libraries supporting e-science --- … combining cultures … pauline simpson national oceanography...

Libraries supporting e-Science---

… combining cultures …

Pauline SimpsonNational Oceanography CentreUniversity of Southampton, UK

Digital Libraries à la Carte 2007Tilburg University27-31 Aug 2007

Overview

Not about Libraries supporting research per se

e-Science Open Data Digital Repositories and Open Access Vision of ‘joined up research’ Issues for e-Science Combining cultures, connecting people

– New roles for libraries

Digital Libraries à la Carte 2007

Whoo are you?


Librarian Documentalist Information Specialist Information Scientist Information Manager• Information Advisor

Data Librarian Computer Specialist Data Manager Data Technician Data Processor

Anoraks

HYBRID

Scientific evolution


Thousand years ago: Thousand years ago: Experimental Science Experimental Science - - description of natural phenomenadescription of natural phenomena

Last few hundred years: Last few hundred years: Theoretical ScienceTheoretical Science

- Newton’s Laws, Maxwell’s Equations …Newton’s Laws, Maxwell’s Equations …

Last few decadesLast few decades:: Computational ScienceComputational Science

- - simulation of complex phenomenasimulation of complex phenomena

Today:Today: e-Science or Data-centric Science e-Science or Data-centric Science

- unify theory, experiment, and simulation - unify theory, experiment, and simulation - requires data exploration and data mining- requires data exploration and data mining

(With thanks to Jim Gray)

‘e-Science’ is a shorthand for a set of technologies to support collaborative networked science

HPC and Information Management are key technologies to support this e-Science revolution

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http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Images/Astro/Instruments/hevelius_telescope.gif

e-Science – not only

e-Science - data driven (Natural and Physical Sciences)

e-Research (includes e-Science and Arts & Humanities now joining in – ACLS – report 2004 – great opportunity to bring new analytic and interpretive power to humanities and social science)

Cyberinfrastructure (NSF : Revolutionizing science and engineering through

CyberInfrastructure, 2003 (Atkins Report)

describes the new research environments in which advanced computational, collaborative, data acquisition and management services are available to researchers through high- performance networks … more than just

hardware and software, more than bigger computer boxes and wider network wires.

It is also a set of supporting services made available to researchers by their home

institutions as well as through federations of institutions and national and international disciplinary programs.


Key elements of e-Infrastructure

• Research Network• International

authentication and authorisation

• OS Middleware Engineering and Software Repository

• Access to international Data Sets and Publications

• Portals and Discovery Services

• Digital Curation and Preservation

• Remote Access to Large Scale facilities

• Interoperable Institutional and Thematic Repositories

• Support for International Standards

• Tools and Services to support collaboration

• International Grid Computing Services


Early Vision of the Grid

J.C.R Licklider - The Computer as a Communication Device (1968)

predicted the use of computer networks to support communities of common interest and collaboration without regard to location. Foretold of graphical computing, point-and-click interfaces, digital libraries, e-commerce, online banking, and software that would exist on a network and migrate wherever it was needed.

“Lick had this concept of the intergalactic network which he believed was everybody could use computers anywhere and get at data anywhere in the world. …, but he had the same concept – all of the stuff linked together throughout the world, that you can use a remote computer, get data from a remote computer, or use lots of computers in your job. The vision was really Lick’s originally.” Larry Roberts – Principal Architect of the ARPANET


1990’s The Web


• Tim Berners-Lee developed the Web at CERN as a tool for exchanging information between the partners in physics collaborations

• It was the international particle physics community who first embraced the Web

• The first Web Site in the USA was a link to the SLAC Library Catalogue (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center)

Web has transformed the modern world – science, academia, business and leisure

Web+ Scientists developing collaboration technologies that go far

beyond the capabilities of the Web – To use remote computing resources– To integrate, federate and analyse information from many disparate,

distributed, data resources– To access and control remote experimental equipment

Capability to access, move, manipulate and mine data is the central requirement of these new collaborative science applications – Data held in file or database repositories – Data generated by accelerator or telescopes – Data gathered from mobile sensor networks

Grid = set of services for sharing computing power and data storage. Use middleware to handle the complex authentication and scheduling, linking together applications, devices and computing resources as seamlessly as possible


Web 2.0

Web as a platform– Regardless of operating system – open network enables

collaboration and communication – serves + involves– Social software all relevant to scientific research

• File sharing - much used documents, videos, slides

• Tagging (for later retrieval)

• Folksonomies (informal ontologies developed by community)• Virtual Worlds eg Second Life - education, conferences

• Wikis (OpenWetWare), Blogs (Useful Chemistry)etc– Library 2.0 (Web 2.0 + Library) – reinvention of the Library?

– Scientific Web?• Web invented for sharing scientific communication – relatively few

scientists have embraced the potential• Barriers: social, psychological, technical• New technology, impacts on the way science is practiced :

increase in rate of new discoveries and exploitation


Hannay: CT Quarterly Aug 2007

Some e-Science projects Particle Physics

– global sharing of data and computation Astronomy

– ‘Virtual Observatory’ for multi-wavelength astrophysics

Chemistry– remote control of equipment and electronic

logbooks Bioinformatics

– data integration, knowledge discovery and workflow Healthcare

– sharing normalized mammograms Environment

– climate modelling– Undersea sensors


climateprediction.net


Since September 2003:61,000 registered participants in 130 countries have…Donated 5,000 years of computer timeCompleted 33,000 experiments

Digital Libraries à la Carte 2007(Hey)

Digital Libraries à la Carte 2007 (Hey)

Data Workbench


The ‘Data Deluge’ – science is turning to e-Science


In next 5 years e-Science projects will produce more scientific data than has been collected in the whole of human history

Some normalizations: The Bible = 5 Megabytes Annual refereed papers = 1 Terabyte Library of Congress = 20 Terabytes Internet Archive (1996 – 2002) = 100

Terabytes

New high throughput devices, sensors and surveys In terms of bytes - moving beyond giga 109 through tera

1012 onto peta 1015 and onto exabytes 1018

(petabyte (PB) 1015 = 10005 = quadrillion bytes)

(Hey)

Data-centric 2020 vision resulting from Microsoft ‘Towards 2020 Science’ (2006) ……………..Nature 440, (23 March 2006) |

Data gold-mine‘Multidisciplinary databases also provide a rich environment for performing science; that is, a scientist may collect new data, combine them with data from other archives, and ultimately deposit the summary data back into a common archive. Many scientists no longer 'do' experiments the old-fashioned way. Instead they 'mine' available databases, looking for new patterns and discoveries, without ever picking up a pipette.’

‘For the analysis to be repeatable in 20 years' time requires archiving both data and tools’.


Data Loss

e-Science is about improving the use and reuse of research data

Huge amounts of research data cease to exist each year. – Hardware, software obsolescence– Represents the loss of expensive intellectual resources; a

huge opportunity cost for comparative and longitudinal research

Unintentional data loss in the sciences due to: – lack of incentives to maintain them, or due to neglect

(benign and otherwise – forget where or what it is!– personal computers, Web sites, blogs, wikis, e-mails, digital

photo and film etc.


Digital Preservation “Digital information lasts forever, or five

years, whichever comes first” Jeff Rothenberg, RAND 2001

Medium Practical Physical Lifetime Av. Time to obsolete

Optical (CD 5-59 years 5 years

Digital tape 2-30 years 5 years Magnetic disk 5-10 years 5 years


Preservation

Preservation - Trusted Repositories Preservation

– UK Digital Curation Centre: advice, tools & services• RepInfo Registry – representation information adding meaning to data for

preservation

– EU CASPAR Integrated Project http://www.casparpreserves.info/pages/1/index.htm

– EU Task Force on the Permanent Access to the Records of Science http://tfpa.kb.nl/

– EU projects DPE and PLANETS (leverage library and archive experience)

Long-term access: trust, responsibility, policy– Trusted DR Audit Checklist for Certification Draft -

Research Libraries Group-NARA Taskforce 2005• Defined criteria under 4 categories

– Organisation– Functions, processes & procedures– Designated community & usability– Technologies & technical infrastructure

• Can these concepts be extended to data repositories?


http://www.casparpreserves.info/pages/1/index.htm

http://tfpa.kb.nl/

Key drivers for e-Science

Access to Large Scale Facilities and Data Repositories

– eg CERN, EBI , etc

Need for production quality, open source versions of open standard GRID middleware– eg. OMI, NMI, C-Omega

Imminent ‘date deluge’ : Particle physics, astronomy, bioinformatics

Data Loss/Preservation Open Access movement

– Publications AND Data


Open Data

Digital Libraries à la Carte 2007(Lyon)

Open Access – Wellcome Trust


Open Access to Data – European Research Council

It is the firm intention of the ERC Scientific Council to issue specific guidelines for the mandatory deposit in open access repositories of research results -- that is, publications, data and primary materials -- obtained thanks to ERC grants, as soon as pertinent repositories become operational.

The ERC Scientific Council moreover hopes that research funders across Europe will join forces in establishing common open-access rules and in building European open access repositories that will help make these rules operational.

To facilitate this process for EU funded research, it recommends that the European Commission sets up a task force including representatives from the various FP7 programmes … to develop an operational FP7 policy on open access by the end of 2007 …

http://ec.europa.eu/erc


Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Jan 2004 : Promoting Access to Public Research Data for Scientific, Economic, and Social Development Open access to, and unrestricted use of, data promotes scientific

progress and facilitates the training of researchers

Open access will maximise the value derived from public investments in data collection efforts

The risk that undue restrictions on access to and use of research data from public funding could diminish the quality and efficiency of scientific research and innovation

Dec 2006 : Recommendation of the Council concerning Access to Research Data from Public

Funding– “each Member country, to develop policies and good practices related

to the accessibility, use and management of research data”

– + CODATA, ICSU, ICSTI, INASP UNESCO


Open Access to Data following OA for Publications

1990’s – Subject Repositories (high energy physics, economics, mathematics etc). HEP (ArXiv) v.successful Economics (RePEc) - successful Limited success otherwise

1994 ‘Subversive proposal’ (Harnad) 2000’s - Institutional Repositories

Powered by Project funding, driven by the Information Community (Libraries)

Libraries already supporting e-Science by development of OA digital repositories of research publications – providing global and immediate discovery and access to new research


Repository Growth


112 Repositories in 20022007

Over 900/1400 repositoriesOver 20 Different Software Systems

ROAR -Registry of Open Access Repositories

Directory of Open Access Repositories(DOAR)http://www.opendoar.org


Digital Repositories – where are we?

Repository Landscape• Subject - arXiv, Cogprints, RePEc,• Institutional – Universities, Research Institutes -Southampton, Glasgow,

Nottingham (SHERPA), Max Planck

• National - DARE (all universities in the Netherlands), Scotland IRIS),

• National / Subject - OceanDocsAfrica• International - Internet Archive ‘Universal’, OAIster (Harvester)• Regional - White Rose UK• Consortia - SHERPA-LEAP (London E-prints Access Project)• Funding Agency – NIH (PubMed), Wellcome Trust (UK PubMed), NERC (NORA)• Project - Public Knowledge Project EPrint Archive• Conference - 11th Joint Symposium on Neural Computation, May

2004 • Personal – Peer to peer• Media Type - VCILT Learning Objects Repository, NTDL (Theses), Museum Objects, Exhibitions• Publisher – Journal archives• Data Repositories - UK Data Archive; World Data Centre System; National

Oceanographic Data Center(USA)


Support - Declarations on Open Access Berlin Declaration in Support of Open Access 2003 (50

+ signatories)

Germany: Fraunhofer Society, Wissenschaftsrat, HRK, Max Planck Society

Leibniz Association, Helmholtz Association, German Research

Foundation, Deutscher BibliotheksverbandFrance : CNRS, INSERMAustria : FWF Der WissenschaftsfondsBelgium : Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek – Vlaanderen)Greece : National Hellenic Research Foundation

The IFLA Statement on Open Access to Scholarly Literature and Research Documentation 2004 http://www.ifla.org/V/cdoc/open-access04.html

India, Australia, China, Africa, USA … Scotland (2005) 16 Universities and Research Orgs Russell Group (UK Universities) 2005 Buenos Aires, British Columbia, Bethesda Statement (2003) Budapest Open Access Initiative Feb 2002 (Soros Open Society Institute)


http://www.ifla.org/V/cdoc/open-access04.html

Support - Mandates for Open Access Real mandates:

– Wellcome Trust– RCUK (Research Councils UK)– Universities – Southampton UK, Minho Portugal, NIT India, CERN

…

Proposed mandates: public funders– DFG, Germany; FWF, Austria; DARE network; Finland; USA; Sweden (?)– Canada, Australia, India, S.Africa, Ukraine etc

NIH: Strengthening now very likely, Require not request CURES Act: 6-month delay to OA permitted but must deposit at

acceptance FRPAA: Mandatory deposit: all research funded by the

largest agencies Federal Research Public Access Act EU : Petition for guaranteed public access to publicly-funded

research results, Feb 2007– Signed by 20,000 individuals, 500 educational, research and

cultural organisations


http://www.taxpayeraccess.org/frpaa/

Open Access Research Repositories - developing

• There will be many types of repository software and more powerful interoperability protocols such as OAI-ORE (need more than OAI-PMH to enable sharing and reuse)

• Thematic and Institutional Repositories contain not only full text versions of research papers but also ‘grey’ literature such as technical reports and theses

• In addition, repositories in the future will also contain data, images and software


UK JISC Projects –linking text and data


Source-to-Output Repositories

CITATION, LOCATION, And DEPOSITION IN DISCIPLINE & INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORIES

New JISC Call for data related projects 2007

Exemplar : eBank UK – linking research: data, publications, learning objects …

Geospatial data in IRs and issues around reuse

More digital repositories more content

Publications, working papers, primary data, audiovisual, images

Hardware in research labs will automatically deposit experimental data

Desktop tools will deposit content

Rich data flow between networks of repositories

Rich data flows between repositories and other components in information landscape


Federation of Digital Repositories

• Global

• Inter-disciplinary

• Cross-sectoral

• Multiple format types

• Data, publications, images…

• e-Research Framework

• Defining common services + domain-specific services + repository services


From Andy Powell: http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/distributed-systems/jisc-ie/arch/presentations/jiie-jcs-2005

fusion layer ‘repository federator’

repository repository repository repository repository

portal portal portal portal portal

heterogeneous - metadataformats, content formats,identifiers, packagingstandards

homogeneous - metadataformats, content formats,identifiers, packagingstandards

Federated repository architecture (joined up research)


End to End Management


(With thanks to Tony Hey)

Issues for e-Science


Macro and micro issues are similar for both text and data repositories:

IPR and Licenses **Distributed over many researchersOver National boundaries

Lack of awareness amongst researchers Cultural roots and resistance to change Funding Policies Standards Interoperability Vocabularies

** Necessary to understand science practices: technical social and communicative structure in order to adapt licensing solutions to the practice of e-Science.

Arzberger, P. et al Science 2004 303. 1777 – 1778. DOI: 10.1126/science.1095958

Research Issues:information retrieval, information modelling, ontologies, authentication, systems interoperability, and policy issues associated with providing transparent access to complex data sets

Combining Cultures

NSF Report “Long lived digital data collections”. 2005 – “Data scientist” - hybrid skills

Facilitate collaboration– “Multidisciplinary teams: computer

scientists, domain scientists, digital library experts, statisticians/modellers

– Lessons learnt: e-Science Human Factors Audit Report (to be published 2006?)

Roy Kawalsky, LoughboroughDigital Libraries à la Carte 2007

Many of the same research issues that the international digital library community has been grappling with for the past decade.

Combining Cultures

NSF Report :

“It is timely to seriously consider the role that digital libraries can and should play in this emerging e-Science computational infrastructure”.

“Bringing the digital library and the emerging scientific infrastructure worlds together can lay the foundation for providing truly integrated support for the entire process of science, from formulation of research questions to the publication of the outcomes”.

“Specifically, the e-Science and digital libraries research communities need to work together to identify the potential contributions of each of these communities for supporting the conduct of science and to articulate a shared research agenda”


Calls for Combining Cultures for e-Science needs

– EU Framework 7 – e-Research Infrastructure development

– UK – JISC – Report on future requirements for curation and preservation

– Australia DEST – e-Infrastructures Reflection Group includes CAUL (Council of Australian University Librarians) member - Interim Report http://www.dest.gov.au/sectors/research_sector/policies_issues_reviews/key_issues/e_research_consult/interim_report.htm

– UK –CURL/SCONUL Joint e-Research Task Force (2006)

– USA – ARL Libraries and Changing Research Practices (2004)


http://www.dest.gov.au/sectors/research_sector/policies_issues_reviews/key_issues/e_research_consult/interim_report.htm

http://www.dest.gov.au/sectors/research_sector/policies_issues_reviews/key_issues/e_research_consult/interim_report.htm

CURL/SCONUL Joint e-Research Task Force Nov 2006


1. To raise awareness and understanding of the issues associated with support of e-research in CURL and SCONUL member libraries and to stimulate discussion about them at institutional level.

2. To position CURL and SCONUL member libraries’ staffs to engage with their local e-research stakeholders and to encourage them to make appropriate inputs at the research proposal stage.

3. To identify skills gaps in relation to support of e-research and to assist member libraries in addressing them.

4. To work with other e-research stakeholders, including the DCC, RLN and BL, to ensure that information management to support e-research is a high priority for future investment by funders.

5. To advise the CURL Board and the SCONUL Executive Board on matters relating to the support of e-research.

6. To monitor, and report on, the Group’s progress against an action plan agreed annually by the CURL Board and SCONUL Executive Board.

Terms of Reference

Has your library engaged with the e-Research agenda?

Management of the large datasets is likely area of involvement.

Why are libraries not already involved:– Lack of foresight by librarians?– No e-Science funds for development of data

management in libraries – no call for projects– No Customer demand for data curation

• Data curation - whose responsibility, individual, institution, national or international?


WP 1 - Information and awareness• Recruit network of e-research liaison contacts in HE library & information

services; establish JISCmail list

• Survey of e-research activity, e-research support requirements, and e-research support work within HEIs (coordinate with WP2 needs analysis)

• Survey of the policy and practice of research funders in relation to data curation

• Disciplinary mapping of existing data curation services and gaps in provision

• Training & development needs analysis (link with WP1 survey activity on researcher support requirements)

• Design, commissioning and delivery of training and development events for HEI library & information services staff

• Maintain awareness of funding and bidding opportunities for the eRTF

• Lead on bid drafting

• (with WP1) identify potential case studies/exemplar projects for development with DCC


WP 2 - Workforce development

WP 3 - Research Intelligence


Engaging ARL members in the development of new roles for libraries as e- Science infrastructure and service needs emerge at research institutions and promoting the contributions of research libraries in this arena.

Identify the skills needed as information professionals move into the emerging e-Science landscape and encouraging the development of information professionals prepared to assume new roles.

ARL Workshop Recommendations

NSF should fund projects in which university research libraries develop

deep archives of irreplaceable data, assuring descriptions of these data

at a minimal level (floor, not ceiling) and facilitating discovery and access to these data, according to prevailing community standards

NSF should partner with IMLS to train information and library professionals (extant and future) to work more credibly and knowledgably on data curation as members of research teams

NSF should foster the training and development of a new workforce in data science

Promote new curricula Develop new programs Link to training of domain scientists and information/library

scientists


ARL Workshop on New Collaborative Relationships Sep 06

Shared Goals and Responsibilities

NSF – Data Authors Data Managers Data Scientists Data Users


NSF REPORT NSB-05-40, Long-Lived Digital Data Collections Enabling Research and Education in the 21st Century


Combining cultures, connecting people


Librarian Documentalist Information Specialist Information Scientist Information Manager• Information Advisor

Data Librarian Computer Specialist Data Scientist Data Manager Data Technician

Anoraks

What is a data scientist?

Hybrid

Data Scientist• New skills requirements:

• interdisciplinary

• quantitative

• data curation

• Integrate data management within the LIS curriculum

• Various approaches to develop and obtain digital curation skills

• Skills are there but often in discrete communities: we need to bring communities together

• Integration within the curriculum: undergraduate students, library & information science, archival studies, computer science

• Provide recognition and a career path for emerging ‘data scientists’


There must be a blurring of the boundaries between previously well defined silos that existed between information managers and data managers

Connecting People – how to

Encouraging partnerships - Inter-institutional partnerships Institutional management support Competencies – shared and developed Common issues – authentication, metadata, ontologies,

standards, IPR, licenses New curricula - CPE Share experience of Institutional repositories- libraries

fundamentally transforming research publication practices and scholarly communication forerunner of e-Science

Libraries involved in the research underlying the design of e-Science. Is there new research on Digital Libraries over the Grid

Funding Agencies – JISC, NSF, EU etc– define project members from library and data communities– promote the necessary international dialog between

communities Digital Libraries à la Carte

2007uuee

Role for Libraries in digital data universe

• Data as primary source material – Libraries :

– Will not be primary providers of large scale storage infrastructure required

– Will not provide the specialized tools to work with data

– Will not provide the detailed information about the data

– Unlikely to provide the solutions to digital preservation because of cost

• Can contribute library practices :• Collection policies (appraisal,

selection, weeding, destruction etc)• Data clean up, normalisation,

description and submission to repositories

• Data Citation• Curation and Preservation• Collaboration with researchers re

scholarly communication ,deposit, education and training

• Innovative discovery and presentation mechanisms

• Data as part of ‘enhanced publications’ – Libraries:– Well positioned to define

standards for• Taxonomies and ontologies

(for complex publications that include data)

• Persistent identifiers• Consistent description

practices• Data structuring conventions• Interoperability protocols for

searching and retrieval

– Well positioned to exploit IR experiences


Role of Digital Libraries - IRs

Institutional repository is a key component of e-infrastructure

– Mostly in library domain– Access and preservation– Digitization – data archaeology– Interoperable with departmental, national, subject repositories

Data Curation– Creation, metadata, preservation institutional intellectual assets

• but disparate data types and ontologies

Training Provision– Research methods training for researchers

• Data creation, documentation, management

Advocacy, policy setting– Cross disciplinary approach to key issues

• Expand OA agenda– Interweave e-Research, OA and– Virtual Research Environments


Roles for Libraries Institutional repositories accept ‘small’ datasets (size or

subject outside remit of Data Repositories). Data deposited in IR until accepted by data repository

Development of Regional or Discipline Repositories alongside IRs (singly or consortia) . Research libraries a natural home for content curation, (with funding)

Mapping of commonalities (eg metadata) across disciplines, maintaining ready interoperability

Management of metadata throughout a research project Address conditional and role-based access requirements for

scientific data Support e-Science interface functions for local users Adding Value: linking, annotation, visualization Libraries and researchers can add value by creating ‘e-

Science Mashups’ - data needs to be re-used in multiple ways, on multiple occasions and at multiple locations (reuse, remix)



The “mash-up”

Data from FAO, WHO

+

Google Earth

http://declanbutler.info/blog/?p=58#more-58

Role for Libraries – build on the strengths

Serving the needs of the scientific community Systematically managing and making accessible information

from heterogeneous sources– Metadata, discovery mechanisms, portals, VRE , “Science

World”– Publication and Citation– Selection and use of tools and resources– Digitization of legacy content– access management, copyright, IPR, Licenses– Curation and Preservation advice

Provide specialist assistance to end-users– expertise in user services and training

Exploit strengths in designing and implementing innovative and useful e-Science information infrastructure.

Reduce the risk of "re-inventing the wheel".


Digital Libraries à la Carte 2007Lyon, Bielefeld Conference Feb 2006

SWOT

ANALYSIS

Facing the future

Build Institutional Repositories Develop leadership & vision for e-Research engagement

– Web 3.0?, Semantic web - publishing? Review organisational structures

– Extend & re-profile the Faculty/Subject/Reference Librarian role? – Closer collaboration with Computing Services, and Data

Services? Provide eServices for data

– We “do” e-Learning so why not e-Research?– Include in institutional digital asset management

Promote professional development of staff– Awareness-raising activities, new skills– Greater engagement, hybrid roles and hybrid teams

Build new partnerships, new business models , new research projects

Facilitate Transformational Change in Libraries


Combining Cultures, Connecting People for e-Science


Acknowledgements

With special thanks to

Prof Tony Hey, Vice-President for Technical Computing. Microsoft Corporation ,

(previously Director of UK e-Science Programme)

Dr Liz Lyon, Director, UKOLN


Thank You

Questions?

Pauline [email protected] ; [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Discussion

1. What is the role of libraries in supporting e-research?

2. What are the risks of :getting involved? not getting involved?

3. Should e-research data be held locally or in large-scale repositories?

4. What skills are needed to manage and curate e-research data? to advise researchers on e-research data

management?

Do we have them?5. Who pays for the e-research information

infrastructure?Digital Libraries à la Carte 2007

libraries supporting e-science --- … combining cultures … pauline simpson national oceanography...

Documents

datacentric science

libraries digital libraries

data mining

data exploration

data resources

revolutionizing science

escience revolution

telescopes data