List of countries and capitals with currency and languageFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories of the world by continent, displayed with their

respective national flags and capitals,including their respective currency and native language.

This list divides the world using the seven-continent model, with islands grouped into adjacent continents. The

continents are:

Africa

Asia

Europe

North America

South America

Oceania  (a geopolitical region which includes the continent of Australia and the Pacific Islands)

Antarctica

In other models, Asia and Europe can be combined as Eurasia, while North and South America can be

combined as the Americas (for a detailed description of how the world is divided into continents, including

different models, see here).

There are sovereign states and dependent territories that can be considered to belong to more than one

continent, according to geographical, political, or historical criteria.

Contents

  [hide] 

1 Africa

2 Asia

3 Europe

4 North America

5 South America

6 Oceania

7 Antarctica

8 See also

9 Notes

10 References

11 External links

Africa[edit]

Africa

Area 30,221,532 km2(11,668,599 sq mi)

Population 2,032,532,974[1] (2011, 2nd)

Pop. density 30.51/km2 (about 80/sq mi)

Countries 57 (list of countries)

Languages Languages of Africa

Time zones UTC-1 to UTC+4

Main articles: Africa and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa

Further information: Geography of Africa

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa with geographical data such as area,

population, and population density, see here.

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.2 million km² (11.7

million sq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers six percent of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4 percent

of the total land area.[2] With 1.0 billion people (as of 2009, see table), it accounts for about 15% of the world's

human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez

Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and

the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and variousarchipelagoes. It has 54 fully

recognized sovereign states ("countries"), 10 territories and three de factostates with limited recognition.[3]

Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the origin of humans and

the Hominidae clade  (great apes), as evidenced by the discovery of the earliest hominids and their ancestors,

as well as later ones that have been dated to around seven million years ago – including Sahelanthropus

tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster – with the

earliest Homo sapiens (modern human) found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago.[4]Africa

straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas; it is the only continent to stretch from the

northern temperate to southern temperate zones.[5] The African expected economic growth rateis at about 5.0%

for 2010 and 5.5% in 2011.[6]

Flag Name Capital CurrencyOfficial

language

Algeria Algiers Dinar Arabic

Angola Luanda Angolar Portuguese

BeninPorto-Novo (official)Cotonou (seat of government)

CFA franc French

Botswana Gaborone PulaEnglishSetswana

Burkina Faso Ouagadougou CFA franc French

Burundi Bujumbura RupieKirundiFrench

Flag Name Capital CurrencyOfficial

language

Cameroon Yaoundé CFA francFrenchEnglish

Cape Verde PraiaCape Verdean escudo

Portuguese

Central African Republic Bangui CFA francFrenchSango

Chad N'Djamena CFA francFrenchArabic

Comoros Moroni Comorian francComorianArabicFrench

Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) Brazzaville CFA franc French

Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)Yamoussoukro (official)Abidjan (seat of government)

CFA franc French

Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa)

Kinshasa Congolese franc French

Djibouti Djibouti Djiboutian francFrenchArabic

Egypt Cairo Egyptian gineih Arabic

Equatorial Guinea MalaboEquatorial Guinean peseta

SpanishFrenchPortuguese

Flag Name Capital CurrencyOfficial

language

Eritrea Asmara TalleroTigrinyaArabicEnglish

Ethiopia Addis Ababa Birr Amharic

Gabon Libreville CFA franc French

Gambia Banjul Gambian dalasi English

Ghana Accra Ghana cedi English

Guinea Conakry Guinean franc French

Guinea-Bissau Bissau CFA franc Portuguese

Kenya Nairobi Kenyan shillingSwahiliEnglish

Lesotho Maseru Lesotho lotiEnglishSesotho

Liberia Monrovia Liberian dollar English

Libya Tripoli Dinar Arabic

Flag Name Capital CurrencyOfficial

language

Madagascar Antananarivo Malagasy ariaryMalagasyFrench

Malawi Lilongwe KwachaEnglishChichewa

Mali Bamako CFA franc French

Mauritania Nouakchott Ouguiya Arabic

Mauritius Port Louis Mauritian rupeeMauritian CreoleFrenchEnglish

MayotteMamoudzouOverseas department of France

Euro French

Morocco Rabat Moroccan dirhamArabicBerber

Mozambique Maputo Mozambican metical Portuguese

Namibia Windhoek Namibian dollar English

Niger Niamey CFA franc French

Nigeria Abuja Naira English

Flag Name Capital CurrencyOfficial

language

RéunionSaint-DenisOverseas department of France

Euro French

Rwanda Kigali Rwandan francKinyarwandaEnglishFrench

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

Jamestown (Saint Helena)Georgetown (Ascension Island)Edinburgh of the Seven Seas (Tristan da Cunha)

Saint Helena poundPound sterling

English

Sao Tome and Principe São Tomé Dobra Portuguese

Senegal Dakar CFA franc French

Seychelles Victoria Seychellois rupeeSeychellois CreoleFrenchEnglish

Sierra Leone Freetown Leone English

Somalia Mogadishu Somali shillingSomaliArabic

Somaliland Hargeisa Somaliland shillingSomaliArabic

South AfricaPretoria (administrative/executive)Cape Town (legislative)Bloemfontein (judicial)

South African rand

AfrikaansEnglishSouthern NdebeleNorthern SothoSouthern SothoSwaziTsongaTswanaVendaXhosaZulu

Flag Name Capital CurrencyOfficial

language

South Sudan JubaSouth Sudanese pound

English

Sudan Khartoum Sudanese poundArabicEnglish

SwazilandMbabane (administrative)Lobamba (royal and legislative)

LilangeniEnglishSwati

TanzaniaDodoma (official)Dar es Salaam (seat of government)

Tanzanian shillingSwahiliEnglish

Togo Lomé CFA franc French

Tunisia Tunis Tunisian dinar Arabic

Uganda Kampala Ugandan shilling

SwahiliEnglish

Luganda

None Western Sahara None Disputed territory between   Morocco and the   Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Moroccan dirhamAlgerian dinarMauritanian ouguiya

See respective claimants

Zambia Lusaka Zambian kwacha English

Zimbabwe Harare variousEnglishShonaSindebele

Asia[edit]

Asia

Area 44,579,000 km2(17,212,000 sq mi)[7]

Population 5,879,000,000 (1st)[8]

Pop. density 87/km2 (225/sq mi)

Countries 48 (list of countries)

Languages List of languages

Time zones UTC+2 to UTC+12

Main articles: Asia and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia

See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia

Further information: Geography of Asia

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia with geographical data such as area,

population, and population density, see here.

Asia ( i / ̍ eɪ ʒ ə /  or / ̍ eɪ ʃ ə / ) is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in

theeastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area (or 30% of its land area)

and with approximately 4.3 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population. During the 20th

century Asia's population nearly quadrupled.[9]

Asia is defined as comprising the eastwards four-fifths of Eurasia. It is located to the east of the Suez Canal,

the Ural river, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma-Manych

Depression) and the Caspian and Black Seas.[10][11] It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south

by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean.

Given its size and diversity, Asia – a toponym dating back to classical antiquity – "is more a cultural concept"

incorporating diverse regions and peoples than a homogeneous physical entity.[12] Asia differs very widely

among and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties

and government systems.

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Afghanistan Kabul AfghaniPashtoDari (Persian)

Akrotiri and Dhekelia Episkopi Cantonment EuroEnglishGreek

Armenia Yerevan Dram Armenian

Azerbaijan [Europe] Baku Manat Azerbaijani

Bahrain Manama Bahraini dinar Arabic

Bangladesh Dhaka Taka Bengali

Bhutan Thimphu Bhutanese ngultrum Dzongkha

British Indian Ocean TerritoryDiego GarciaOverseas territory of the United Kingdom

US dollarUK pound

English

Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei dollar Bahasa Melayu

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Cambodia Phnom Penh Riel Khmer

China Beijing Renminbi (yuan) Standard Chinese

Christmas IslandFlying Fish CoveExternal territory of Australia

Australian dollar English

Cocos (Keeling) IslandsWest IslandExternal territory of Australia External territory of Australia

Australian dollar English

Cyprus [Europe] Nicosia EuroGreekTurkish

East Timor(Timor-Leste) Dili US DollarPortugueseTetum

Georgia [Europe] Tbilisi Lari Georgian

Hong Kong Special administrative region of China Hong Kong dollarEnglishCantonese

India New Delhi Indian Rupee HindiEnglishUrduGujaratiTamilKannadaTeluguMalayalamOdiaBengaliAssameseManipuriSikkimeseKashmriMizoGaroKhasiJaintiaMarathiPunjabiBodoKokborokNagamese

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Nefamese >MARWARI

Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah Indonesian

Iran Tehran Rial Persian

Iraq Baghdad Iraqi dinarKurdishArabic

Israel Jerusalem New shekelHebrewArabic

Japan Tokyo Yen Japanese

Jordan Amman Jordanian dinar Arabic

Kazakhstan Astana TengeKazakhRussian

Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti dinar Arabic

Kyrgyzstan Bishkek SomKyrgyzRussian

Laos Vientiane Kip Lao

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Lebanon Beirut Lebanese pound Arabic

Macau Special administrative region of China Macanese patacaPortugueseCantonese

MalaysiaKuala Lumpur (official)Putrajaya (seat of government)

Ringgit Malaysian

Maldives Malé Maldivian rufiyaa Maldivian

Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Tögrög Mongolian

Myanmar(Burma) Rangoon Kyat Burmese

Nagorno-Karabakh

StepanakertDe facto sovereign state lacking general international recognitionRecognized by United Nations as de jure part of Azerbaijan

Armenian dram Armenian

Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese rupee Nepali

Northern Cyprus

NicosiaDe facto sovereign state lacking general international recognitionRecognized by United Nation as de jure part of Cyprus

Turkish lira Turkish

North Korea Pyongyang North Korean won Korean

Oman Muscat Rial Arabic

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani Rupee

EnglishUrduPunjabiSindhi

Palestine

East Jerusalem (claimed capital)Ramallah (West Bank seat of government)Gaza (Gaza Strip seat of government)Territory occupied by IsraelState of Palestine (flag displayed)proclaimed on territory

Israeli shekel Arabic

Philippines Manila PesoFilipinoEnglish

Qatar Doha Riyal Arabic

Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi riyal Arabic

Singapore Singapore Singapore dollar

EnglishChineseMalayTamil

South Korea Seoul South Korean won Korean

South Ossetia

TskhinvaliDe facto sovereign state lacking general international recognitionRecognized by United Nations as de jure part of Georgia

Russian rubleOsseticGeorgianRussian

Sri Lanka Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte Sri Lankan rupeeSinhalaTamil

Syria Damascus Syrian pound Arabic

Taiwan

TaipeiDe facto sovereign state lacking general international recognitionRecognized by United Nations as part of China.

New Taiwan dollar Standard Chinese

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Tajikistan Dushanbe Somoni Tajik

Thailand Bangkok Baht Thai

Turkey [Europe] Ankara Turkish lira Turkish

Turkmenistan Ashgabat Turkmen new manat Turkmen

United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi UAE dirham Arabic

Uzbekistan Tashkent Uzbekistan som ( O'zbekiston so'mi ) Uzbek

Vietnam Hanoi đồng Vietnamese

Yemen Sana'a Yemeni rial Arabic

Notes

1. The Russian Federation is classified as a European country by the United Nations Statistics Division. Russia is historically the successor of the Grand Duchy of

Moscow, a medieval state of northeastern Europe. The Russian conquest of Northern Asia begins in the late 16th century. Today, most of the territory of Russia is

in Asia, but most of its population lives in the European part.

Europe[edit]

Europe

Area 10,180,000 km2(3,930,000 sq mi)[n]

Population 739,165,030[n] (2011), 3rd)

Pop. density 72.5/km2

Countries 50 (list of countries)

Languages List of languages

Time zones UTC to UTC+6

Main articles: Europe and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe

See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Eurasia

Further information: Geography of Europe

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe with geographical data such as area,

population, and population density, see here.

Europe ( i / ̍ jʊər ə p /  EWR-əp or / ̍ j ɜr ə p /  YUR-əp [13] ) is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents.

Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia by thewatershed

divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and

the waterways connecting the Black and Aegean Seas.[14] Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north,

the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Black Sea and connected

waterways to the southeast. Yet the borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are

somewhat arbitrary, as the primarily physiographic term "continent" can incorporate cultural and

political elements.

Europe is the world's second-smallest continent by surface area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres

(3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface and about 6.8% of its land area. Of Europe's approximately 50

states, Russia is by far the largest by both area and population, taking up 40% of the continent (although the

country has territory in both Europe and Asia), while the Vatican City is the smallest. Europe is the third-most

populous continent after Asia and Africa, with a population of 733 million or about 11% of the world's

population.[15]

Europe, in particular Ancient Greece, is the birthplace of Western culture.[16] It played a predominant role in

global affairs from the 15th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonialism. Between the 16th

and 20th centuries, European nations controlled at various times the Americas, most of Africa,Oceania, and

large portions of Asia. In 1900, Europe's share of the world's population was 25%.[17] Both World Wars were

largely focused upon Europe, greatly contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs

by the mid-20th century as the United States and Soviet Union took prominence.[18] During the Cold War,

Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the

east. European integration led to the formation of the Council of Europe and the European Union in Western

Europe, both of which have been expanding eastward since therevolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Soviet

Union in 1991.

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Åland IslandsMariehamnAutonomous region of Finland (recognized by international treaty)

Euro Swedish

Albania Tirana Lek Albanian

Andorra Andorra la Vella Euro Catalan

Austria Vienna Euro German

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Belarus Minsk Belarusian rubleBelarusianRussian

Belgium Brussels EuroDutchFrenchGerman

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sarajevo Convertible markBosnianCroatianSerbian

Bulgaria Sofia Lev Bulgarian

Croatia Zagreb Kuna Croatian

Czech Republic Prague Czech koruna

SlovakGermanPolishBulgarianCroatianGreekHungarianRomaniRussianRusynSerbianUkrainian

Denmark Copenhagen Danish krone [a] Danish

Estonia Tallinn Euro Estonian

Faroe IslandsTórshavnSelf-governing territory of the Danish Realm

Faroese krónaFaroeseDanish

Finland Helsinki EuroFinnishSwedish

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

France ParisEuroCFP franc

French

Germany Berlin Euro German

GibraltarGibraltarOverseas territory of the United Kingdom

Gibraltar pound English

Greece Athens Euro Greek

GuernseySaint Peter PortBritish Crown dependency

Pound sterlingEnglishFrench

Hungary Budapest Forint Hungarian

Iceland Reykjavík Icelandic króna Icelandic

Ireland Dublin Euro

English

Irish

Isle of ManDouglasBritish Crown dependency

Pound sterlingEnglishManx

Italy Rome Euro Italian

JerseySaint HelierBritish Crown dependency

Pound sterlingEnglishFrench

Kosovo

PristinaDe facto sovereign state recognized by over 80 UN member statesA United Nations mandate in Serbian territory was put in place starting in 1999.

EuroAlbanianSerbian

Latvia Riga Lats Latvian

Liechtenstein Vaduz Swiss franc German

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Lithuania Vilnius Lithuanian litas Lithuanian

Luxembourg Luxembourg EuroLuxembourgishFrenchGerman

Macedonia Skopje Macedonian denar Macedonian

Malta Valletta EuroMalteseEnglish

Moldova Chişinău Moldovan leu Moldovan

Monaco Monaco Euro French

Montenegro Podgorica Euro Montenegrin

Netherlands Amsterdam

EuroUS dollarNA guilderAruban florin

Dutch

Norway Oslo Norwegian kroneNorwegianBokmålNynorsk

Poland Warsaw Złoty Polish

Portugal Lisbon Euro Portuguese

Romania Bucharest Romanian leu Romanian

Russia Moscow Russian rubleRussian27 others co-official

San Marino San Marino Euro Italian

Serbia Belgrade Serbian dinar Serbian

Slovakia Bratislava Euro Slovak

Slovenia Ljubljana Euro Slovene

Spain Madrid Euro

SpanishCatalanGalicianBasque

SvalbardLongyearbyenSpecial territory of Norway (recognized by international treaty)

Norwegian krone Norwegian

Sweden Stockholm Swedish krona Swedish

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Switzerland Bern Swiss franc

GermanFrenchItalianRomansh

TransnistriaTiraspolDe facto sovereign state lacking general international recognitionRecognized by United Nations as de jure part of Moldova

Transnistrian ruble

RussianMoldovanUkrainian

Ukraine Kiev Ukrainian hryvnia Ukrainian

United Kingdom London Pound sterling English

Vatican City Vatican City Euro Italian

Notes

1.

Transcontinental countries in Europe and Asia, classified as West Asian countries by the United Nations Statistics Division:

 Azerbaijan,   Georgia,   Turkey.

In West Asia, but a member of the European Union:   Cyprus.

North America[edit]

North America

Area 24,709,000 km2 (9,540,000 sq mi)

Population 528,720,588 (2008, 4th)

Pop. density 22.9/km2 (59.3/sq mi)[b]

Countries 23 (list of countries)

Languages List of languages

Time zones UTC-10 to UTC

Main articles: North America and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America

See also: Americas and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Americas

Further information: Geography of North America

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America with geographical data such as area,

population, and population density, see here.

North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western

Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas.[19] It is bordered to the north by

the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the

southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea.

North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 4.8% of

the planet's surface or about 16.5% of its land area. As of July 2008, its population was estimated at nearly 529

million people across 23 independent states. North America is the third-largest continent in area,

following Asia and Africa, and the fourth in population after Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

AnguillaThe ValleyOverseas territory of the United Kingdom

English

Antigua and Barbuda St. John's English

ArubaOranjestadConstituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Bahamas Nassau English

Barbados Bridgetown English

Belize Belmopan English

BermudaHamiltonOverseas territory of the United Kingdom

English

BonaireKralendijkSpecial municipality of the Netherlands

United States Dollar

British Virgin IslandsRoad TownOverseas territory of the United Kingdom

United States Dollar English

Canada Ottawa Canadian DollarFrenchEnglish

Cayman IslandsGeorge TownOverseas territory of the United Kingdom

English

Clipperton IslanduninhabitedOverseas territory of France

Euro French

Costa Rica San José

Cuba Havana

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

CuraçaoWillemstadConstituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Dominica Roseau English

Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Spanish

El Salvador San Salvador United States Dollar

GreenlandNuukSelf-governing territory of the Danish Realm

Grenada St. George's

GuadeloupeBasse-TerreOverseas department of France

Euro French

Guatemala Guatemala City

Haiti Port-au-Prince French

Honduras Tegucigalpa

Jamaica Kingston English

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

MartiniqueFort-de-FranceOverseas department of France

Euro French

Mexico Mexico City Spanish

MontserratPlymouth (official)Brades (seat of government)Overseas territory of the United Kingdom

English

Navassa Island-Insular area of the United States of America

United States Dollar English

Nicaragua Managua

Panama Panama City

Puerto RicoSan JuanInsular area of the United States of America

United States DollarEnglishSpanish

SabaThe BottomSpecial municipality of the Netherlands

United States Dollar

Saint BarthélemyGustaviaOverseas collectivity of France

Euro French

Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre English

Saint Lucia Castries

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Saint MartinMarigotOverseas collectivity of France

Euro French

Saint Pierre and MiquelonSaint-PierreOverseas collectivity of France

Euro French

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown

Sint EustatiusOranjestadSpecial municipality of the Netherlands

United States Dollar

Sint MaartenPhilipsburgConstituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain English

Turks and Caicos IslandsCockburn TownOverseas territory of the United Kingdom

United States Dollar English

United States Washington, D.C. United States Dollar none

United States Virgin IslandsCharlotte AmalieInsular area of the United States of America

United States Dollar English

South America[edit]

South America

Area 17,840,000 km2

(6,890,000 sq mi)

Population 387,489,196 (2011, 5th)

Pop. density 21.4 per km2 (56.0 per sq mi)

Countries 12 (list of countries)

Languages List of languages

Time zones UTC-2 to UTC-5

Main articles: South America and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America

See also: Americas and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Americas

Further information: Geography of South America

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America with geographical data such as

area, population, and population density, see here.

South America is a continent located in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a

relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.[20][21]

It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North

America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. It is formed by twelve sovereign states

- Argentina,Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay,

and Venezuela - the French Guiana, which is an overseas region of France, and the Falkland Islands, a British

Overseas Territory. In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Netherlands may also be considered part of

South America, as well as Trinidad and Tobago. The South American states that border the Caribbean Sea –

Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana – are also known as Caribbean South America.

South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its population as of 2005 has

been estimated at more than 371,090,000. South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, andNorth

America) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America). The word Americawas coined

in 1507 by cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann, after Amerigo Vespucci, who was the

first European to suggest that the lands newly discovered by Europeans were notIndia, but a New

World unknown to Europeans.

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Argentina Buenos Aires Peso Spanish

BoliviaSucre (official)La Paz (seat of government)

BolivianoSpanishQuechuaAymara

Brazil Brasília Real Portuguese

Chile Santiago Peso Spanish

Colombia Bogotá Peso Spanish

Ecuador Quito United States dollar Spanish

Falkland Islands

StanleyOverseas territory of the United Kingdom

Falkland Islands pound

English

French GuianaCayenneOverseas department of France

Euro French

Flag Name Capital Currency Official language

Guyana Georgetown Guyanese dollar English

Paraguay Asunción GuaraníSpanishGuaraní

Peru Lima Nuevo sol Spanish

Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese dollar Dutch

Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan peso Spanish

Venezuela Caracas Bolívar fuerte Spanish

Oceania[edit]

Oceania

Geopolitical Oceania

Area 17,840,000 km2

(6,890,000 sq mi)

Population 387,489,196 (2011, 5th)

Pop. density 21.4 per km2 (56.0 per sq mi)

Countries 14 (list of countries)

Languages List of languages

Time zones UTC-2 to UTC-5

Main articles: Oceania and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania

See also: Australia (continent) and Pacific Islands

Further information: Geography of Oceania

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania with geographical data such as area,

population, and population density, see here.

Australia (UK / ̩ oʊ ʃ ɪ ̍ ɑː n ɪ ə /  or / ̩ oʊ s ɪ ̍ ɑː n ɪ ə / ;[22] US / ̩ oʊ ʃ i ː ̍ æ n i ː ə / )[23] is a region centered on the islands of the

tropical Pacific Ocean.[24] Opinions of what constitutes Oceania range from the coral atolls and volcanic islands

of the South Pacific (ethnologically divided into the subregions of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia)[25] to

the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas, including Australasia and the Maritime Southeast

Asia.The term is sometimes used more specifically to denote a continentcomprising Australia and proximate

islands,[26][27][28][29] or biogeographically as a synonym for either theAustralasian

ecozone (Wallacea and Australasia) or the Pacific ecozone (Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia apart either

from New Zealand [30]  or from mainland New Guinea).[31]

Flag Name Capital CurrencyOfficial

language

American SamoaPago PagoInsular area of the United States of America

United States dollarEnglishSamoan

Ashmore and Cartier IslandsExternal territory of Australia

— —

Australia Canberra Australian dollar None[c]

Flag Name Capital CurrencyOfficial

language

Baker Island — Insular area of the United States of America

Cook IslandsAvaruaSelf-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand

New Zealand dollarCook Islands dollar

EnglishCook Islands Māori

Coral Sea Islands — External territory of Australia

Fiji Suva

French PolynesiaPapeeteOverseas collectivity of France

CFP Franc French

Guam Hagåtña Insular area of the United States of America

Howland Island — Insular area of the United States of America

Jarvis Island — Insular area of the United States of America

Johnston Atoll — Insular area of the United States of America

Kingman Reef — Insular area of the United States of America

Kiribati South Tarawa

Marshall Islands Majuro

Flag Name Capital CurrencyOfficial

language

Micronesia Palikir

Midway Atoll — Insular area of the United States of America

Nauru Yaren (seat of government)

New CaledoniaNouméaSui generis collectivity (special collectivity) of France

CFP Franc French

New Zealand Wellington

Niue AlofiSelf-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand

Norfolk Island Kingston Self-governing territory of Australia

Northern Mariana Islands

Saipan Insular area of the United States of America

Palau Melekeok

Palmyra Atoll — Insular area of the United States of America

Papua New Guinea Port Moresby

Flag Name Capital CurrencyOfficial

language

Pitcairn Islands Adamstown Overseas territory of the United Kingdom

Samoa Apia

Solomon Islands Honiara

TokelauNukunonu (main settlement, although each atoll has its own administrative centre)

Dependent territory of New Zealand

Tonga Nukuʻalofa

Tuvalu Funafuti

Vanuatu Port Vila Vanuatu vatu

Wake Island—Insular area of the United States of America

United States dollar

Wallis and FutunaMata-UtuOverseas collectivity of France

CFP Franc French

Antarctica[edit]

Antarctica

Area 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi)[32]

Demonym Antarctican

Main article: Antarctica

Further information: Geography of Antarctica

Antarctica ( i / æ n t ̍ ɑr t ɨ k ə /  or / æ n ̍ t ɑr k t ɨ k ə / )[d] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the

geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south

of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km2 (5.4 million sq mi), it is the

fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica

is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by icethat averages at least 1 mile

(1.6 km) in thickness.

Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest averageelevation of

all the continents.[35] Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches)

along the coast and far less inland.[36] The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89 °C (−129 °F). There are

no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the

research stations scattered across the continent. Only cold-adapted organisms survive there, including many

types of algae, animals (for

example mites, nematodes, penguins, seals andtardigrades), bacteria, fungi, plants, and protista. Vegetation

where it occurs is tundra.

Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the first

confirmed sighting of the continent is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian

expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen andMikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny. The continent,

however, remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of

resources, and isolation. The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 by 12 countries; to date, 49 countries have

signed the treaty. The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining, prohibits nuclear explosions and

nuclear waste disposal, supports scientific research, and protects the continent'secozone. Ongoing

experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations.

Antarctica is regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, which defines it as all land and ice shelves south

of 60°S, and has no government and belongs to no country. However, the following territorial claims in

Antarctica have been made:

Argentina: Argentine Antarctica

Australia: Australian Antarctic Territory

Brazil: Brazilian Antarctica (unofficial)

Chile: Antártica

France: Adélie Land

New Zealand: Ross Dependency

Norway: Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land

United Kingdom: British Antarctic Territory

(Unclaimed: Marie Byrd Land)

Moreover, the following dependent territories are situated in the wider Antarctic Region:

Flag Name Capital Currency Official Language

Bouvet IslandDependent territory of Norway

— — —

French Southern Territories

Alfred Faure (Crozet Islands)Port-aux-Français (Kerguelen Islands)Martin-de-Viviès (Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands)Overseas territory of France

Euro French

Heard Island and McDonald IslandsExternal territory of Australia

— — —

South Georgia and the South Sandwich IslandsKing Edward PointOverseas territory of the United Kingdom

Pound sterling English

See also[edit]

List of countries and capitals in native languages

List of national capitals

List of currencies

Notes[edit]

1. Jump up^ In the Faroe Islands the currency has a separate design and is known as the króna, but is not a separate currency.

2. Jump up^ This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 23,090,542 km2 only, considerably less than the total combined land and water

area of 24,709,000 km².

3. Jump up^ English does not have de jure status.

4. Jump up^ The word was originally pronounced without /k/, but the spelling pronunciation has become very common. The "c" was originally added to the spelling

for etymological reasons and then began to be pronounced.[33][34]

References