literary elements through the story of beowulf. theme the controlling idea of a piece of literature....
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Literary ElementsThrough the story of Beowulf
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Theme The controlling idea of a piece of
literature.
A unifying or dominant idea
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Themes in Beowulf Greed for glory leads to downfall.
Greed for glory leads to heroism.
“The fight is not yours,/ nor meet for any but me alone/ to measure the might with this monster here/ and play the hero.”
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Characterization The characteristics of a character
Physiological- what the character looks like
Sociological- the character’s background
Psychological- the character’s behavior
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Characterization of Beowulf Physiological: strongest man of all
“[…] Higlac’s/Follower and the strongest of the Geats– greater/ And stronger than anyone anywhere in this world […]”
Sociological: loyal & has seen victory far and wide “Higlac’s Follower” & “I drove/ Five great giants into
chains, chased/ All of that race from the earth.” Psychological: reckless, brave, greedy for glory
“But Higlac’s follower remembered his final/ Boast and, standing erect, stopped/ The monster’s flight […]”
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Conflict The opposing forces that come into
disagreement in a story
External & External Conflicts: Man vs. self Man vs. man Man vs. society Man vs. nature
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Conflict in Beowulf Man vs. self
“ […] my hands/ Alone shall fight for me, struggle for life/ Against the monster.”
Man vs. man “The sage assumed that his sovran God/ he
had angered, breaking ancient law,/ and embittered the Lord.”
Also three battles could be considered here Man vs. society & man vs. nature
Three battles could be considered
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Setting When and where a story takes place
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Setting of Beowulf A changing world between Pagan and
Christian ideas– a world that is attempting to rid itself of the old, “evil” ways
Anglo-Saxon Period in the regions of modern-day Denmark and Sweden
“Hail/ To those who will rise to God, drop off/ Their dead bodies and seek our Father’s peace!”
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Protagonist vs. Antagonist Protagonist: the leading character, hero,
or heroine of a literary work
Antagonist: the character or force that works against the hero or protagonist
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Pro. & Ant. in Beowulf Beowulf vs. Grendel
Beowulf vs. Grendel’s Mother
Beowulf vs. Dragon
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Plot The action of a literary work
Exposition: the act of explaining the setting and introducing the main characters & other literary elements at the beginning of a literary work
Rising Action: a related series of incidents that build towards the climax
Climax: THE POINT OF NO RETURN/ THE HIGHEST OR MOST INTENSE POINT IN THE STORY
Falling Action: the part of a story that occurs after the climax has been reached and the conflict has been resolved
Resolution: the outcome of the story- the protagonist either gets what he/she wants or does not
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Plot Triangle for Beowulf
Exposition: Beowulf is great/ Danes in trouble and need help
Rising Action: Beowulf kills Grendel & Grendel’s Mother/ is named King
Climax: Beowulf fights the Dragon and is injured
Falling Action: Wiglaf brings Beowulf the treasure
Resolution: Beowulf dies a hero and is buried in a funeral pyre
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Point of View The perspective from which a story is
told
First person- “I” Second person- “you” “us” “we” Third person limited- “he” “she” but we
see one character’s thoughts Third person omniscient- “he” “she” but
we see all characters’ thoughts
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Point of View of Beowulf Third person omniscient
“That shepherd of evil, guardian of crime,/ Knew at once that nowhere on earth/ Had he met a man whose hands were harder;/ His mind was flooded with fear […]”
“That mighty protector of men/ Mean to hold the monster till its life/ Leaped out, knowing the fiend was no use/ To anyone in Denmark.”
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Motif A recurring subject, theme, idea, etc. in
a literary work
These motifs can also be symbolic, which can make them also symbolism
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Motif in Beowulf Fate
“Fate will unwind as it must!” “But Wyrd denied it,/ and victory’s
honors.” “At home I bided/ what fate might come,
and I cared for mine own;/ feuds I sought not, nor falsely swore/ ever an oath.”
Monsters Grendel, Grendel’s Mother, the dragon
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Symbolism Items or characters that represent
larger ideas and concepts
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Symbols in Beowulf The Mead Hall- a place of unity and
celebration Beowulf’s chain mail- God’s grace/ the
“chosen one” Mead Cup- all soldiers drink from it =
the symbol of unity
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Literary TechniquesThrough Beowulf
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Allusions Referring to a famous person, place,
thing, etc. in a literary text
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Allusions in Beowulf Several allusions to God and heaven:
“That was their way,/ And the heathen’s only hope, Hell/ Always in their hearts, knowing neither God/ Nor His passing as He walks through our world, the Lord/ of Heaven and earth […]
“God must decide/ Who will be given to death’s cold grip.”
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Foreshadowing Hints in the text of what is to come
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Foreshadowing in Beowulf “But fate, that night, intended/ Grendel
to gnaw the broken bones Of his last human supper. Human/ Eyes were watching his evil steps,/ Waiting to see his swift hard claws.”
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Alliteration Two or more words begin with the same
sound
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Alliteration in Beowulf “Long while of the day/ fled ere he felt
the floor of the sea./ Soon found the fiend who the flood-domain sword-hungry held these hundred winters,/ greedy and grim, that some guest from above,/ some man, was raiding her monster-realm.”
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Assonance Rhyme in which the same vowel sounds
are used
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Assonance in Beowulf “[…] Up from his swampland, sliding
silently […]” “Now Grendel’s/ Name has echoed in
our land: sailors have brought us stories of Herot, the best/ Of all mead-halls, deserted and useless when the moon/ Hangs in the skies […] Light and life fleeing together.”
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Consonance Repetition of the same consonant
sounds anywhere in the word
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Consonance in Beowulf “[…] if in thy cause it came that I/
should lose my life, thou wouldst loyal bide/ to me, though fallen, in father’s place!”
“Bloody the blade: he was blithe of his deed/ Then blazed forth light.”
“Tore its fasteners with a touch/ And rushed angrily over the threshold.”
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Simile A comparison using like or as
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Simile in Beowulf “Bright within/ As when from the sky
there shines unclouded/ Heaven’s candle.”
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Metaphor Direct comparison that does not use like
or as but directly states that one thing is another
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Metaphor in Beowulf Kennings and epithets are also metaphorical
“shepherd of evil, guardian of crime” “Prince of the Weders” “The Son of Ecgtheow” “The Geatish hero” “sky-candle” “long sleep” “whale road”
About the Dragon: “thus he moaned his woe,/ alone, for them all, and unblithe wept/ by day and by night, till death’s fell wave/ o’erwhelmed his heart.”
“God must decide/ Who will be given to death’s cold grip.”
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Understatement Saying less than reality in order to
emphasize the emotion of a situation
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Understatement in Beowulf When Grendel’s Mother refers to
Beowulf as her “guest from above” when he’s come to kill her
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Personification Giving human qualities to inanimate
objects
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Personification in Beowulf “Death’s cold grip” “Herot trembled”
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Apostrophe Directly addressing a someone or
something that cannot respond either because it’s not living or is not present/ oftentimes a digression as a sign of desperation
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Apostrophe in Beowulf “O mighty Lord!” “God, the Almighty, we call for you to
come”
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Hyperbole Using extreme exaggeration for
emphasis
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Hyperbole in Beowulf “Courageous men/ carried the head
from the cliff by the sea/ an arduous task for all the band,/ the firm in fight, since four were needed/ on the shaft-of-slaughter strenuously/ to bear to the gold-hall Grendel’s head.”
Beowulf’s feats– not realistic
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Irony Three types:
Situational- when the opposite of what you expect to happen actually happens
Dramatic- when we know something a character does not know
Verbal- sarcastic sayings or understatement/ overstatement in speech
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Irony in Beowulf Situational-- The giant’s sword hanging on the
wall “’Mid the battle-gear saw he a blade triumphant,/
old-sword of Eotens, with edge of proof,/ warriors’ heirloom, weapon unmatched”
Dramatic– the soldiers think Beowulf has died “To many it seemed/ the wolf-of-the-waves had
won his life.” Verbal- understatement/ Beowulf brags
“No small band of men had gathered to hear Beowulf’s boast.”