, the old man, the girl, and the passerby, symbolize three different attitudes toward life. This play illustrates the sadness of life and the inevitability of death.

© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

For general queries, contact [email protected]

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(一) 匾

4

(一)

鲁 迅

1 中国文艺界上可怕的现象,是在尽先⑴输入名词,而并

2 不介绍这名词的涵义。

3 于是各各以意为之。看见作品上多讲自己,便称之为⑵

4 表现主义;多讲别人,是写实主义;见女郎小腿肚作诗,是浪

5 漫主义;见女郎小腿肚不准作诗,是古典主义;天上掉下一颗

6 头,头上站着一头牛,爱呀,海中央的青霹雳呀……是未来主

7 义……等等。

8 还要由此生出议论来。这个主义好,那个主义坏……等

9 等。

10 乡间一向有一个笑谈:两个近视眼要比眼力,无可⑶质

11 证,便约定到关帝庙去看这一天新挂的匾额。他们都先从漆匠

匾 bi3n n. a board with an inscription; banner

文艺界 w6ny=ji8 n. literary and art circle/world

现象 xi4nxi4ng n. phenomenon

尽先 j-nxi1n adv. give first priority to

输入 sh%r* v. import; input

名词 m0ngc0 n. term; expression; noun

介绍 ji8sh4o v. introduce

涵义 h2ny= n. implication; connotation; meaning

各各 g8g8 pron. every person

以意为之 y- y= w6i zh9 phr. perceive through the eye of the

© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

For general queries, contact [email protected]

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(一) 匾

5

beholder 作品 zu$p-n n. (literary) works; production

便 bi4n adv. then; 就

称之为 ch5ng zh9 w6i phr. call it as

表现主义 bi3oxi4n zh&y= n. expressionism

写实主义 xi7sh0 zh&y= n. realism

女郎 n{l2ng n. young woman; girl

小腿肚 xi3otu-d* n. calf (of the leg)

作诗 zu$//sh9 v.-o. write poems

浪漫主义 l4ngm4n zh&y= n. romanticism

准 zh&n v. permit; allow

古典主义 g&di3n zh&y= n. classicism

颗 k5 AN. measure word for things that are roundand small

头 t@u AN. measure word for large animals such ascattle, elephant, hog, camel

中央 zh!ngy1ng n. center

青 q9ng adj. blue or green; dark

霹雳 p9l= n. thunderbolt

未来主义 w8il2i zh&y= n. futurism

由此 y@u c- from this or here; thus

议论 y=l*n n. dialogue; discussion; debate

乡间 xi1ngji1n n. countryside; village

笑谈 xi4ot2n n. comic story; joke

近视眼 j=nsh=y3n n. nearsighted person

眼力 y3nl= n. vision; eyesight

无可质证 w^k7

zh=zh8ng

phr. no way to prove/cross-examine

约定 yu5d=ng v. agree on; schedule an appointment 他们约定在六点半见面。

关帝庙 Gu1nd=mi4o n. Guan Di Temple

匾额 bi3n’6 n. a horizontal inscribed board/plaque

漆匠 q9ji4ng n. lacquerer; painter

© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

For general queries, contact [email protected]

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(一) 匾 _____________________________________________________________________

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探得字句。但因为探来的详略不同,只知道大字的那一个便不1

服,争执起来了,说看见小字的人是说谎的。又无可質证,只2

好一同探問一个过路的人。那人望了一望,回答道:“什么也3

没有,匾还没有挂呢。” 4

我想,在文艺批评上要比眼力,也总得⑷先有那块匾额5

挂起来才行。空空洞洞的争,实在只有两面自己心里明白。 6

<匾>最初发表于 1928 年 4 月 23 日《语丝》第四卷第十七期<随感录>栏。

收入《鲁迅全集》共十六册(北京:人民出版社,1981)册 4,页 87。

【讨论问题】

1. 本文所指出的随便借用西方名词的问题也不只是文艺界的一

个现象。就下列各词進行讨论:a) 民主,b) 科学,c) 社会主

义,d) 资本主义,e) 帝国主义。

2. 用西洋名词来讨论中国问题,最大的困难是什么?举例说明。

© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

For general queries, contact [email protected]

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(一) 匾

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探 t4n v. make cautious inquiries about; probe into

详略 xi2ngl_8 n. details/brief provided

不服 b*f^ v. refuse to accept as final; refuse to concede defeat

争执 zh5ngzh0 v. dispute; be at odd with; disagree

说谎 shu!//hu3ng v.-o. tell a lie; lie 他说了谎,我不能原

谅他。

探问 t4nw8n v. inquire after; question

过路 gu$l* v. pass by 过路的人并没看清楚车祸是

怎么发生的。

望 w4ng v. look over; gaze

道 d4o v. 说

总得 z#ngd7i adv. must; have to; got to 考试以前,总

得准备一下才行。

空洞 k!ngd$ng adj. hollow 空空洞洞地:hollowly; emptily

争 zh5ng v. argue; dispute; quarrel

两面 li3ngmi4n n. two sides

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For general queries, contact [email protected]

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(一) 匾 _____________________________________________________________________

8

【词语例句】

(1)尽先: give first priority to

◎中国文艺界上可怕的现象,是在尽先输入名词, 而并

不介绍这名词的涵义。

1. 政府决定尽先解决农村老人的养老问题。

2. 目前住房问题非常迫切,必须尽先处理。

(2)称之为: call it as ◎看见作品上多讲自己,便称之为表现主义。 1. 我们把这种每个月都花光工资的年轻人称之为“月光族”。2. 这些被称之为“红卫兵”的青年学生对传统毫不尊重。

(3)无可+ disyllabic verb: cannot be v.-ed; cannot v.; unable to v. 无可取代;无可争议;无可挑剔;无可证明;无可否认 ◎两个近视眼要比眼力,无可質证,便约定到关帝庙去看这

一天新挂的匾额。 1. 鲁迅在中国现代文学史上的重要地位是无可争议的。

2. 他考虑得十分周到,种种的安排都无可挑剔,大家都很满

意。 (4)总得……(才行):must; have to; got to

◎在文艺批评上要比眼力,也总得先有那块匾额挂起来才行。 1. 你要使用一个名词,总得先明白这个名词的涵义才行。

2. 那家饭馆尽管不太贵,但是吃一顿饭总得花二、三十块钱。

© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

For general queries, contact [email protected]

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(一) 匾 _____________________________________________________________________

9

【练习】

I. Make sentences using the underlined expressions:

1. 中国文艺界上可怕的现象,是在尽先输入名词,而并不介绍

这名词的涵义。

2. 如果看见作品上多讲自己,有些人便称之为表现主义。

3. 两位近视眼要比眼力,无可質证,便约定到关帝庙去看这一

天新挂的匾额。

4. 在文艺批评上要比眼力,总得先有那块匾额挂起来才行。

II. Translate the following expressions:

1. patriotism 2. nationalism 3. capitalism 4. individualism5. anarchism 6. imperialism 7. communism 8. liberalism9. pragmatism 10. democraticism

III. Use “……界” to classify people of the following professions:

例如:作家 —— 文艺界

1. 医生 2. 总统 3. 运动员 4. 小提琴手

5. 老师 6. 记者 7. 科学家 8. 麦当劳的老板

IV. Find an appropriate word for each of the blanks:

a. 尽先 b. 议论 c. 争执 d. 说谎 e. 涵义

f. 约定 g. 空洞 h. 不服 i. 介绍 j. 输入

1. 为一点儿小事就闹矛盾,有时甚至于 起来,实在没有 必要。

2. 我花了十几个钟头才把这些资料 了电脑。 3. 现在人人都谈“民主”,但是真正了解这个名词的 的人 并不多。

4. 我跟几个好朋友已经 七月初在北京见面。 5. 我真不明白你怎么会对如此 的理论这么感兴趣。 6. 我怎么能信任像他那样总是 的人? 7. 医疗保险是个有关老百姓的生活的重要议题, 应该 解 决。

8. 要是你对法院的判决 ,当然可以找律师继续打官司。

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For general queries, contact [email protected]

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(一) 匾 _____________________________________________________________________

10

9. 你能不能给我 一本有关最新的经济理论的书? 10. 由于不了解这些新名词的涵义,大家所发的 未免有些

空洞。

V. Answer the following questions:

1. 用外来名词评论本国的作品,有什么利弊?2. 作者对中国的文艺批评有什么意见?

3. 作者反对的是什么?他主张文艺批评应该以什么为基础?

4. 本文中两个近视眼所闹的笑话说明了什么问题?

5. 在你看来,鲁迅先生写本文的目的是什么?

6. 你认为文学批评在人们的社会生活中应该起什么作用?

VI. Composition:

1. Write a dialogue between the two nearsighted people and the passer-bybased on the information from the text.

2. 美国的文艺批评

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11

(一) 匾

【繁體字課文】

1 中國文藝界上可怕的現象,是在儘先⑴輸入名詞,而並不

2 介紹這名詞的涵義。

3 於是各各以意為之。看見作品上多講自己,便稱之為⑵

4 表現主義;多講別人,是寫實主義;見女郎小腿肚作詩,是浪

5 漫主義;見女郎小腿肚不准作詩,是古典主義;天上掉下一顆

6 頭,頭上站著一頭牛,愛呀,海中央的青霹靂呀……是未來主

7 義......等等。

8 還要由此生出議論來。這個主義好,那個主義壞……等等。

9 鄉間一向有一個笑談: 兩個近視眼要比眼力,無可⑶質證,

10 便約定到關帝廟去看這一天新掛的匾額。他們都先從漆匠探得

11 字句。但因為探來的詳略不同,只知道大字的那一個便不服,

12 爭執起來了,說看見小字的人是說謊的。又無可質證,只好一

13 同探問一個過路的人。那人望了一望,回答道:「什麼也沒有,

14 匾還沒有掛呢。」

15 我想,在文藝批評上要比眼力,也總得⑷先有那塊匾額

16 掛起來才行。空空洞洞的爭,實在只有兩面自己心裡明白。

<匾>最初發表於 1928 年 4 月 23 日《語絲》第四卷第十七期<随感录>欄。

收入《魯迅全集》共十六冊(北京:人民出版社,1981)冊 4,頁 87。

© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

For general queries, contact [email protected]