lipid presentation 2

11

PhospholipidsPhospholipids

Phospholipids A complex lipid containing, in addition to A complex lipid containing, in addition to

fatty acids and an alcohol, a phosphoric fatty acids and an alcohol, a phosphoric acid residue. acid residue.

They frequently have nitrogen They frequently have nitrogen containing bases and other substituentscontaining bases and other substituents

Esters of FA + d/t Alcohols + PO PO332-2- group group

Classiefied in to two Glycerophospholipids w/n the alcohol is

glycerol Sphingolipids Sphingolipids w/n the alcohol is sphingosine

22

PhospholipidsPhospholipids

33

Glycerophospholipids also called phosphoglycerides, are membrane lipids in which

two fatty acids are attached in ester linkage to the first and second carbons of glycerol,

and a highly polar or charged group is attached through a phosphodiester linkage to the third carbon.

Other end of phosphate can combine with other Other end of phosphate can combine with other molecules to form various derivativesmolecules to form various derivatives

Are amphipathicAre amphipathic The fatty acids in glycerophospholipids

can be any of a wide variety In general, glycerophospholipids contain a C16

or C18 saturated fatty acid at C-1 and a C18 to C20 unsaturated fatty acid at C-2.

44

Glycerophospholipids

X can be X can be HH serine, serine, choline, choline, ethanolamine, ethanolamine, glycerol, orglycerol, or inositolinositol

O P O

O

O

H2C

CH

H2C

OCR1

O O C

O

R2

X

glycerophospholipid

55


66


Numbering and nomenclature of glycerophospholipids Glycerol is prochiral, it has no asymmetric

carbons attachment of phosphate at one end converts

it into a chiral compound, and can be correctly named either

L-glycerol 3-phosphate, D-glycerol 1-phosphate, or Sn - glycerol 3-phosphate

77


Glycerophospholipids are named as derivatives of the parent compound, phosphatidic acid according to the polar alcohol in the head group

E.g Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine have choline and ethanolamine in their polar head groups

88


99

Common Glycerophospholipids

Phosphatidic acid the parent compound for the

glycerol-based phospholipids consists of sn-glycerol-3-

phosphate, with fatty acids esterified at the 1- and 2-positions.

Phosphatidic acid is found in small amounts in most natural systems

is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of the more common glycerophospholipids

1010


Phosphatidylcholines (Lecithins) Occur in Cell Membranes Phosphoacylglycerols

containing choline are the most abundant

phospholipids of the cell membrane

represent a large proportion of the body’s store of choline

Choline is important in nervous transmission

as acetylcholine, and as a store of labile

methylgroups

O P O

O

O

H 2 C

C H

H 2 C

OCR 1

O O C

O

R 2

C H 2 C H 2 N C H 3

C H 3

C H 3

+

p h o sp h a tid ylch o lin e

1111


Phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin) found in most tissues differ from

phosphatidylcholine only in that ethanolamine replaces choline

is usually the second most abundant phospholipid class in animal and plant tissues

1212


Phosphatidylserine Contain serine in place of

choline is a weakly acidic lipid present in most tissues of

animals and plants It is located entirely on the

inner monolayer surface of the plasma membrane and other cellular membranes.

Phosphatidylserine is an essential cofactor for the activation of protein kinase C,

also involved in many other biological processes, including blood coagulation and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

1313


Phosphatidylinositol Is a Precursor of Second

Messengers The inositol is present in

phosphatidylinositol as the stereoisomer, myoinositol

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate is an important constituent of cell membrane phospholipids;

upon stimulation by a suitable hormone agonist, it is cleaved into diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate, both of which act as internal signals or second messengers.

1414


Diphosphatidylglycerol First observed in heart tissue it is also called cardiolipin. In cardiolipin

a phosphatidylglycerol is esterified through the C-1 hydroxyl group of the glycerol moiety of the head group to the phosphoryl group of another phosphatidic acid molecule.

important constituent of mitochondrial lipids

Play a role in modifying the activities of the enzymes concerned with oxidative phosphorylation

1515


Ether Glycerophospholipids possess an ether linkage instead of an

acyl group at the C-1 position of glycerol

The ether-linked chain may be saturated, as in the alkyl ether lipids, or may contain a double bond between C-1 and C-2, as in plasmalogens

platelet activating factor One of the most versatile biochemical

signal molecules found in mammals or PAF,

a unique ether glycerophospholipid. The alkyl group at C-1 of PAF is typically

a 16-carbon chain, but the acyl group at C-2 is a 2-carbon acetate unit.

By virtue of this acetate group, PAF is much more water-soluble than other lipids, allowing PAF to function as a soluble messenger in signal transduction

1616


Plasmalogens are ether

glycerophospholipids in which the alkyl moiety is cis-, Þ,ß-unsaturated

Structurally, the plasmalogens resemble phosphatidylethanolamine but possess an ether link on the sn-1 carbon

In some instances, choline, serine, or inositol may be substituted for ethanolamine.

constitute as much as 10% of the phospholipids of brain and muscle

1717

Sphingolipids Represent another class of

lipids found frequently in biological membranes.

An 18-carbon amino alcohol, sphingosine, forms the backbone of these lipids rather than glycerol

Carbons C-1, C-2, and C-3 of the sphingosine molecule are structurally analogous to the three carbons of glycerol in glycerophospholipids

H2CHC

OH

CH

N+ CH

C

CH2

CH3

H

H3

OH

( )12

sphingosine

1818

Sphingolipids

When a fatty acid is attached in amide linkage to the ONH2 on C-2, the resulting compound is a ceramide,

It is structurally similar to a diacylglycerol.

Ceramide is the structural parent of all sphingolipids.

In the more complex In the more complex sphingolipids, a sphingolipids, a polar polar “head group"“head group" is esterified is esterified to the terminal hydroxyl of to the terminal hydroxyl of the sphingosine moiety of the sphingosine moiety of the ceramide. the ceramide.

H2CHC

OH

CH

NH CH

C

CH2

CH3

H

OH

( )12

C

R

O

ceramide

1919

subclasses of sphingolipids Sphingomyelins

contain phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine as their polar head group

and are therefore classified along with glycerophospholipids as phospholipids

They resemble phosphatidylcholines in their

general properties and three-dimensional structure,

and in having no net charge on their

head groups Sphingomyelins are present in

the plasma membranes of animal cells and are especially prominent in myelin

H2CHC

O

CH

NH CH

C

CH2

CH3

H

OH

( )12

C

R

O

PO O

O

H2C

H2CN+

CH3

H3C

CH3

Sphingomyelin

phosphocholine

sphingosine

fatty acid

2020

subclasses of sphingolipids Glycosphingolipids (glycolipids)

occur largely in the outer face of plasma membranes, have head groups with one or more sugars connected

directly to the OOH at C-1 of the ceramide moiety; they do not contain phosphate.

a. Cerebrosides have a single sugar linked to ceramide those with galactose are characteristically found in the

plasma membranes of cells in neural tissue those with glucose in the plasma membranes of cells in

nonneural tissues. b. Globosides

are neutral (uncharged) glycosphingolipids with two or more sugars, usually D-

glucose, D-galactose, or N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. Cerebrosides and globosides are sometimes called

neutral glycolipids, as they have no charge at pH 7.

2121

Subclasses of sphingolipids

cerebroside with -galactose head group

H2CHC CH

NH CH

C

CH2

CH3

OH

C

R

O

OH O

H H

H

OHH

OH

CH2OH

HO

H

( )12

2222


c. Gangliosides the most complex sphingolipids have oligosaccharides as their polar head

groups and one or more residues of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac),a sialic acid (often simply called “sialic acid”), at thetermini.

Sialic acid gives gangliosides the negative charge at pH 7 that distinguishes them from globosides.

Gangliosides with one sialic acid residue are in the GM (M for mono-) series, those with two are in the GD (D for di-) series, and so on (GT, three sialic acid residues; GQ, four).

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2424

Subclasses of sphingolipids functions glycosphingolipids

Glycosphingolipids at cell surfaces appear to determine, at least in part, certain elements of tissue and organ specificity.

Cell–cell recognition and tissue immunity appear to depend upon specific glycosphingolipids.

Gangliosides are present in nerve endings and appear to be important in nerve impulse transmission.

A number of genetically transmitted diseases involve the accumulation of specific glycosphingolipids due to an absence of the enzymes needed for their degradation.

Such is the case for ganglioside GM2 in the brains of Tay-Sachs disease victims, a rare but fatal disease characterized by a red spot on the retina, gradual blindness, and loss of weight, especially in infants and children.

appear to have receptor and other function

2525

Subclasses of sphingolipids sulfatide

is formed when a sulfate is esterified at the 3-position of the galactose

Cerebrosides in which the sugar is esterified with sulfuric acid

contained in brain lipidscontained in brain lipids present in low levels in present in low levels in

liver, lung, kidney, spleen, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, skeletal muscle and heartskeletal muscle and heart

function is not establishedfunction is not established

2626

Lipid storage diseasesLipid storage diseases

also known as sphingolipidosesalso known as sphingolipidoses genetically acquiredgenetically acquired due to the deficiency or absence of a due to the deficiency or absence of a

catabolic enzymecatabolic enzyme examples:examples:

Tay Sachs diseaseTay Sachs disease Gaucher’s diseaseGaucher’s disease Niemann-Pick diseaseNiemann-Pick disease Fabry’s diseaseFabry’s disease

2727

Genetic defects in ganglioside Genetic defects in ganglioside metabolismmetabolism

leads to a buildup of gangliosides leads to a buildup of gangliosides (ganglioside G(ganglioside GM2M2) in nerve cells, ) in nerve cells, killing themkilling them

NAcGal Gal Gal Glu

NAcNeu

enzyme that hydrolyzes here (beta hexosaminodase)is absent in Tay-Sachs disease

2828

Tay-Sachs diseaseTay-Sachs disease

a fatal disease which is due to the a fatal disease which is due to the deficiency of hexosaminidase A activitydeficiency of hexosaminidase A activity

accumulation of ganglioside Gaccumulation of ganglioside GM2M2 in the in the brain of infantsbrain of infants

mental retardation, blindness, inability to mental retardation, blindness, inability to swallowswallow

a “cherry red “ spot develops on the a “cherry red “ spot develops on the macula (back of the the eyes)macula (back of the the eyes)

Tay-Sachs children usually die by age 5 Tay-Sachs children usually die by age 5 and often soonerand often sooner

2929

Genetic defects in globoside Genetic defects in globoside metabolismmetabolism

Fabry’s disease:Fabry’s disease: Accumulation of ceramide trihexoside in Accumulation of ceramide trihexoside in

kidneys of patients who are deficient in kidneys of patients who are deficient in lysosomal lysosomal -galactosidase A sometimes -galactosidase A sometimes referred to as ceramide trihexosidasereferred to as ceramide trihexosidase

Skin rash, kidney failure, pains in the lower Skin rash, kidney failure, pains in the lower extremitiesextremities

Now treated with enzyme replacement Now treated with enzyme replacement therapy: agalsidase beta (Fabrazyme)therapy: agalsidase beta (Fabrazyme)

3030

Genetic defects in cerebroside Genetic defects in cerebroside metabolismmetabolism

Krabbe’s disease: Krabbe’s disease: Also known as globoid leukodystrophyAlso known as globoid leukodystrophy Increased amount of galactocerebroside in the white Increased amount of galactocerebroside in the white

matter of the brainmatter of the brain Caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme Caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme

galactocerebrosidasegalactocerebrosidase Gaucher’s disease:Gaucher’s disease:

Caused by a deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidaseCaused by a deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase Increase content of glucocerebroside in the spleen and liverIncrease content of glucocerebroside in the spleen and liver Erosion of long bones and pelvisErosion of long bones and pelvis Enzyme replacement therapy is available for the Type I Enzyme replacement therapy is available for the Type I

disease (Imiglucerase or Cerezyme)disease (Imiglucerase or Cerezyme) Also miglustat (Zavesca) – an oral drug which inhibits the Also miglustat (Zavesca) – an oral drug which inhibits the

enzyme glucosylceramide synthase, an essential enzyme enzyme glucosylceramide synthase, an essential enzyme for the synthesis of most glycosphingolipidsfor the synthesis of most glycosphingolipids

3131

Genetic defects in ganglioside Genetic defects in ganglioside metabolismmetabolism

Metachromatic leukodystrophyMetachromatic leukodystrophy accumulation of sulfogalactocerebroside (sulfatide) in accumulation of sulfogalactocerebroside (sulfatide) in

the central nervous system of patient having a the central nervous system of patient having a deficiency of a specific sulfatasedeficiency of a specific sulfatase

mental retardation, nerves stain yellowish-brown with mental retardation, nerves stain yellowish-brown with cresyl violet dye (metachromasia)cresyl violet dye (metachromasia)

Generalized gangliosidosisGeneralized gangliosidosis accumulation of ganglioside GM1accumulation of ganglioside GM1 deficiency of GM1 ganglioside: deficiency of GM1 ganglioside: -galactosidase-galactosidase mental retardation, liver enlargement, skeletal mental retardation, liver enlargement, skeletal

involvementinvolvement

3232

Niemann-Pick diseaseNiemann-Pick disease

principal storage substance: principal storage substance: sphingomyelin which accumulates in sphingomyelin which accumulates in reticuloendothelial cellsreticuloendothelial cells

enzyme deficiency: enzyme deficiency: sphingomyelinasesphingomyelinase

liver and spleen enlargement, mental liver and spleen enlargement, mental retardationretardation

3333

Steroids and isoprene derived Steroids and isoprene derived compoundscompounds

Terpenes simple lipids, but lack fatty acid simple lipids, but lack fatty acid

componentcomponent Are formed from combinations of

two or more molecules of isoprene

2-methyl-1,3-butadiene a five-carbon unit that is abbreviated

C5. Isoprene units can be linked in

terpenes to form straight chain or cyclic molecules

The usual method of linking isoprene units is head to tail

3434

Terpenes monoterpene (C10)

consists of two isoprene units occur in all higher plants Many monoterpenes are readily

recognized by their characteristic flavors or odors

limonene in lemons; citronellal in roses, geraniums, and some

perfumes; pinene in turpentine; and menthol from peppermint, used in cough

drops and nasal inhalers.

3535

Terpenes

3636

Terpenes

sesquiterpene (C15) consists of three isoprene units

diterpene (C20) has four isoprene units include

retinal (the essential light-absorbing pigment in rhodopsin, the photoreceptor protein of the eye)

phytol (a constituent of chlorophyll) gibberellins (potent plant hormones).

3737

Terpenes

3838

Terpenes

Triterpenes are C30 terpenes include squalene and lanosterol two of the precursors of cholesterol and

other steroids triterpene lanosterol is a constituent of

wool fat.

3939

Terpenes

4040

Terpenes

Tetraterpenes (C40) are less common include the carotenoids

a class of colorful photosynthetic pigments. beta Carotene is the precursor of vitamin A lycopene, similar to beta carotene but

lacking the cyclopentene rings, is a pigment found in tomatoes.

4141

Terpenes

4242

Terpenes

polyprenols Long-chain polyisoprenoid molecules with

a terminal alcohol moiety Dolichols

one class of polyprenols Consist of 16 to 22 isoprene units in the form of dolichyl phosphates, function to

carry carbohydrate units in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins in animals.

Polyprenyl groups serve to anchor certain proteins to biological membranes

4343

Terpenes

Polyprenyl compounds also serve as the side chains of vitamin K the ubiquinones plastoquinones tocopherols (such as vitamin E).

4444

Terpenes

4545

Terpenes

4646

Steroids Steroids

are large and important class of terpene-based lipids

The molecular family is based on a common structural motif of three six-membered rings and one fivemembered ring all fused together.

Cholesterol is the most common steroid in animals and the

precursor for all other animal steroids. The numbering system for cholesterol applies to

all such molecules

4747

Steroids

4848

Steroids

Many steroids contain methyl groups at positions 10 and 13 and an 8- to 10-carbon alkyl sidenchain at position 17.

The polyprenyl nature of this compound is particularly evident in the side chain.

Many steroids contain an oxygen at C-3, either a hydroxyl group in sterols or a carbonyl group in other steroids.

4949

Steroids

Note also that the carbons at positions 10 and 13 and the alkyl group at position 17 are nearly always oriented on the same side of the steroid nucleus, the beta-orientation.

Alkyl groups that extend from the other side of the steroid backbone are in an alpha-orientation.

5050

Steroids Cholesterol

is a principal component of animal cell plasma membranes

much smaller amounts of cholesterol are found in the membranes of intracellular organelles.

The relatively rigid fused ring system of cholesterol and the weakly polar alcohol group at the C-3 position have important consequences for the properties of plasma membranes.

is also a component of ipoprotein complexes in the blood,

is one of the constituents of plaques that form on arterial walls in atherosclerosis.

5151

Steroids

Functions of cholesterolFunctions of cholesterol serves as a component of membranes of serves as a component of membranes of

cells (increases or moderates membrane cells (increases or moderates membrane fluidity)fluidity)

precursor to steroid hormones and bile precursor to steroid hormones and bile acidsacids

storage and transport –cholesterol storage and transport –cholesterol estersesters

5252

Steroid Hormones Steroid Hormones

Steroids derived from cholesterol in animals include five families of hormones

the androgens, estrogens, progestins, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

and bile acids Androgens such as testosterone and estrogens

such as estradiol mediate the development of sexual characteristics and

sexual function in animals. The progestins such as progesterone

participate in control of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

5353

Steroid Hormones Glucocorticoids (cortisol, for example)

participate in the control of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism,

mineralocorticoids regulate salt (Na, K, and Cl) balances in

tissues. Bile acids (including cholic and

deoxycholic acid) are detergent molecules secreted in bile from

the gallbladder that assist in the absorption of dietary lipids in the intestine.

5454

Steroid Hormones

5555

Steroid Hormones

5656

Eicosanoids Eicosanoids are paracrine hormones, substances that act only

on cells near the point of hormone synthesis instead of being transported in the blood to act on cells in other tissues or organs.

These fatty acid derivatives have a variety of dramatic effects on vertebrate tissues.

They are known to be involved in reproductive function; in the inflammation, fever, and pain associated with injury

or disease; in the formation of blood clots and the regulation of blood

pressure; in gastric acid secretion; and in a variety of other processes important in human health

or disease.

5757

Eicosanoids

All eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid(20:4(Δ5,8,11,14 ))

the 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid from which they take their gen-eral name (Greek eikosi, “twenty”).

There are three classes of eicosanoids: prostaglandins, thromboxanes,and leukotrienes.

5858

LipoproteinsLipoproteins

particles found in plasma that particles found in plasma that transport lipids including cholesteroltransport lipids including cholesterol

lipoprotein classeslipoprotein classes chylomicrons: take lipids from small chylomicrons: take lipids from small

intestine through lymph cellsintestine through lymph cells very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL)intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) low density lipoproteins (LDL)low density lipoproteins (LDL) high density lipoproteins (HDL)high density lipoproteins (HDL)

5959

LipoproteiLipoprotein classn class

Density Density (g/mL)(g/mL)

Diameter Diameter (nm)(nm)

Protein Protein % of dry % of dry wtwt

PhosphPhospholipid %olipid %

TriacylglycerTriacylglycerol % of dry ol % of dry wtwt

HDLHDL 1.063-1.211.063-1.21 5 – 155 – 15 3333 2929 88

LDLLDL 1.019 – 1.019 – 1.0631.063

18 – 2818 – 28 2525 2121 44

IDLIDL 1.006-1.006-1.0191.019

25 - 5025 - 50 1818 2222 3131

VLDLVLDL 0.95 – 0.95 – 1.0061.006

30 - 8030 - 80 1010 1818 5050

chylomicronchylomicronss

< 0.95< 0.95 100 - 500100 - 500 1 - 21 - 2 77 8484

Composition and properties of human lipoproteins

most proteins have densities of about 1.3 – 1.4 g/mL and lipid aggregates usuallyhave densities of about 0.8 g/mL

6060

Lipoprotein structureLipoprotein structure

6161

LDL moleculeLDL molecule

6262

The apolipoproteinsThe apolipoproteins

major components of lipoproteinsmajor components of lipoproteins often referred to as aproteinsoften referred to as aproteins classified by alphabetical designation (A classified by alphabetical designation (A

thru E)thru E) the use of roman numeral suffix describes the use of roman numeral suffix describes

the order in which the apolipoprotein the order in which the apolipoprotein emerge froma chromatographic columnemerge froma chromatographic column

responsible for recognition of particle by responsible for recognition of particle by receptorsreceptors

6363

HELICAL WHEEL PROJECTION OF A PORTION HELICAL WHEEL PROJECTION OF A PORTION OF APOLIPOPROTEIN A-IOF APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I

LIPOPROTEINSLIPOPROTEINS

spherical particles with a hydrophobic spherical particles with a hydrophobic core (TG and esterified cholesterol)core (TG and esterified cholesterol)

apolipoproteins on the surfaceapolipoproteins on the surface large: apoB (b-48 and B-100) atherogeniclarge: apoB (b-48 and B-100) atherogenic smaller: apoA-I, apoC-II, apoEsmaller: apoA-I, apoC-II, apoE

classified on the basis of density and classified on the basis of density and electrophoretic mobility (VLDL; LDL; electrophoretic mobility (VLDL; LDL; IDL;HDL; Lp(a)IDL;HDL; Lp(a)

6565

Apoproteins of human Apoproteins of human lipoproteinslipoproteins

A-1 (28,300)- principal protein in HDLA-1 (28,300)- principal protein in HDL 90 –120 mg% in plasma90 –120 mg% in plasma

A-2 (8,700) – occurs as dimer mainly in A-2 (8,700) – occurs as dimer mainly in HDLHDL

30 – 50 mg %30 – 50 mg %

B-48 (240,000) – found only in chylomicron B-48 (240,000) – found only in chylomicron <5 mg %<5 mg %

B-100 (500,000) – principal protein in LDLB-100 (500,000) – principal protein in LDL 80 –100 mg %80 –100 mg %

6666

C-1 (7,000) – found in chylomicron, VLDL, HDLC-1 (7,000) – found in chylomicron, VLDL, HDL 4 – 7 mg %4 – 7 mg %

C-2 (8,800) - found in chylomicron, VLDL, HDLC-2 (8,800) - found in chylomicron, VLDL, HDL 3 – 8 mg %3 – 8 mg %

C-3 (8,800) - found in chylomicron, VLDL, IDL, C-3 (8,800) - found in chylomicron, VLDL, IDL, HDLHDL

8 15 mg %8 15 mg %

D (32,500) - found in HDLD (32,500) - found in HDL 8 – 10 mg %8 – 10 mg %

E (34,100) - found in chylomicron, VLDL, IDL HDLE (34,100) - found in chylomicron, VLDL, IDL HDL 3 – 6 mg %3 – 6 mg %

Apoproteins of human Apoproteins of human lipoproteinslipoproteins

Major lipoprotein classesMajor lipoprotein classes

chylomicronschylomicrons density <<1.006density <<1.006 diameter 80 - 500 nmdiameter 80 - 500 nm dietary triglyceridesdietary triglycerides apoB-48, apoA-I, apoA-II, apoA-IV, apoC-apoB-48, apoA-I, apoA-II, apoA-IV, apoC-

II/C-III, apoEII/C-III, apoE remains at origin in electrophoretic fieldremains at origin in electrophoretic field


VLDLVLDL density >1.006density >1.006 diameter 30 - 80nmdiameter 30 - 80nm endogenous triglyceridesendogenous triglycerides apoB-100, apoE, apoC-II/C-IIIapoB-100, apoE, apoC-II/C-III prebeta in electrophoresisprebeta in electrophoresis


IDL (intermediate density IDL (intermediate density lipoproteins)lipoproteins) density: 1.006 - 1.019density: 1.006 - 1.019 diameter: 25 - 35nmdiameter: 25 - 35nm cholesteryl esters and triglyceridescholesteryl esters and triglycerides apoB-100, apoE, apoC-II/C-IIIapoB-100, apoE, apoC-II/C-III slow pre-betaslow pre-beta


HDL (high density lipoproteins)HDL (high density lipoproteins) density: 1.063-1.210density: 1.063-1.210 diameter: 5-12nmdiameter: 5-12nm cholesteryl esters and phospholipidscholesteryl esters and phospholipids apoA-I, apoA-II, apoC-II/C-IIIapoA-I, apoA-II, apoC-II/C-III alpha (electrophoresis)alpha (electrophoresis)


LDL (low density lipoproteins)LDL (low density lipoproteins) density: 1.019 - 1.063density: 1.019 - 1.063 diameter: 18-25nmdiameter: 18-25nm cholesteryl esterscholesteryl esters apoB-100apoB-100 beta (electrophoresis)beta (electrophoresis) < 130 LDL cholesterol is desirable, 130-< 130 LDL cholesterol is desirable, 130-

159 is borderline high and >160 is high159 is borderline high and >160 is high

lipid presentation 2

Documents

sn glycerol

phospholipids phospholipids

carbons of glycerol

fatty acids

glycerolbased phospholipids

bodys store of choline

place of choline

gly ceroph osph olipid