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Principality of Liechtenstein
FürstentumLiechtenstein (German)
FlagCoat of arms
Motto: "Für Gott, Fürst und Vaterland" "For God, Prince, and Fatherland"
Anthem: Oben am jungen Rhein
(English: "High on the Young Rhine")
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein (/ˈlɪktənstaɪn/ ( listen) LIK-tən-styne;
Germ an: [ˈlɪçtnʃ̩taɪn]), officially the Principality of
Liechtenstein (German: Fürstentum Liechtenstein),[7] is
a doubly landlocked German-speaking microstate in
Central Europe.[8] The principality is a constitutional
monarchy headed by the Prince of Liechtenstein.
Liechtenstein is bordered by Switzerland to the west and
south and Austria to the east and north. It has an area of
just over 160 square kilometres (62 square miles), the
fourth smallest in Europe and has a population of
37 ,87 7 .[9] Divided into 11 municipalities, its capital is
Vaduz, and its largest municipality is Schaan. It is also the
smallest country to border two countries.[10]
Economically , Liechtenstein has one of the highest gross
domestic products per person in the world when adjusted
for purchasing power parity ,[11] and the highest when not
adjusted by purchasing power parity . The unemployment
rate is one of the lowest in the world at 1.5%. Liechtenstein
has been known in the past as a billionaire tax haven;
however, it is no longer on any blacklists of uncooperative
tax haven countries (see taxation section).
An Alpine country, Liechtenstein is mainly mountainous,
making it a winter sport destination. Many cultivated fields
and small farms are found both in the south (Oberland,
upper land) and north (Unterland, lower land). The
country has a strong financial sector centered in Vaduz.
Liechtenstein is a member of the United Nations, the
European Free Trade Association, and the Council of
Europe, and although not a member of the European
Union, the country participates in both the Schengen Area
and the European Economic Area. It also has a customs
union and a monetary union with Switzerland.
HistoryEarly history
Foundation of a dynasty
Location of Liechtenstein (green)in Europe (dark grey) – [Legend]
Coor din a tes: 4 7 .1 4 °N 9 .5 5 °E
Contents
0:00 MENU
Capital Vaduz
Largest municipality Schaan47°10′00″N
9°30′35″E
Official languages German
Religion RomanCatholicism
Demonym Liechtensteiner
Government Unitaryparliamentaryconstitutionalmonarchy
• Prince Hans-Adam II
• Regent Alois
• Prime Minister Adrian Hasler
Legislature Landtag
Independence as principality
• Union between Vaduz andSchellenberg
23 January1718
• Treaty of Pressburg 12 July 1806
• Separation from German Confederation
24 August 1866
Area
• Total 160 km2
(62 sq mi)(191st)
• Water (%) 2.7[1]
Population
• 2017 estimate 38,111[2]
(190th)
• Density 227/km2
(587.9/sq mi)(57th)
GDP (PPP) 2013 estimate
• Total $5.3 billion [3]
(149th)
• Per capita $98,432[2][4][5]
(2nd)
GDP (nominal) 2010 estimate
• Total $5.155billion[4][5]
(147th)
• Per capita $143,151[2][4][5]
(2nd)
HDI (2015) 0.912[6]
very high · 15th
Currency Swiss franc(CHF)
Principality
20th century
Financial centre
GovernmentNew constitution
International awards
Geography
EconomyTaxation
DemographicsLanguages
Religion
Education
Transport
Culture
Media
SportsYouth
Secur ity and defence
See also
References
External l inks
The oldest traces of human existence in Liechtenstein date
back to the Middle Paleolithic era.[12] Neolithic farming
settlements were initially founded in the valleys around
5300 BCE.
The Hallstatt and La Tène cultures flourished during the
late Iron Age, from around 450 BCE—possibly under some
influence of both the Greek and Etruscan civilisations. One
of the most important tribal groups in the Alpine region
were the Helvetii. In 58 BCE, at the Battle of Bibracte,
Julius Caesar defeated the Alpine tribes, therefore bringing
the region under close control of the Roman Republic. By
15 BCE, Tiberius—destined to be the second Roman
emperor—with his brother, Drusus, conquered the entirety
of the Alpine area. Liechtenstein was then integrated into
the Roman province of Raetia. The area was maintained by
the Roman military, who also maintained large legionary
camps at Brigantium (Austria), near Lake Constance, and at
Magia (Swiss). A Roman road which ran through the
territory was also created and maintained by these groups.
History
Early history
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Drives on the right
Calling code +423
ISO 3166 code LI
Internet TLD .li
In 259/60 Brigantium was destroyed by the Alemanni, a
Germanic people who settled in the area in around 450 CE.
In the Early Middle Ages, the Alemanni settled the eastern
Swiss plateau by the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps
by the end of the 8th century, with Liechtenstein located at
the eastern edge of Alemannia. In the 6th century, the
entire region
became part of the
Frankish Empire
following Clovis I's
victory over the
Alemanni at Tolbiac in
504.[13][14]
The area that later became Liechtenstein remained under
Frankish hegemony (Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties),
until the empire was divided by the Treaty of Verdun in 843 CE,
following the death of Charlemagne.[12] The territory of present-
day Liechtenstein was under the possession of East Francia. It
would later be reunified with Middle Francia under the Holy
Roman Empire, around 1000 CE.[12] Until about 1100, the
predominant language of the area was Romansch, but thereafter
German began to gain ground in the territory. In 1300, an
Alemannic population—the Walsers, who originated in Valais—
entered the region and settled. The mountain village of
Triesenberg still preserves features of Walser dialect into the
present century.[15]
By 1200, dominions across the Alpine plateau were controlled
by the Houses of Savoy, Zähringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg.
Other regions were accorded the Imperial immediacy that
granted the empire direct control over the mountain passes.
When the Kyburg dynasty fell in 1264, the Habsburgs under King
Rudolph I (Holy Roman Emperor in 127 3) extended their
territory to the eastern Alpine plateau that included the
territory of Liechtenstein.[13] This region was enfeoffed to the
Counts of Hohenems until the creation of the Liechtenstein
dynasty in 1699.
Gutenberg Castle, Balzers,
Liechtenstein
Vaduz Castle, overlooking the capital,
is home to the Prince of
Liechtenstein.
Johann I Joseph, Prince of
Liechtenstein from 1805 to 1806 and
1814 to 1836
Foundation of a dynasty
In 1396 Vaduz (the southern region of Liechtenstein) was raised to the status of "imperial immediacy" and
as such made subject to the Holy Roman Emperor alone.[16]
The family , from which the principality takes its name, originally came from Liechtenstein Castle in Lower
Austria which they had possessed from at least 1140 until the 13th century (and again from 1807
onwards). The Liechtensteins acquired land, predominantly in Moravia, Lower Austria, Silesia, and
Styria. As these territories were all held in feudal tenure from more senior feudal lords, particularly
various branches of the Habsburgs, the Liechtenstein dynasty was unable to meet a primary requirement
to qualify for a seat in the Imperial diet (parliament), the Reichstag. Even though several Liechtenstein
princes served several Habsburg rulers as close advisers, without any territory held directly from the
Imperial throne, they held little power in the Holy Roman Empire.
For this reason, the family sought to acquire lands that would be classed as unmittelbar (immediate) or
held without any intermediate feudal tenure, directly from the Holy Roman Emperor. During the early
17 th century Karl I of Liechtenstein was made a Fürst (prince) by the Holy Roman Emperor Matthias after
siding with him in a political battle. Hans-Adam I was allowed to purchase the minuscule Herrschaft
("Lordship") of Schellenberg and county of Vaduz (in 1699 and 17 12 respectively) from the Hohenems.
Tiny Schellenberg and Vaduz had exactly the political status required: no feudal lord other than their
comital sovereign and the suzerain Emperor.
On 23 January 17 18, after the lands had been purchased, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, decreed that
Vaduz and Schellenberg were united and elevated the newly formed territory to the dignity of Fürstentum
(principality) with the name "Liechtenstein" in honour of "[his] true servant, Anton Florian of
Liechtenstein". It was on this date that Liechtenstein became a sovereign member state of the Holy Roman
Empire. It is a testament to the pure political expediency of the purchase that the Princes of Liechtenstein
never visited their new principality for almost 100 years.
By the early 19th century, as a result of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the Holy Roman Empire came
under the effective control of France, following the crushing defeat at Austerlitz by Napoleon in 1805.
Emperor Francis II abdicated, ending more than 960 years of feudal government. Napoleon reorganized
much of the Empire into the Confederation of the Rhine. This political restructuring had broad
consequences for Liechtenstein: the historical imperial, legal, and political institutions had been
dissolved. The state ceased to owe an obligation to any feudal lord beyond its borders.[17]
Modern publications generally attribute Liechtenstein's sovereignty to these events. Its prince ceased to
owe an obligation to any suzerain. From 25 July 1806, when the Confederation of the Rhine was founded,
the Prince of Liechtenstein was a member, in fact, a vassal, of its hegemon, sty led protector, the French
Emperor Napoleon I, until the dissolution of the confederation on 19 October 1813.
Soon afterward, Liechtenstein joined the German Confederation (20 June 1815 – 24 August 1866), which
was presided over by the Emperor of Austria.
In 1818, Prince Johann I granted the territory a limited constitution. In that same year Prince Aloys
became the first member of the House of Liechtenstein to set foot in the principality that bore their name.
The next visit would not occur until 1842.
Developments during the 19th century included:
Principality
1836, the first factory, for making ceramics, was opened.
1861, the Savings and Loans Bank was founded along with the first cotton-weaving mill.
1868, the Liechtenstein Army was disbanded for financial reasons.
1872, a railway line between Switzerland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire was constructed throughLiechtenstein.
1886, two bridges over the Rhine to Switzerland were built.
Until the end of World War I, Liechtenstein was closely tied first to the Austrian Empire and later to
Austria-Hungary; the ruling princes continued to derive much of their wealth from estates in the
Habsburg territories, and they spent much of their time at their two palaces in Vienna. The economic
devastation caused by this war forced the country to conclude a customs and monetary union with its
other neighbour, Switzerland.
At the time of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, it was argued that Liechtenstein, as a fief of
the Holy Roman Empire, was no longer bound to the emerging independent state of Austria, since the
latter did not consider itself as the legal successor to the empire. This is partly contradicted by the
Liechtenstein perception that the dethroned Austro-Hungarian Emperor still maintained an abstract
heritage of the Holy Roman Empire.
In 1929, 7 5-year-old Prince Franz I succeeded to the throne. Franz had
just married Elisabeth von Gutmann, a wealthy woman from Vienna
whose father was a Jewish businessman from Moravia. Although
Liechtenstein had no official Nazi party , a Nazi sympathy movement
arose within its National Union party . Local Liechtenstein Nazis
identified Elisabeth as their Jewish "problem".[18]
In March 1938, just after the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany,
Prince Franz named as regent his 31-year-old grandnephew and heir-
presumptive, Prince Franz Joseph. Franz died in July that year, and
Franz Joseph succeeded to the throne. Franz Joseph II first moved to
Liechtenstein in 1938, a few days after Austria's annexation.[16]
During World War II, Liechtenstein remained officially neutral, looking
to neighbouring Switzerland for assistance and guidance, while family
treasures from dynastic lands and possessions in Bohemia, Moravia,
and Silesia were taken to Liechtenstein for safekeeping. At the close of
the conflict, Czechoslovakia and Poland, acting to seize what they considered to be German possessions,
expropriated the entirety of the Liechtenstein dynasty 's properties in those three regions. The
expropriations (subject to modern legal dispute at the International Court of Justice) included over
1,600 km2 (618 sq mi) of agricultural and forest land (most notably the UNESCO listed Lednice–Valtice
Cultural Landscape), and several family castles and palaces.
In 2005 it was revealed that Jewish labourers from the Strasshof concentration camp, provided by the SS,
had worked on estates in Austria owned by Liechtenstein's Princely House.[19]
Citizens of Liechtenstein were forbidden to enter Czechoslovakia during the Cold War. More recently the
diplomatic conflict revolving around the controversial post-war Beneš decrees resulted in Liechtenstein
not sharing international relations with the Czech Republic or Slovakia. Diplomatic relations were
20th century
Franz I, Prince of
Liechtenstein from 1929 to
1938
established between Liechtenstein and the Czech Republic on 13 July 2009,[20][21][22] and with Slovakia
on 9 December 2009.[23]
Liechtenstein was in dire financial straits following the end of the war in Europe. The Liechtenstein
dynasty often resorted to selling family artistic treasures, including the portrait Ginevra de' Benci by
Leonardo da Vinci, which was purchased by the National Gallery of Art of the United States in 1967 for
US$5 million ($37 million in 2017 dollars), then a record price for a painting.
However, by the late 197 0s, it used its low corporate tax rates to draw many companies to the country,
becoming one of the wealthiest countries in the world.
As of September 2008 the Prince of Liechtenstein is the world's eighth wealthiest monarch with an
estimated wealth of US$3.5 billion.[24] The country 's population enjoys one of the world's highest
standards of liv ing.
Liechtenstein has a
constitutional monarch as
Head of State, and an
elected parliament which
enacts the law. It is also a
direct democracy, where
voters can propose and
enact constitutional
amendments and
legislation independent of
the legislature. The
Constitution of
Liechtenstein was
adopted in March 2003, replacing the previous 1921 constitution
which had established Liechtenstein as a constitutional monarchy
headed by the reigning prince of the Princely House of
Liechtenstein. A parliamentary system had been established,
although the reigning Prince retained substantial political
authority .
Financial centre
Government
Administrative divisions of
Liechtenstein
The centre of government in Vaduz.
Hans-Adam II, Prince of
Liechtenstein, as pictured by
Erling Mandelmann in 1974.
The reigning Prince is the head of state and represents Liechtenstein in its international relations
(although Switzerland has taken responsibility for much of Liechtenstein's diplomatic relations). The
Prince may veto laws adopted by parliament. The Prince can call referenda, propose new legislation, and
dissolve parliament, although dissolution of parliament may be subject to a referendum.[25]
Executive authority is vested in a collegiate government comprising the head of government (prime
minister) and four government councilors (ministers). The head of government and the other ministers
are appointed by the Prince upon the proposal and concurrence of parliament, thus reflecting the
partisan balance of parliament. The constitution stipulates that at least two members of the government
be chosen from each of the two regions.[26] The members of the government are collectively and
individually responsible to parliament; parliament may ask the Prince to remove an individual minister
or the entire government.
Legislative authority is vested in the unicameral Landtag made up of 25 members elected for maximum
four-year terms according to a proportional representation formula. Fifteen members are elected from
the "Oberland" (Upper Country or region) and ten members are elected from the "Unterland" (Lower
Country or region).[27] Parties must receive at least 8% of the national vote to win seats in parliament, i.e.
enough for 2 seats in the 25-seat legislature. Parliament proposes and approves a government, which is
formally appointed by the Prince. Parliament may also pass votes of no confidence in the entire
government or individual members.
Parliament elects from among its members a "Landesausschuss" (National Committee) made up of the
president of the parliament and four additional members. The National Committee is charged with
performing parliamentary oversight functions. Parliament can call for referenda on proposed legislation.
Parliament shares the authority to propose new legislation with the Prince and with the number of citizens
required for an initiative referendum.[28]
Judicial authority is vested in the Regional Court at Vaduz, the Princely High Court of Appeal at Vaduz,
the Princely Supreme Court, the Administrative Court, and the State Court. The State Court rules on the
conformity of laws with the constitution and has five members elected by parliament.
On 1 July 1984, Liechtenstein became the last country in Europe to grant women the right to vote. The
referendum on women's suffrage, in which only men were allowed to participate, passed with 51.3% in
favour.[29]
In a national referendum in March 2003, nearly two-thirds of the electorate voted in support of Hans-
Adam II's proposed new constitution to replace the 1921 version. The proposed constitution was
criticised by many, including the Council of Europe, as expanding the powers of the monarchy
(continuing the power to veto any law, and allowing the Prince to dismiss the government or any
minister). The Prince threatened that if the constitution failed, he would, among other things, convert
some of the royal property for commercial use and move to Austria.[30] The princely family and the
Prince enjoy tremendous public support inside the nation, and the resolution passed with about 64% in
favour.[31] A proposal to revoke the Prince's veto powers was rejected by 7 6% of voters in a 2012
referendum.[32]
New constitution
Few national constitutions provide a right of secession, but municipalities in Liechtenstein are entitled to
secede from the union by majority vote.[33]
In the year 2013, Liechtenstein won for the first time a SolarSuperState Prize in the category Solar
recognizing the achieved level of the usage of photovoltaics per population within the state territory.[34]
The SolarSuperState Association justified this prize with the cumulative installed photovoltaic power of
some 290 Watt per capita at the end of 2012. This level placed Liechtenstein second in the world after
Germany. Also in the year 2014, the SolarSuperState Association awarded the 2. SolarSuperState Prize in
the category Solar to Liechtenstein.[35] In the years 2015 and 2016, Liechtenstein was honored with the 1.
SolarSuperState Prize in the category Solar because the state had the world's biggest cumulative installed
photovoltaic power per population.[36][37]
Liechtenstein is situated in the Upper Rhine valley of the
European Alps and is bordered to the east by Austria, and to the
south and west by Switzerland. The entire western border of
Liechtenstein is formed by the Rhine. Measured south to north
the country is about 24 km (15 mi) long. Its highest point, the
Grauspitz, is 2,599 m (8,527 ft). Despite its Alpine location,
prevailing southerly winds make the climate of Liechtenstein
comparatively mild. In winter, the mountain slopes are well
suited to winter sports.
New surveys using more accurate measurements of the
country 's borders in 2006 have set its area at 160 km2
(61.7 7 6 sq mi), with borders of 7 7 .9 km (48.4 mi).[38] Thus, it
was discovered in 2006 that Liechtenstein's borders are 1.9 km (1.2 mi) longer than previously
thought.[39]
Liechtenstein is one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the world[40]—being a landlocked country
wholly surrounded by other landlocked countries (the other is Uzbekistan). Liechtenstein is the sixth-
smallest independent nation in the world by land area.
The principality of Liechtenstein is divided into 11 communes called Gemeinden (singular Gemeinde). The
Gemeinden mostly consist of only a single town or village. Five of them (Eschen, Gamprin, Mauren,
Ruggell, and Schellenberg) fall within the electoral district Unterland (the lower county), and the
remainder (Balzers, Planken, Schaan, Triesen, Triesenberg, and Vaduz) within Oberland (the upper
county).
Despite its limited natural resources, Liechtenstein is one of the few countries in the world with more
registered companies than citizens; it has developed a prosperous, highly industrialized free-enterprise
economy and boasts a financial service sector as well as a living standard that compares favourably with
those of the urban areas of Liechtenstein's much larger European neighbours.
International awards
Geography
The Rhine: border between
Liechtenstein and Switzerland (view
towards the Swiss Alps)
Economy
Liechtenstein participates in a customs union with Switzerland
and employs the Swiss franc as the national currency. The
country imports about 85% of its energy. Liechtenstein has been
a member of the European Economic Area (an organization
serving as a bridge between the European Free Trade
Association (EFTA) and the European Union) since May 1995.
The government is working to harmonize its economic policies
with those of an integrated Europe. In 2008, the unemployment
rate stood at 1.5%. Currently , there is only one hospital in
Liechtenstein, the Liechtensteinisches Landesspital in Vaduz. As
of 2014 the CIA World Factbook estimated the gross domestic
product (GDP) on a purchasing power parity basis to be $4.97 8
billion. As of 2009 the estimate per capita was $139,100, which is the highest listed for the world.[40]
Industries include electronics, textiles, precision instruments, metal manufacturing, power tools, anchor
bolts, calculators, pharmaceuticals, and food products. Its most recognizable international company and
largest employer is Hilti, a manufacturer of direct fastening systems and other high-end power tools.
Liechtenstein produces wheat, barley, corn, potatoes, dairy products, livestock, and wine. Tourism
accounts for a large portion of the country 's economy.
The government of Liechtenstein taxes personal, business
income, and principal (wealth). The basic rate of personal
income tax is 1.2%. When combined with the additional income
tax imposed by the communes, the combined income tax rate is
17 .82%.[41] An additional income tax of 4.3% is levied on all
employees under the country 's social security programme. This
rate is higher for the self-employed, up to a maximum of 11%,
making the maximum income tax rate about 29% in total. The
basic tax rate on wealth is 0.06% per annum, and the combined
total rate is 0.89%. The tax rate on corporate profits is 12.5%.[40]
Liechtenstein's gift and estate taxes vary depending on the
relationship the recipient has to the giver and the amount of the
inheritance. The tax ranges between 0.5% and 0.7 5% for spouses and children and 18% to 27 % for non-
related recipients. The estate tax is progressive.
Liechtenstein has previously received significant revenues from Stiftungen ("foundations"), which are
financial entities created to hide the true owner of nonresident foreigners' financial holdings. The
foundation is registered in the name of a Liechtensteiner, often a lawyer. This set of laws used to make
Liechtenstein a popular tax haven for extremely wealthy individuals and businesses attempting to avoid
or evade taxes in their home countries.[42] In recent years, Liechtenstein has displayed a stronger
determination to prosecute international money-launderers and has worked to promote the country 's
image as a legitimate finance center. In February 2008, the country 's LGT Bank was implicated in a tax-
fraud scandal in Germany, which strained the ruling family 's relationship with the German government.
Crown Prince Alois has accused the German government of trafficking in stolen goods, referring to its
Looking southward at Vaduz city
centre
Taxation
Since 1923, there has been no border
control between Liechtenstein and
Switzerland.
$7 .3 million purchase of private banking information offered by a former employee of LGT Group.[43][44]
However, the United States Senate's subcommittee on tax haven banks said that the LGT bank, owned by
the princely family , and on whose board they serve, "is a willing partner, and an aider and abettor to
clients trying to evade taxes, dodge creditors or defy court orders".[45]
The 2008 Liechtenstein tax affair is a series of tax investigations in numerous countries whose
governments suspect that some of their citizens have evaded tax obligations by using banks and trusts in
Liechtenstein; the affair broke open with the biggest complex of investigations ever initiated for tax
evasion in the Federal Republic of Germany.[46] It was also seen as an attempt to put pressure on
Liechtenstein, then one of the remaining uncooperative tax havens—along with Andorra and Monaco—as
identified by the Paris-based Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in 2007 .[47] On
27 May 2009 the OECD removed Liechtenstein from the blacklist of uncooperative countries.[48]
In August 2009, the British government department HM Revenue & Customs agreed with Liechtenstein to
start exchanging information. It is believed that up to 5,000 British investors have roughly £3 billion
deposited in accounts and trusts in the country.[49]
In October 2015, the European Union and Liechtenstein signed a tax agreement to ensure the automatic
exchange of financial information in case of tax disputes. The collection of data started in 2016, and is
another step to bring the principality in line with other European countries with regard to its taxation of
private individuals and corporate assets.[50]
Population-wise, Liechtenstein is the fourth smallest country of Europe; only Vatican City , San Marino,
and Monaco have fewer residents. Its population is primarily Alemannic-speaking, although one third is
foreign-born, primarily German speakers from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, along with other Swiss,
Italians, and Turks. Foreign-born people make up two-thirds of the country 's workforce.[51]
Liechtensteiners have an average life expectancy at birth of 80.31 years, subdividing as male: 7 6.86
years, female: 83.7 7 years (2011 est.). The infant mortality rate is 4.64 deaths per 1,000 live births,
according to recent estimates.
The official language is German; most speak an Alemannic dialect of German that is highly divergent from
Standard German but closely related to those dialects spoken in neighbouring regions such as Switzerland
and Vorarlberg, Austria. In Triesenberg, a dialect promoted by the municipality is spoken. However,
Swiss Standard German is understood and spoken by most people within the country.
According to the Constitution of Liechtenstein, Catholicism is the official state religion of Liechtenstein:
The Catholic Church is the State Church and as such shall enjoy the full protection of the
State
— Constitution of Liechtenstein[53]
Demographics
Languages
Religion
Liechtenstein offers protection to adherents of all religious beliefs,
and considers the "religious interests of the people" a priority of the
government.[53] In Liechtenstein schools, although exceptions are
allowed, religious education in Roman Catholicism or Protestantism
(either Reformed or Lutheran, or both) is legally required.[54] Tax
exemption is granted by the government to religious
organizations.[54] According to the Pew Research Center, social
conflict caused by religious hostilities is ranked low in
Liechtenstein, and so is the amount of government restriction on
the practice of religion.[55]
According to the 2010 census, 85.8% of total population is
Christian, of whom 7 5.9% adhere to the Roman Catholic faith,
forming the exempt Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vaduz, while
9.6% are either Protestant, mainly organized in the Evangelical
Church in Liechtenstein (a United church, Lutheran & Reformed)
and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Liechtenstein, or Orthodox,
mainly organized in the Christian-Orthodox Church. The largest
minority religion is Islam (5.4% of total population). Roman
Catholicism is, by far, the predominant religion of people with
Liechtenstein citizenship (87 .0%).[52]
Religion [56] 2010 2000 1990
Catholics 75.9% 78.4% 84.9%
Protestants 8.5% 8.3% 9.2%
Christian-Orthodox Churches 1.1% 1.1% 0.7%
Other Christian Churches 0.3% 0.1% 0.2%
Muslims 5.4% 4.8% 2.4%
Other religions 0.8% 0.3% 0.2%
No religion 5.4% 2.8% 1.5%
Undeclared 2.6% 4.1% 0.9%
The literacy rate of Liechtenstein is 100%.[40] In 2006
Programme for International Student Assessment report,
coordinated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development, ranked Liechtenstein's education as the 10th best
in the world.[57] In 2012, Liechtenstein had the highest PISA-
scores of any European country.[58]
Within Liechtenstein, there are four main centres for higher
education:
University of Liechtenstein
Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein Institute
Religion in Liechtenstein in
2010[52]
Roman Catholic (75.9%)
Protestant (8.5%)
Other Christian (1.4%)
Muslim (5.4%)
Other religion (0.8%)
Undeclared (2.6%)
Irreligion (5.4%)
Education
University of Liechtenstein
International Academy of Philosophy, Liechtenstein (http://www.iap.li/)
There are nine public high schools in the country. These include:
Liechtensteinisches Gymnasium in Vaduz.
Realschule Vaduz and Oberschule Vaduz, in the Schulzentrum Mühleholz II in Vaduz[59]
Realschule Schaan and Sportschule Liechtenstein in Schaan[59]
There are about 250 kilometres (155 miles) of paved roadway within Liechtenstein, with 90 km (56 miles)
of marked bicycle paths.
A 9.5 km (5.9 mi) railway connects Austria and Switzerland
through Liechtenstein. The country 's railways are administered
by the Austrian Federal Railways as part of the route between
Feldkirch, Austria, and Buchs, Switzerland. Liechtenstein is
nominally within the Austrian Verkehrsverbund Vorarlberg[60]
tariff region.
There are four stations in Liechtenstein, namely Schaan-Vaduz,
Forst Hilti, and Nendeln and Schaanwald, served by an
irregularly stopping train service between Feldkirch and Buchs
provided by Austrian Federal Railways. While EuroCity and
other long-distance international trains also travel along the route, they do not normally call at the
stations within the borders of Liechtenstein.
Liechtenstein Bus is a subsidiary of the Swiss Postbus system, but separately run, and connects to the
Swiss bus network at Buchs and at Sargans. Buses also run to the Austrian town of Feldkirch.
Liechtenstein has no airport. The nearest large airport is Zürich Airport near Zürich, Switzerland
(130 km/80 mi by road). The nearest small airport is St. Gallen Airport (50 km/30 mi). Friedrichshafen
Airport also provides access to Liechtenstein, as it is 85 km away. Balzers Heliport is[61][62] available for
chartered helicopter flights.
As a result of its small size, Liechtenstein has been strongly
affected by external cultural influences, most notably those
originating in the southern German-speaking areas of Europe,
including Austria, Baden-Wurttemberg, Bavaria, Switzerland,
and specifically Tirol and Vorarlberg. The "Historical Society of
the Principality of Liechtenstein" plays a role in preserving the
culture and history of the country.
The largest museum is the Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, an
international museum of modern and contemporary art with an
important international art collection. The building by the Swiss
architects Morger, Degelo, and Kerez is a landmark in Vaduz. It
Transport
Balzers Heliport
Culture
City-centre with Kunstmuseum
(Liechtenstein Art Museum)
was completed in November 2000 and forms a "black box" of
tinted concrete and black basalt stone. The museum collection is
also the national art collection of Liechtenstein.
The other important museum is the Liechtenstein National
Museum (Liechtensteinisches Landesmuseum) showing
permanent exhibition on the cultural and natural history of
Liechtenstein as well as special exhibitions. There is also a stamp
museum, ski museum, and a 500-year-old Rural Lifestyle
Museum.
The Liechtenstein State Library is the library that has legal
deposit for all books published in the country.
The most famous historical sites are Vaduz Castle, Gutenberg Castle, the Red House and the ruins of
Schellenberg.
The Private Art Collection of the Prince of Liechtenstein, one of the world's leading private art collections,
is shown at the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna.
On the country 's national holiday all subjects are invited to the castle of the head of state. A significant
portion of the population attends the national celebration at the castle where speeches are made and
complimentary beer is served.[63]
Music and theatre are an important part of the culture. There are numerous music organizations such as
the Liechtenstein Musical Company, the annual Guitar Days, and the International Josef Gabriel
Rheinberger Society , which play in two main theatres.
The primary internet service provider and mobile network operator of Liechtenstein is Telecom
Liechtenstein, located in Schaan. There is only one television channel in the country, the private channel
1FLTV created in 2008. At the moment, 1FLTV is not a member of the European Broadcasting Union. L-
Radio, which was established in 2004, serves as Liechtenstein's radio station and is based in Triesen. L-
Radio has a listener base of 50,000 and began as "air Radio Liechtenstein" on 15 October 1938.
Liechtenstein also has two major newspapers; Liechtensteiner Volksblatt and Liechtensteiner Vaterland.
The primary multimedia company in Liechtenstein is ManaMedia, located in Vaduz.
Amateur radio is a hobby of some nationals and visitors. However, unlike virtually every other sovereign
nation, Liechtenstein does not have its own ITU prefix. It uses Switzerland's callsign prefixes (typically
"HB") followed by a zero.
Liechtenstein football teams play in the Swiss football leagues. The Liechtenstein Football Cup allows
access for one Liechtenstein team each year to the UEFA Europa League; FC Vaduz, a team playing in the
Swiss Challenge League, the second division in Swiss football, is the most successful team in the Cup, and
Liechtenstein National Museum
Media
Sports
scored their greatest success in the European Cup Winners' Cup
in 1996 when they drew with and defeated the Latvian team FC
Universitate Riga by 1–1 and 4–2, to go on to a lucrative fixture
against Paris Saint-Germain F.C., which they lost 0–3 and 0–4.
The Liechtenstein national football team is regarded as an easy
target for any team drawn against them; this was the basis for a
book about Liechtenstein's unsuccessful qualify ing campaign for
the 2002 World Cup by British author, Charlie Connelly . In one
surprising week during autumn 2004, however, the team
managed a 2–2 draw with Portugal, who only a few months
earlier had been the losing finalists in the European
Championships. Four days later, the Liechtenstein team
traveled to Luxembourg, where they defeated the home team 4–
0 in a 2006 World Cup qualify ing match. In the qualification
stage of the European Championship 2008, Liechtenstein beat
Latvia 1–0, a result which prompted the resignation of the
Latvian coach. They went on to beat Iceland 3–0 on 17 October
2007 , which is considered one of the most dramatic losses of
the Icelandic national football team. On 7 September 2010, they
came within seconds of a 1–1 draw against Scotland in Glasgow, having led 1–0 earlier in the second half,
but Liechtenstein lost 2–1 thanks to a goal by Stephen McManus in the 97 th minute. On 3 June 2011,
Liechtenstein defeated Lithuania 2–0. On 15 November 2014, Liechtenstein defeated Moldova 0-1 with
Franz Burgmeier's late free kick goal in Chișinău.
As an alpine country, the main sporting opportunity for Liechtensteiners to excel is in winter sports such
as downhill skiing: the country 's single ski area is Malbun. Hanni Wenzel won two gold medals and one
silver medal in the 1980 Winter Olympics (she won bronze in 197 6), her brother Andreas won one silver
medal in 1980 and one bronze medal in 1984 in the giant slalom event, and her daughter Tina Weirather
won a bronze medal in 2018 in the Super-G. With ten medals overall (all in alpine skiing), Liechtenstein
has won more Olympic medals per capita than any other nation.[64] It is the smallest nation to win a medal
in any Olympics, Winter or Summer, and the only nation to win a medal in the Winter Games but not in the
Summer Games. Other notable skiers from Liechtenstein are Marco Büchel, Willi Frommelt, Paul
Frommelt and Ursula Konzett. Liechtenstein is also the home country of Stephanie Vogt, a professional
women's tennis player.
Liechtenstein competes in the Switzerland U16 Cup Tournament, which offers young players an
opportunity to play against top football clubs.
The Liechtenstein National Police is responsible for keeping order within the country. It consists of 87
field officers and 38 civilian staff, totaling 125 employees. All officers are equipped with small arms. The
country has one of the world's lowest crime rates. Liechtenstein's prison holds few, if any, inmates, and
Marco Büchel, the first
Liechtensteiner alpine skier to
compete at six Winter Olympics
Youth
Security and defence
those with sentences over two years are transferred to Austrian jurisdiction. The Liechtenstein National
Police maintains a trilateral treaty with Austria and Switzerland that enables close cross-border
cooperation among the police forces of the three countries.[65]
Liechtenstein follows a policy of neutrality and is one of the few countries in the world that maintain no
military. The army was abolished soon after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, in which Liechtenstein
fielded an army of 80 men, although they were not involved in any fighting. The demise of the German
Confederation in that war freed Liechtenstein from its international obligation to maintain an army, and
parliament seized this opportunity and refused to provide funding for one. The Prince objected, as such a
move would leave the country defenceless, but relented on 12 February 1868 and disbanded the force.
The last soldier to serve under the colors of Liechtenstein died in 1939 at age 95.[66]
During the 1980s the Swiss army fired off shells during an exercise and mistakenly burned a patch of
forest inside Liechtenstein. The incident was said to have been resolved "over a case of white wine".[63]
In March 2007 , a 17 0-person Swiss infantry unit got lost during a training exercise and inadvertently
crossed 1.5 km (0.9 miles) into Liechtenstein. The accidental invasion ended when the unit realized their
mistake and turned back.[67] The Swiss army later informed Liechtenstein of the incursion and offered
official apologies,[68] to which an internal ministry spokesperson responded, "No problem, these things
happen."[69]
Outline of Liechtenstein
1. Raum, Umwelt und Energie (http://www.llv.li/pdf-llv-as-jb_2011_1.1_geografie__raumnutzung_2011) Archived (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20111012083302/http://www.llv.li/pdf-llv-as-jb_2011_1.1_geografie__raumnutzung_20
11) 12 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Landesverwaltung Liechtenstein. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
2. "Amt für Statistik, Landesverwaltung Liechtenstein" (https://www.llv.li/#/12150/-bevolkerung-und-wohnen).
Llv.li. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
3. "Liechtenstein in Figures: 2016" (http://www.llv.li/files/as/fl-in-zahlen-englisch-2016.pdf) (PDF). Llv.li.
Retrieved 3 August 2017.
4. Key Figures for Liechtenstein (http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-as-wichtige_zahlen_engl.htm) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20090917040625/http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-as-wichtige_zahlen_engl.htm) 17
September 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Landesverwaltung Liechtenstein. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
5. World Development Indicators (http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog), World Bank. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
Note: "PPP conversion factor, GDP (LCU per international $)" and "Official exchange rate (LCU per US$,
period average)" for Switzerland were used.
6. "2016 Human Development Report" (http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI). United Nations Development
Programme. 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
7. Duden Aussprachewörterbuch, s.v. "Liechtenstein[er]".
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doi:10.1007/BF00273120 (https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00273120).
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10. "The smallest countries in the world by area" (https://www.countries-ofthe-world.com/smallest-countries.ht
ml). www.countries-ofthe-world.com. Retrieved 2018-07-03.
See also
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External links
Government of Liechtenstein (http://www.regierung.li/default.aspx?lang=en)
Official tourism of Liechtenstein (http://www.tourismus.li/en/)
Statistics Office of Liechtenstein (http://www.as.llv.li/) (in German)
"Liechtenstein" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ls.html). The WorldFactbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Liechtenstein (https://web.archive.org/web/20121002063442/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/liechtenstein.htm) from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Liechtenstein (https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/Liechtenstein) at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
"Liechtenstein". Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 (11th ed.). 1911.
Liechtenstein profile (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17535108) from BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Liechtenstein
Geographic data related to Liechtenstein (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1155955) atOpenStreetMap
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liechtenstein&oldid=857719569"
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