life science “the molecular basis of heredity”. amino acid any of the organic acids that are the...
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Amino Acid
Any of the organic acids that are the chief component of proteins, either
manufactured by cells or ingested by the organism.
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Anticodon
A three-based sequence on tRNA that binds to a complementary three-base
sequence on mRNA.Click here to reveal the definition!
Chromatin
Numerous strands of DNA, coiled and bunched together; the individual strands
that make up chromosomes.Click here to reveal the definition!
Chromosome
Any of the tubelike bodies within the nucleus containing DNA and protein; chromosomes carry the genetic code for an organism’s
inherited characteristics.
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Codon
A three-based sequence on mRNA that tRNA uses to provide the correct amino
acid.Click here to reveal the definition!
Daughter Cell
A cell produced from a parent cell by mitosis or meiosis.
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
A double-stranded nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic code.
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DNA Polymerase
An enzyme the moves along a stand of DNA and repairs or replicates the DNA.
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Dominant Allele
The form of a trait that is always expressed when at least one allele for it
is present.Click here to reveal the definition!
Fertilization
The process of union of two gametes, in which the diploid chromosome number
is restored.Click here to reveal the definition!
First Filial (F1)Generation
The first hybrid offspring in a genetic cross fertilization.
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Gamete
A sex cell containing only half the usual number of chromosomes; in sexual reproduction, the genetic material from the male gamete (sperm) combines
with genetic material from the female gamete (egg) to create new offspring.
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Gene
A DNA sequence that codes for a particular protein and, therefore, a
specific trait.Click here to reveal the definition!
Gene Expression
The appearance of a particular trait in an organism through the process of DNA
transcription and protein synthesis.Click here to reveal the definition!
Genotype
The combination of dominant and recessive genes (alleles) in an
organism’s cells.Click here to reveal the definition!
Haploid
A cell, such as a gamete, that has only one set of chromosomes.
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Helicase
A class of enzyme that separates strands of nucleic acid at the start of
DNA replication and RNA transcription.Click here to reveal the definition!
Meiosis
A process that divides a cell’s nucleus, resulting in sex cells (gametes) that
have half the chromosomes of a regular cell.
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
A type of RNA that transcribes a gene and then carries that information to the
ribosomes for protein synthesis.Click here to reveal the definition!
Mitosis
The process within cell division by which the original nucleus gives rise to two identical daughter nuclei, each with the same number of chromosomes as the original nucleus; this type of division is required for
cell growth and repair.
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Nucleotide
The basic unit of nucleic acid; made of sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base; a
ringlike structure of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
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Parent Cell
A cell that gives rise to daughter cells through mitosis and meiosis.
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Parent (P) Generation
The homozygous parents in a genetic cross-fertilization; their offspring are
called the F1 generation.Click here to reveal the definition!
Pedigree
A chart showing heritable traits in parents and offspring; may contain
information of individuals’ phenotypes or genotypes.
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Phenotype
A physical trait of an organism that results from its genetic makeup.
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Punnett Square
A grid used to show the possible gene combinations from the crossing of two
genotypes.Click here to reveal the definition!
Recessive Allele
A trait that is expressed only when a dominant allele is not present.
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Replication
A process in which a cell makes a copy of its DNA before dividing.
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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Any of the nucleic acids containing ribose and replacing thymine and uracil that assist in protein manufacture and
cellular control.
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RNA Polymerase
An enzyme that reads DNA during transcription and combines
complementary bases into an mRNA strand.
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Second Filial (F2) Generation
Offspring the result from interbreeding a hybrid F1 generation. Click here to reveal the definition!
Sex Chromosome
A chromosome that determines sex; in human, a female has two X
chromosomes and a male has one X and one Y chromosome.
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Somatic Cell
Any of the cells that make up the body tissues and contains a complete set of a organism’s chromosome pairs; all cells
except gametes.
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Transcription
The first stage of gene expression during which mRNA is made; the process that occurs when a DNA sequence is encoded as an mRNA
sequence.
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
An RNA molecule that follows the codes of the mRNA to assemble amino acids
into proteins.Click here to reveal the definition!
Translation
The second stage of gene expression during which two kinds of RNA work
together to assemble amino acids into proteins.
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