libraries and education for librarianship in yugoslavia: a bibliographic overview

Znt. Libr. Rev. (1977) 9,31%350

Libraries and Education for Librarianship in Yugoslavia: A Bibliographic Overview

KATHERINE CVELJO*

This bibliographic overview is intended to serve as a guide to the literature treating the historical development, state of the art and future prospects of education for librarianship in Yugoslavia. It is also intended to serve as a selective analysis of the literature dealing with the development of libraries and librarianship in the country. Selected works describing the country, its history, geography and education are included as sources for background information. References are made to monographs, journal articles, conference proceedings, reports, legal acts and published and unpublished documents. The third purpose of this bibliography includes the introductions to the main sections (I. 2’-ugosluuia: The Country and Its Peoples; II. The Structure of Education; III. Libraries and Librarianship; and IV. Education for Librarianship), which are intended to provide the user with background information on Yugoslavia’s libraries, librarianship and library education. Its fourth main purpose is to serve as a supportive bibliography for an area report and as such to form a part of the basic source material for international and comparative librarianship. It should serve (1) as a basis for a broader understanding of the various issues and problems common to all libraries and library training programs internationally and (2) as an important part of materials to serve as an aid in creating a realization of the urgent need for a greater co-operation between librarians and library educators throughout the world.

Libraries and education for librarianship in Yugoslavia are areas in need of extensive investigation. So far, except for the author’s dissertation : Education for Librarianship in Yugoslavia : An Historical Survey, State of the Art and Future Prospects, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Department of Library and Information Science, Case Western Reserve University (1975), no major research has been conducted in these subject areas outside of

* College of Library Science, University of Kentucky, U.S.A. Data based partly on author’s doctoral research (Call Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.)

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Yugoslavia. Available studies of library education throughout the world have either excluded Yugoslavia or included only brief statements about it. Fritz Milkau, in his Handbuch der Bibliothekswissenschaft (2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1955), included only a brief mention of the subject at the end of the chapter on the history of libraries in Yugoslavia. Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, in his Die Entwicklung der wissen- schafttlichen Bibliotheken Yugoslawiens seit 1945 (Arbeiten aus dem Biblio- thekar Lehrinstitut des Landes Nordhein Westfalen. No. 14 Kijln: Greven Verlag, 1958)) only briefly described training for librarianship in Yugoslavia in his discussion of scholarly libraries since 1945. In Yugo- slavia itself, national studies of education for librarianship are few in number and limited in their approach and scope. A number of brief studies of education for librarianship in Yugoslavia have been made in the past; however, only two of these studies can be considered as historical surveys of the topic. The historical development of library education in Yugoslavia up until 1952 has been described briefly in an article, Derjugoslawische Bibliothekar, seine Berufsbildung und Stellung (Libri 4, 1953, 14-25), by Eva Verona, former Senior Librarian of the National and University Library in Zagreb, and since 1952 in an article, Yugoslavia: Library Education in Yugoslavia (International Library Review 3, 1971, 113- 20) by Branko Hani, Associate Librarian at the same institution. Al- though these two articles tend together to present an historical survey of developments in library education in Yugoslavia from its beginnings down to the present day, neither of these studies have utilized archival material to any great extent, both being based primarily on recollections of past developments or selected published materials. Furthermore, as brief articles, they present only the most important landmarks in the development of library education in the country.

To fill the existing deficiency, the author undertook, as a dissertation topic, extensive research of the historical evolution of library education in Yugoslavia from its scattered origins in the early stages of professional librarianship in the 1900’s down to the most recent developments, including the founding of the post-graduate university library science degree programs, which are organized and developed at the highest education level in Yugoslavia-the third level of higher education. The findings and conclusions in the research have revealed that (1) the present system of education for librarianship in Yugoslavia has evolved gradually and sporadically as the circumstances and the conditions of the different regions throughout the country provided the necessary foundations for their development and (2) each of the library science degree programs that form a part of the present system of education for librarianship in Yugoslavia has developed under a different set of

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circumstances reflecting the different cultural, economic, political and educational conditions throughout the country as a result of a great variety in the country’s geographical setting as well as the national factors of a multinational state and the consequences of the centuries- long domination by different foreign powers.

Without some knowledge of the geographical situation of Yugoslavia, it would be impossible to understand the country’s turbulent past and its present problems. Few European countries are as diversified in their physical, cultural and economic make-up as is Yugoslavia. Even a brief description of these factors will show that in its geographical setting, as well as in political, social and economic matters, differences and contrasts, rather than uniformity, are characteristic of the country. The strong nationality groups and an ethnocentric past have had a profound effect on the cultural development of these Slavic nations as well as on the development of their educational systems, their universities and their libraries.

YUGOSLAVIA: THE COUNTRY AND ITS PEOPLES

Yugoslavia is a country where spatial variety in historical experience, in economic progress and in social and cultural development is paralleled by no less vivid contrasts in physical environment. Its crossroads position largely accounts for this diversity. It is at the same time a Balkan, a Danubian and an Adriatic country. Yugoslavia, as a bridge between East and West, serves as a most natural crossroad of cultural and military expansion from Europe to Asia and from Asia to Europe. For centuries these lands have suffered as a result of their geographical location. The interaction of natural and social factors has complicated its relationships with the neighbouring countries and the relationships between the various regions of the country itself This country’s strategic situation and easy accessibility from external centers of power explains the frequent wars on, and subsequent foreign domination of, the territory, which for the most part remained until 1918 divided among several occupying powers whose diverse social systems, economic policies and cultural influences brought to marked differences between these nations.

The history of Yugoslavia is thus to a large extent that of stronger powers which have, at one time or another, controlled the constituent parts of the present state, and sought further expansion through these natural gateways. The history of the country is also a chronicle of the resistance of these nations to attacks on their independence and in- dividuality and, at the same time, of the efforts they have made to strengthen their own position by absorbing, dominating or uniting with

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each other. The national character of each nation has been deeply coloured by the relationship in which it has lived for so long with the stronger alien powers; a relationship basically of opposition, but at the same time of developing cultural and religious affinities.

The state of Yugoslavia was created in 1918 as the Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes). From its very beginning Yugoslavia has been the most diverse country in Europe and, because of its geographical location, the connecting link and dividing line between two worlds. When created in 1918, its population assembled Croats and Slovenes from Austria-Hungary with Serbia, Montenegro and part of Macedonia. However, while Croats and Slo- venes living within a modern European empire developed culturally and economically, Serbia and Montenegro, including a part of Macedonia, in continuous struggle to free themselves from the Turkish tyranny, were less fortunate in their development. By way of comparison, this may best be illustrated through the rate of illiteracy in the various parts of the country. In the Southern regions, which had remained the longest under Turkish domination, in pre-World War II Yugoslavia only 27-37x of those over 10 years of age could read and write. In the Slovene regions, where the somewhat more enlightened Austrian rule had fostered education at an earlier date, more than 98% were literate. But in spite of the higher degree of literacy in the Northern parts of the country, in pre- World War II Yugoslavia-Kraljevina Jugoslavija (Kingdom of Yugo- slavia), only about 548% of the country as a whole could read and write.

It is only in the light of these geographical, historical and cultural facts that one can understand the late development of formal library education and the great diversity which still exists in the level of development of librarianship and library education throughout the country- why librarianship in pre-World War II Yugoslavia was underdeveloped, why in some parts of the country today organized training for librarianship has developed and in other parts it is still in-service training, supplemented by professional short-course programs, that continues as the only means of library training, while in numerous parts of the country there is a complete lack of any kind of library training-formal or informal.

The understanding of the political and economic changes that have taken place since the founding in 1945 of the new state of Yugoslavia- the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia-is also of great importance in view of their effects on libraries and their activities.1 The changes in the

1 A federal state consisting today of six republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia, and two autonomous provinces, Kosovo-


1950’s, for example, brought to a marked liberalization and establishment of social management-samoupruvljanje (“local” self-management), as one of the basic building blocks of Yugoslavia’s new decentralized system. Emphasis was placed on the importance of local government in political and economic decisions and increased decision-making powers in local governmental districts were given to the nurodni suujeti (workers’ councils). The new form of management was extended to virtually all groups of workers: universities, schools, hospitals, civil service, etc., including the administration of all types of libraries and administrative structure of library science training programs.

Introducing a new system of management quite naturally necessitated drastic changes in both internal organizational matters and external relationships of all institutions in the country. In terms of internal affairs in each library, for example, self-management required the development of internal organs for the administration, planning and decision-making policies. In accordance with the concept of self-management and the principle of worker management, libraries were to be administered by: (1) rudniCki suvjet (workers’ council, i.e. library council) ; (2) upruvni suvjet (administrative council) ; and (3) p u ruvitelj or direktor (director). The new system of management also necessitated a new method of financing and distribution of funds and introducing new measures in the remuneration policies in accordance with work results.

Thus, the practice of self-management in libraries, by its very nature, required a well-qualified library personnel to effectively function and provide service. However, as found through many surveys conducted in all parts of the country, although many library administrators had ex- cellent backgrounds, there were also numerous administrators who lacked both in their general education and professional library training. This awareness of the lack of qualifications in library personnel in all types of libraries has resulted, in the past few years, in several recent developments in library education. Information on these programs is included in section on Education for Librarianship, and Appendix I.

It is thus logical to conclude that it is only through a perspective provided by a geo-socio-economic profile of the country that present educational system for librarianship of late development and of great diversity throughout the country can best be understood.

Sources of information, that would be found most useful as introduc-

Metohija and Vojvodina. The country is composed of five main nations-Croats, Mace- donians, Montenegrins, Serbs and Slovenes. There are also numerous minority groups, the largest of which are Albanians, Magyars (Hungarians) and Turks.

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tory and background materials on the country, its geography, history, economics and culture, include :

Area Handbook for Yugoslavia. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1970.

Auty, Phyllis. (1965). Yugoslavia. Norwich: Jarrold & Sons, Ltd. Byrnes, Robert F. (ed.) (1957). Z?ugoslavia. New York: F. Praeger. Campbell, John C. (1967). Tito’s Separate Road: America and Yugoslavia in World

Politics. New York: Harper & Row (For the Council on Foreign Relations). Clissold, Stephen (ed.) (1966). A Short History of Yugoslavia: From Early Times to 1966.

Cambridge: The University Press. &linoviC, Ferdo. (1955). Drtvnopravna historija Jugoslavenskih zemalja XZX. i XX.

mjeka. Zagreb. Djordjevic, Jovan (1953). Local Self-government in Yugoslavia. American Slavic and

East European Review 12, 188-200. Farrell, Robert Barry (1956). Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union 194&1956. Hamden

(Conn.) : Shoe String Press. Fisher, Jack C. (1966). Yugoslavia-a Multinational State: A Regional Di$erence and

Administrative Response. San Francisco: Chandler Publ. Co. Hamilton, F. E. Ian. (1968). Yugoslavia: Patterns of Economic Activity. New York:

F. Praeger. Hammond, Thomas T. (1957). A brief History. In 2Lgoslavia. (Robert F. Byrnes, ed.).

New York : Harper Bros. Hoffman, George Walter and Neal, Fred Warner (1962). 2’Iugoslavia and the Jvew

Communism. New York: Twentieth Century Fund. Hoptner, Jacob B. (1962). Yugoslavia in Crisis, 1934-1941. New York: Columbia

University Press. Kerner, Robert J. (ed.) (1949). Yugoslavia. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. KriStofiE Emerik. (1966). Rukovodjenje u sistemu samoupravljanja. Ekonomsko

tehnitkipregled 18, broj 1 I-12, 19-29. McVicker, Charles P. (1957). Titoism: Pattern for International Communism. New York:

St. Martin’s Press. Mont&, John Michael (1959). Economic Reform and Retreat in Yugoslavia. Foreign

A$airs (January 1959), 293-305. Neal, Fred Warren (1954). The Reforms in Yugoslavia. American Slavic and East

European Review 13,227-44. Neal, Fred Warren (1953). Titoism in Action: The Reform in Yugoslavia after 1948.

Berkeley: University of California Press. O.E.C.D. (1965). Education and Development: Yugoslavia. (Country Reports, the

Mediterranean Regional Projects). Paris: O.E.C.D. Torn&i& Dinko Antun (1957). JVational Communism and Soviet Strategy. Washington:

Public Affairs Press. TomaHevich, Jozo (1955). Peasants, Politics and Economic Change in Yugoslavia. Stanford. Ulam, Adam B. (1952). Titoism and Cominform. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Vanek, Jaroslav (1963). Yugoslav economic growth and its conditions. American

Economic Association 53,555-61. Ward, Benjamin (1957). Workers’ management in Yugoslavia. Journal of Political

Economy 65,373-36. Waterson, Albert ( 1962). Planning in Yugoslavia : Organization and Implementation.

Baltimore: John Hopkins Press.


THE STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION

The educational system in pre-World War II Yugoslavia, similar to the other aspects of life throughout the country, can be characterized as underdeveloped. In post-World War II Yugoslavia, on the other hand, a number of educational institutions have achieved international recogni- tion. In general, it is considered that Yugoslavia has achieved one of their most outstanding advances in the field of education, an area especi- ally important in a country with a traditional high rate of illiteracy. It is hoped that advances in training for library and information service will parallel the progress made in the other areas in education in Yugoslavia.

The present education system in Yugoslavia consists of elementary, secondary and higher education which is free and public, except for post-graduate (third level of higher education) university studies. Although each Republic sets separate curriculum requirements, curricula throughout Yugoslavia are based on the guidelines set by the Federal Council of Education and Culture. The system begins with a compulsory eight years at the elementary level (age seven to 15) and usually continues with four years at the secondary level. An outline of the system of education in Yugoslavia is given in Appendix II.

In 1960, by enactment of the General Law on Public Education, a new concept was introduced dividing higher education in Yugoslavia into the following three levels: (1) the two-year program (comparable to the American junior colleges), (2) the traditional four to five years university program, and (3) the post-graduate study, usually a two-year program. The general liberal arts education is received in the gymnasium, the traditional secondary educational institution, whose purpose is to prepare students for studies at the first or the second level of higher education. Students with vocational secondary education can continue studies at a higher level in their respective field of specialization. Studies at the first level of higher education are usually terminal, preparing students for work in particular fields. Studies at the second level of higher education, offering a specialization in a specific area, are the usual basic prerequisite for admission to the third level (post-graduate) university programs leading to the master’s or the specialist degrees. The third level studies are primarily designed for research personnel and advanced specializations.

Institutions of higher education in Yugoslavia generally fall into four groups: (1) university faculties (fakulteti), (2) high schools (visoke Skole), (3) higher schools (vise Skole), sometimes referred to as advanced vocational schools and (4) art academies (umjetnicke akademije).

It is also necessary to note that education in Yugoslavia, as in the

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other European countries, is designed for two types of students: “redo- viti” (regular, i.e. “students in attendance”) and “izvanredni” studenti (students not in residence). I,zpanredno studiranje (studies on a non- residence basis) in Yugoslavia, in certain respects, can be compared to the concept of “open university” studies. In certain fields, under special regulations, employed students and students in the provinces are relieved from lecture attendance. They are in contact with the respective faculty through regular consultations and seminars, and they sit in for examinations during the regular examination periods. It is important, however, to emphasize that “non-resident’ study is a full-time program and should not be confused with “part-time” studies as found in the United States colleges and universities.

Although education for librarianship in Yugoslavia has not as yet been achieved on all professional levels in libraries: lower, middle and higher (outlined in Appendix III), a library science degree program has been organized on each of the three levels of higher education :

(1)jirst level: p ro g rams organized within the teacher-training institu- tionsinsarajevo (1961-1969),Ljubljana (1964- ) andRijeka(1967- ), and the recently proposed program in PrGtina (Province of Kosovo) ;

(2) second level: the recent development in the University of Sarajevo, the traditional university study;

(3) third level: Center for Post-graduate Study of Librarianship, Docu- mentation and Information Science organized within the University of Zagreb and the recently proposed post-graduate university study in the University of Beograd.

(For programs in process of development, see Appendix I: Library Science Degree Programs.)

The references listed below represent selected writings on the subject of education in Yugoslavia. Many of these publications have been found most useful in the author’s recent research regarding education for librarianship in Yugoslavia :

Filozofski fakultet u Beogradu (1967). Sedamdeset pet godina Katedre za pedagogiju. Beograd: Filozofski fakultet.

Komisija Sabora SR Hrvatske i Izvr5nog vijeca Sabora za izradu teza za Zakon o naucnom radu. Teze .za zakon o nauhzom radu. Zagreb, 1969.

O.E.C.D. (1965). Education and Development: Yugoslavia. (Country Reports, The Mediterranean Regional Projects), Paris: O.E.C.D.

PedagoHka akademija Rijeka (1970). 1960-1970. Rijeka. Stat& SveuQiJta u zagrebu (1970). Zagreb: SveuEil&e u Zagrebu. ObrarloLnje teksta statuta SvewWta u zagrebu (1970). Zagreb: SveuEiliSte u Zagrebu. Tomich, V. (1963). Education in Yugoslavia and the .New Reform. Washington, D.C. :

Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, Office of Education. (03-14089) Bulletin 1963, no. 20.


U.S. Department H.E.W., Office of Education, Institute of International Studies (1970). The Educational System of Z’lugoslavia. Washington, D.C. : G.P.O.

Univerzitet danas (1971), broj. 9-10. Beograd: Prosveta. <akon o nauhom radu : Nacrt (1970). Zagreb: Komisija Sabora SR Hrvatske i Izvr8nog

vijeCa Sabora za izradu nacrta Zakona o nauEnom radu. Prijedlog zakona o visokom Jkolstvu (197 1). Zagreb, 26 veljaEe. <bornikpedagoSke akademije Rijeka (1970). Rijeka.

LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONS IN YUGOSLAVIA

For a better understanding of the development of library education in Yugoslavia, it is also necessary to describe the library associations organized in each of the six national republics. It should, however, be noted that library associations were in existence already in pre-World War II Yugoslavia: Druhvo bibliotekara Jugoslavij, (Association of Librarians of Yugoslavia) (1930-1940) and Hrvatsko bibliotekarsko druStvo (Croatian library association) ( 1936-40).

The Association of Librarians of Yugoslavia (DJB) was organized in Zagreb in May 1930 as a result of the announced Congress of Slavic Librarians to be held in Prague in 1931. The Vice-director (Mr Zmauc) of the University Library in Prague, knowing that Yugoslavia had no library association, contacted in Summer of 1929 two librarians at the University Library “Svetozar MarkoviC” in Beograd (Milica Vojinovid and Ljubica MarkoviC) to suggest that a library association be organized in Yugoslavia. In November 1929, at the Librarians Con- ference in Beograd, the delegates from the three existing university libraries in Yugoslavia (Beograd, Ljubljana and Zagreb) decided that (1) an association should be organized as soon as possible and (2) plans be made to attend the Prague Conference.

The founding of an association of librarians in Yugoslavia was urgent at the time, in particular, in view of the forthcoming enactment of the Law on Public Libraries to regulate the status of libraries and establish requirements for positions in libraries of all types. The early achieve- ments of the Association include: (1) DJB became a member or IFLA and (2) the Law on Public Libraries, regulating activities and personnel in libraries, was enacted by the Minishy of Education, Financial Law for 1939/1940. The enactment of this law represented a great achievement and a major step forward in the development of library profession in Yugoslavia. The Act, however, was never enforced because of the war (World War II) that was to follow its enactment in 1941.

In 1938, the Zagreb section withdrew from the Association to form the Croatian Library Association in Zagreb. DJB remained the library association for sections in Ljubljana, Novi Sad and Beograd. Whatever might

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have developed, as a result of their activities and the efforts of the librarians who brought about their existence, was interrupted by World War II.

The present associations in Yugoslavia include : ( 1) DruStvo bibliotekara Jv. R. Srbije (Association of Librarians of N. R. Serbia) 1947 ); (2) DruStvo bibliotekara Hrvatske (Association of Librarians of N. R. Croatia) (1948- ) as a continuation of the pre-war association-the Croatian Library Association; (3) DruStvo bibliotekarjev Slovenije (Association of Librarians of N. R. Slovenia) (1948- ) ; (4) DmVvo bibliotekara Bosne i Hercegovine (Association of Librarians of N. R. Bosnia and Herzegovina) (1949- ) ; (5) Dru&vo bibliotekara Makedonije (Association of Librarians of N. R. Macedonia) (1949- ) ; and (6) Dru.ftvo bibliotekara Crne Gore (Association of Librarians of N. R. Montenegro) (1950- ) .

The tardy development of librarianship in Yugoslavia has given the profession until very recently an uncertain status and its associations have manifested this uncertainty for a long time; most of them, however, have been able to sustain a regular journal. In some respects, the sporadic frequency and quality of these publications is symbolic of the difficulties that the associations are still facing and characteristic of the recency in professional development of librarianship in Yugoslavia. Today, however, library journals have become the prime vehicle in the professional exchange throughout the country. They also represent an important part of instructional materials used by students and librarians in their preparation for the compulsory professional examinations and in their studies in the formally organized library science training programs.

A great step forward in the development oflibrarianship in Yugoslavia has been achieved with the founding of the Savez druStava bibliotekara Jugoslavije (Union of Associations of Librarians of Yugoslavia) in 1949 and the zajednica Jugoslovenskih nacionalnih biblioteka (Union of National Libraries of Yugoslavia) in 1962. Both organizations are responsible for numerous co-operative efforts throughout the country. The regular meeting of the Saved is held biannually and proceedings are published thereafter. It is through their efforts that librarians from Yugoslavia are able to participate in numerous international meetings and conferences.

Each national library association is today actively promoting in its Republic better conditions within the library training programs, formal and informal, to ensure an improvement in quality to match the quantitative increase. They are also actively involved in developing formal library education organized and offered on a continuing basis as the norm.

References to meetings, conferences and other activities of the library


associations in Yugoslavia are regularly reported and discussed in their official journals :

(1) Bibliografski ujesnik Cetinje, DruStvo bibliotekara Crne Gore i Centralna narodna biblioteka, 1961-1964.

(2) Bibliotekar Beograd, DruStvo bibliotekara, 194&I- .

(3) Bibliotekarska iskra Skoplje, Drtitvo bibliotekara Makedonije, 19551956,1966,1968.

(4) Bibliotekarskz rwvosti Novi Sad, Biblioteka Matice Srpske, 197 I- .

(5) Bibliotekarstvo Sarajevo, DruStvo bibliotekara Bosne i Hercegovine, 1960- .

(6) Bilten Bibliotetkog centra AKMO Prigtina, BiblioteEki centar AKMO, 1959-1962.

(7) Bilten drUrtva bibliotekara Bosne i Hercegovine Sarajevo, Dru&vo bibliotekara Bosne i Hercegovine i Narodna biblioteka, 1955-1959.

(8) Bilten Saveza ustanova i organiracija za Sirenje knjige .NR Hrvatske Zagreb, Savez ustanova i organizacija za Sirenje knjige Hrvatske, 1962- 1963.

(9) Inzrmatika Beograd, Jugoslovenski centar za tehnicku i naucnu dokumentaciju, 1967-

(10) Informatologiayugoslavica Zagreb, Referalni centar SveuEiliSta, 1969- .

(11) Knjiga i ci’taoci Zagreb, Savez ustanova i organizacija za Erenje knjige SR Hrvatske, 1967; Savez ustanova i organizacija za Hirenje knjige SR Hrvatske i Dru&vo bibliotekara Hrvatske, 1968-1969; Sekcija za narodne knjiinice Dru&va bibliotekara Hrvatske, 1970- .

( 12) Knjiga i knjitnica Zagreb, Savez ustanova i organizacija za Sirenje knjige SR Hrvatske i Gradska knjiinica Zagreb, 1964-1965. Savez ustanova i organizacija za Sirenje knjige SR Hrvatske, 1966.

( 13) Knjihica Ljubljana, DruStvo bibliotekara Slovenije, 1957- .

(14) KnjihziEar Novi Sad, BiblioteEki centar APV, 1952-1953; BiblioteEki centar APV i NRS, 1954 (sv. 9-10) ; BiblioteEki centar NRS i Pokrajinski odbor DruStva bibliotekara NRS za Vojvodinu, 1954 (sv. 11) do 1958.

(15) Mat&a biblioteka Novi Sad, Zajednica matiEnih biblioteka Vojvodine, 1964-1968.

(16) Narodna biblioteka Zagreb, Ured za informacije PredsjedniStva Vlade Hrvatske, 1948-1949; Knjiiarsko poduzece Narodna knjiga, 1950- .

( 17) Narodna Knjitica Zagreb, Savez knjiinica i Eitaonica NRH, 1957-196 1.

( 18) Pregled bibliotekarskih novosti Novi Sad, Biblioteka Matice srpske, 1963-1966.

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(19) Savremena biblioteka Novi Sad, Zajednica biblioteka Vojvodine, 1969- .

(20) Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske Zagreb, Drugtvo bibliotekara Hrvatske, 1950- .

(2 1) zajednica biblioteka Beograd, Zajednica matiEnih biblioteka Srbije, 1970.

LIBRARIES AND LIBRARIANSHIP

To understand contemporary library education programs and their development in present Yugoslavia, it is also necessary to have some knowledge of the country’s libraries, their development, present state and administrative structure.

Legal enactments on library activities andpersonnel Prior to World War II, most of these libraries, archival, scholarly and

professional in nature, were administered by scholars-distinguished literary writers and university professors. They were usually appointed to library positions by a government decree. Prior to formation of Yugoslavia in 19 18, library positions in Croatia and Slovenia, similar to other state positions were subject to Austro-Hungarian civil service regulations for government employment. In Serbia and Montenegro, for example, library appointments were made by the head of the state.

With the development of university and national libraries regulations for libraries and their administration included also certain stipulations regarding the position of the librarian. In 1901, for example, the legal status was established for the National Library in Beograd clearly stating that the librarian was to be an educated person with an extensive scholarly and literature reputation. (Prosvetni Glasnik. Sluibeni list Ministarstva prosvete i crkvenih poslova. Sluibeni deo. <akon o Narodnoj biblioteci. Godina XXII, br. 2, Februar 1901). (Printed in Serbian Cyrillic.)

It was not until 1928 that the requirement of professional examinations for library positions was enacted, however, only for the personnel in the National Library in Beograd. (Prosvetni glasnik. Organ Mini- starstva prosvete. Sluibeni deo. Naredbe i pravila o polaganju drzavnog struc’nog ispita ,za prelaz cYinovnika Narodne biblioteke u Beogradu iz pripravnih u porno&e grupe. Godina XLIV, br. 1 (J anuar 1928. godine). (Printed in Serbian Cyrillic.) On 9 February 1929, these regulations were extended to the university libraries in Zagreb and Beograd. (Prosvetni glasnik. Sluibeni organ Ministarstva prosvete. Odluka. Godina XLV, br. 2 (Februar 1929. godine.) (Printed in Serbian Cyrillic.) In 1931, these regulations were extended to professional positions in state libraries


throughout the country (outlined in <akon o drzavnim ZinovnicimalLaw on State Employees/.)

Although these legal acts were issued to regulate positions in state institutions and to provide library personnel with opportunities to advance upwards through the ranks as early as 193 1, no form of formal or informal training was organized until after World War II.

In the immediate post-war years, the first Law on State Employees, regulating employment in all institutions throughout the country, was enacted in 1946. For the profession of librarianship, however, regulations were not enacted until October 1947 (Basic Regulations of the Library- archival Profession announced in Sluibeni list FNRJ, br. 67 od 12. kolovoza 1947.) (Other legal acts that followed can be traced through: Sluibeni list FNRJ, br. 19 od 6. oiujka 1948 and Sluibeni list FNRJ, br. 83 od 26 rujna 1947.)

It was not until the enactment of the Law on Library Employees in 1957 that library positions were defined in terms of specific requirements and qualifications. It was also in this enactment that provisions were established for all personnel to advance upwards in the ranks after a designated period of experience and the appropriate educational qualifications were acquired. However, in spite of the importance of this legal act for the profession of librarianship in Yugoslavia it was superseded, as emphasized by Hani (Yugoslavia : Library Education in Yugoslavia. Int. Libr. Rev. 3,1971,113-20.) by the Labor Relations Act (1965) in accordance with the principle of lex posterior derogat priori. This Act lacked clear and exact regulations and was found most inadequate for the needs of libraries and their operation. The enforcement of these regulations, in line with the self-management practices in the country, was left to each library to decide and act upon. Regrettably, the requirement of professional examinations for library employment was given different interpretations throughout the country. In numerous libraries professional examinations ceased to be considered as a requirement for library employment. In some republics, however, as, for example, in the Republic of Slovenia, the National and University Library in Ljubljana continued to require the professional examinations as a prerequisite for permanent employment at all professional levels. This requirement was extended to all libraries in the Republic and it served as an example for the other republics to follow. It was not until recent library legislation in each of the six republics that the various aspects and activities of the library profession were clearly and specifically outlined in terms of the conditions and the needs of each Republic as, for example, the Law on Library Activities and Libraries enacted in 1973 for the Republic of Croatia. (See : Narodne novine : Sluibeni list SocijalistZke Republike

332 K. CVELJO

Hrvatske, Godina XXIX, broj 25, Zagreb, ponedjeljak 2. srpnja 1973.) Although legislation regarding libraries and librarianship in Yugo-

slavia has been enacted continuously since 1947, including legal provisions for library positions, there still has been no legislation which requires a specific amount of training received at a formally organized library science degree program for library positions. There are no laws recognizing librarianship as a profession on a par with other professions, nor do minimum standards exist for the establishment of library science degree programs. The usual requirements for library positions on all levels remain the appropriate general education, practical experience and the passing of the professional examination. Although professional courses, organized in libraries throughout the country, provide some preparation for these examinations, they are by no means an adequate substitute for regularly organized library education on any level. It is thus logical to conclude that, until this situation has been corrected through appropriate legislation and the establishment of library science degree programs in all parts of the country, professional education and library service will continue at the mercy of improvisation.

Library personnel Appendix III contains an outline of the classification and qualifica-

tions for the professional and scholarly positions found in libraries throughout Yugoslavia. This outline is based on various library regulations and verified by competent specialists in Yugoslavia during the author’s visits to the country. Yugoslavia, as can be concluded, follows the tradition of most European countries in recognizing the need for training persons with various backgrounds for different library positions and in developing parallel training programs for such individuals. Consequently, as we shall see later in our discussion, library education in Yugoslavia tends to be organized on three distinct levels which cor- respond to the accepted classification of positions found in libraries throughout the country: lower, middle and higher.

Present structure of libraries The present library network in Yugoslavia is developed along the lines

of the political structure of the country, according to the six federated republics and the two autonomous provinces of Serbia (Vojvodina and Kosovo), and regulated in accordance with the library laws issued for each of the six republics. These libraries are highly diversified and can be classified as follows :

I. According to the structure of their organization: A. 1. Juvne (public) : Organized for public use.

2. ,+tvorene (closed) : Restricted in use.


B. 1. Sanwstalne (independent) : Organized independently of an institution, agency, or other.

2. .Nesamostulne (dependent) : Organized within a parent organization: special, professional, school, etc.

II. According to the purpose of their funding and activities: A. Nan&u biblioteh (public libraries) B. Struhe biblioteke (professional libraries) C. Nauhe biblioteke (scholarly libraries) D. $koLrke biblioteke (school libraries) E. Mjefovite biblioteke (mixed with characterisics of two or more types oflibraries)

The above outline is based on discussions by Milutin Ivanugid: Jvovi zakoni o bibliotekama u Jugoslavrji (1967) ; Dr B. Salihagid: Pravno reguli- sanje organitacije i rada biblioteka (1960) ; and Bisenija Lukid : Utvra’jivanje tipova biblioteka (1948) ; and on information in the numerous texts listed in the Bibliography. Certain republics may follow a slight deviation from the above Outline, however, regardless, these are the types of libraries organized throughout the country. For information on each republic, one should refer to the individual republic’s latest enactment on libraries as, for example, for the Republic of Croatia, the latest law enacted (Afarodne novine : Sluibeni list Socrjalistibke Republike Hrvatske, XXIV CXXXV, broj 25, Zagreb, ponedjeljak 2. srpnja 1973) includes the <akon o bibliotec’noj djelatnosti i bibliotekama (Law on Library Activities and Libraries).

There is no federal law regulating the classification of libraries into types. The first library law was established for the Republic of Bosnia and Hercegovina (xakon o bibliotekama, SluEbeni list B&H, br. 4311957 ; to be followed by the laws of the other republics: Croatia, Narodne novine, br. 49/1960; Serbia, SluZbeni glasnik, br. 48/1960; Macedonia, Sluibeni vjesnik, br. 4211960; Slovenia, Uradni list SRS, br. 2611961; and Monte- negro, SluPbeni list SRCG, br. 2311962.

Each of the national republics of Yugoslavia has a mat&a (central) national library. The two autonomous provinces of Serbia (Vojvodina and Kosovo) have also a matifna regional library. By law “copyright” copies of all materials published in Yugoslavia must be deposited with each of these national libraries and the two regional libraries. In Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia, the national library is simultaneously the university library. Serbia has both a national and a university library, while Montenegro has no university. Strictly speaking, only the central libraries of the autonomous provinces of Serbia (Vojvodina and Kosovo) are “regional” libraries, however, the long-established research libraries of Croatia (in Dubrovnik, Pula, Rijeka, Split, Sibenik and Zadar) and the several former district libraries in Slovenia are also considered as “regional” libraries and as such serve as depository libraries for their regions.

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The republic library laws state that each op.&tina (commune), sre~ (district), narodna republika (constituent national republic) and autonomna pokrajina( autonomous province) have a mat&a biblioteka (central library). In some of the constituent republics several communes may have a common mat&a biblioteka (central library). The republic library laws specify which libraries shall act as the mat&a national and mat&a regional library.

Mat&e biblioteke (central libraries) supervise and aid the development of libraries in their territories, provide for the training of library personnel, and organize and promote cooperation among these libraries. In addition, national central libraries maintain a union catalog of bibliographic materials, compile the national (republic) bibliography, issue instructions to subordinate libraries, submit proposals for library legislation, and aid in all other activities as specified by the republic library law.

University libraries Until the end of World War II, university libraries existed only in

Zagreb (Croatia), Beograd (Serbia), and Ljubljana (Slovenia). The changes in the social pattern and legal organization of Yugoslavia which took place following World War II had major consequences for the development of university libraries. The other three republics have founded their own national and university library (Bosnia and Herze- govina in Sarajevo, Macedonia in Skopje and Montenegro in Cetinje).

The only federal library institution in Yugoslavia is the Bibliografski institut (Bibliographic Institute) in Beograd, founded in 1949, with the main objective of publishing the Bibliograjija Jugoslavije (National Bibliography of Yugoslavia). The largest library of Yugoslavia is the Narodna in univer&etna knjiinica (National and University Library) of Slovenia (700 000 volumes). The other larger libraries include the .Nacionalna i sveuliliSna knji&zica (National and University Library) of Croatia (680 000 volumes), Narodna biblioteka SocijalistiC’ke Republike Srbije (National Library of Socialist Republic of Serbia) (500 000 volumes), the Univerzitetska biblioteka “Svetozar MarkoviC” (University Library “Svetozar MarkoviC”) of Serbia (500 000 volumes), the Narodna i univerzitetska biblioteka (National and University Library) of Macedonia (480 000 volumes), the Narodna biblioteka SR Bosne i Hercegovine (National Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina) (400 000 volumes), the Biblioteka Srpske akademije nauka i umetnosti (Library of the Serbian Academy of Science and Arts) in Beograd (350 000 volumes), and the Biblioteka Matice Srpske (Library of “Matica Srpska”) in Novi Sad (375 760 volumes).

Public libraries


The “public library movement” began in Yugoslavia in 1945 with a great number of public libraries organized not only in the larger cities, but also in smaller towns and villages with the main objective: “to aid in educating and enlightening the people.” The establishment of these libraries was accomplished largely by the initiative of the library associations in each of the republics. However, the growth and main- tenance of these libraries was not sustained. Although the government had legalized the founding of many libraries, only minimal financial support was authorized. Furthermore, they did not provide for the training of library personnel. It was immediately realized that far too many small libraries were organized with limited or no funds at all, and located in the most inadequate facilities and supervised by persons with little or no library training. That library personnel required more than “on-the-job” training was also realized. As we shall discuss in the section on education, short-course programs began in the immediate post-war years to offer some preparation in the basics of librarianship.

Public libraries in Yugoslavia today consist of several types : ( 1) narodne knji&zice (general public libraries), (2) biblioteke narodnih i radnitkih univerziteta (libraries of people’s and worker’s universities) and (3) sindi- kalne biblioteke (libraries of trade union associations). The dominance of the type of public library in a republic generally reflects the tradition and the needs of the individual republic. For example, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the practice is to develop independent libraries at the communal level; in Serbia to organize independent libraries in the major localities; while the people’s and workers’ university libraries are numerous in the Republic of Croatia. Croatia has also a well-developed network of trade union libraries. Considering all the known facts, however, it can be safely said that none of the republics in present day Yugoslavia possess public library service adequate to its needs.

Monastic and scholarly libraries The monastic and scholarly libraries, predominantly found along the

Adriatic Coast and in the southern parts of Serbia, represent a special type of library, having collections consisting of numerous early manuscripts and incunabula. One such library is the Naulna biblioteka u Dubrovniku (Dubrovnik Science Library) with an 1 lth century fragment of Isidore of Seville’s Origines, a 14th century missal in Cyrillic script, and a 153 1 missal printed in Glagolitic script. Examples of other such libraries include the Library of the Franciscan Convent in Visovac ( 1445)) with 68 Croatian manuscripts and 25 incunabula, the Domenican Convent Library in Dubrovnik (1225) with 239 incunabula in Glagolitic

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and Cyrillic scripts, the Library of the Monastery DeZ’uni (14th century), with 159 Cyrillic manuscripts, and the Library of an early twelfth century monastery Hilander, with 700 Serbian and Greek manuscripts.

A mention should also be made of the numerous Islamic libraries in Yugoslavia, founded as early as the 15th century, largely in southern and south-eastern parts of the country. A number of oriental libraries were founded during the 16th and 17th centuries in all major towns of Bosnia and Serbia. Of special mention is the Ghazi Husrev-bey library in Sarajevo, at present the greatest treasure house of oriental writings in the country.

Libraries in each of the six republics are today developing individually and collectively. There is every reason to believe that, with the realization of a better trained personnel, a promising future for improvement in libraries and their services lies ahead.

Information on libraries, their historical development and present state can be traced through a number of publications, however, most of these works are written in the languages of Yugoslavia. Recent publications, written in the English language, that would serve as background information on the subject, include :

Federation of Library Associations of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia (1954). Yugoslav Libraries. Zagreb : FLA.

Institute for Scientific and Technical Documentation and Information Science Policy Research Unit (1969). Yugoslav Research Guide. Beograd : Science Policy Research Unit.

JovanoviC, Slobodan and RojniC, Matko. (1975) A Guide to Yugoslav Libraries and Archives. Columbus, Ohio: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies.

Kraus, David H. (1968). Scientijic and Technical Documentation and Information in Yugo- slavia: Final Report. Atlanta, Georgia: School of Information Science, Georgia Institute of Technology.

National Library of the Socialist Republic of Serbia (1973). Guide. Beograd: National Library.

National Library of the Socialist Republic of Serbia (197 1). % Ten-year Development Programme, 1971-1980. Beograd: National Library.

StipEevX, Aleksandar (1975). Libraries in Croatia. Zagreb: Croatian Library Associa- tion.

The following list includes additional selected sources containing valuable information on libraries in Yugoslavia :

Area Handbook of Yugoslavia (1970). Washington, D.C. : U.S. Govt. Printing Office. Clark, Harry (1963). A Yugoslavia library faces the 20th century problems. Library

~~~~~~ 88,7ia20. Feyl, 0. (1962). Zweite internationalst Konferenz der Bibliothekswissenschaftlichen

Hochschulen und Institute der sozialistischen Lindem in Berlin von ‘21-26 Mai 1962. Jvachrizhten der wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken der DDR, 64-5.


Friedman, J. E. (1957). Libraries in Dalmatia. Library Association Record 59, 166-7. Grothusen, K. D. (1958). Die Entwickhmg der wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken Jugo-

slawiens seit 1945. Arbkiten aus a?m Bibliothekar Lehrinstitut des Landes Norhein Westfalen. No. 14. Koln : Greven Verlag.

Kraus, David H. (1968). Scientific and Technical Documentation and Information in Hugo- slavia: Final Report. Atlanta: School of Information Science, Institute ofTechnology.

Milkau, Fritz und Leyh, Georg (1955). Handbuch der Bibliothekarswissenschoft. 2nd edition. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

RojniC, Matko (1954). 2’iigoslav Libraries. Zagreb: Federation of Library Association of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia.

Rojnic, Matko (1950). University libraries in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Bulgaria. Library Trena!s 12.

Verner, Mathilde (1966). East European librarianship: afterthoughts from a library tour. Comparative Education Review (1966) : 43-9.

Verona, Eva (1957). Die Zentralbibliotheken der jugoslawischen Volksrepubliken. Biblios 6, 17-24.

Monographs on libraries and librarianship in Yugoslavia written in the languages of Yugoslavia :

Badalic, Josip (1937). Javne knjitnice u Savskoj benovini, njihovo stanje ipotrebe. Zagreb. Biblioteka Matice Srpske (1971). Narodne biblioteke Vojvodine. Novi Sad. BoHkoviC, Miroslava (1970). Biblioteke u S. R. Srbiji. Beograd: Prosveta. Centralna TehniSka Knjiinica (1969). Vodnik po knji&n’ci. Ljubljana: Univerze v

Ljubljani. DobraEa, Kasim (1963). Katalog Arapskih, Turskih i Perzrjskih Rukopisa. Sarajevo:

Starjeginstvo Islamske Vjerske Zajednice za SR Bosun i Hercegovinu. (Gazi Husrev- Begova Biblioteka u Sarajevu.)

DruStvo bibliotekara Crne Gore (1965). Problemi bibliotekarstva u Cronj Gori. Cetinje: IzdavaEko-itamparsko poduzece “Obod,“.

DruStvo bibliotekara Hrvatske (1968). Biblioteke u Hrvatskoj. Zagreb: DBH. Fancev, Franjo (1925). Kr. sveuEiliSna knijisnica u Zagrebu. In: SvezoTiliJte Kraljeuine

Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca u zagrebu. 1874-1924 (BosaniC, Dragutin, ed.). Zagreb: Tisak zaklade tiskare Narodnih novina.

Gal& Pavao (1969). Povijest zadarskih knji2nica. Zagreb: DruStvo bibliotekara Hrvat- ske.

Zstorija biblioteka u Bosni i Hercegovini. Od PoEetka do danas. (1956). Sarajevo : IzdavaEko preduzde “Veselin MasleSa”, 1960.

Jakac, Biserka (1964). Sver&Una biblioteka u zagrebu. Zagreb: DBH. Jal&iE, Ljubomir DurkoviE (1963). Zstorija Srpskih biblioteka, 1801-1850. Beograd :

Zavod za izdavanje udZbenika Socijalisticke Republike Srbije. Jugoslovenski Centar za TehniEku i NauEnu Dokumentaciju. Jugoslovenski Institut za

Novinarstvo ( 1969). Bibliotetka Dokumentaciona i Informaciona Delatnost, Jute, Danas, i Sutra. Beograd.

Justijanovic, Nikola et al. (1962). Biblioteke u Jugoslaviji. Beograd: Savez dructava bibliotekara Jugoslavije.

KiEovid, Miras (1960). Zstorija Jvarodne biblioteke u Beogradu. Beograd : Narodna biblioteka.

Kolarcev Narodni Univerzitet (1969). Struc%i #riruEnik za bibliotekare: Predavanja sa kursa za bibliotekare na Kolartevom narodnom univern’tetu 1968. godine. Beograd : NauEno delo.

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KukuljeviC, Ivan (1967). Jugoslavenska knjiznica. Zagreb. LisiEiC, Boiana i Marija ZivkoviC (1966). Rad u narodnim bibliotekama : Priruhik za II

razred Bibliotekarske jkole. Beograd : Zavod za izdavanje udibenika Sot. Republike Srbije.

Markovid, Radoslav (1968). Univerzitetska biblioteka u Beogradu (1921-1945). Beograd : Zavod za izdavanje udzbenika Socijalistirke Republike Srvije.

Matica Srpska (1964). Biblioteka Matice Srpske. Novi Sad : BuduCnost. MoroviC, Hrvoje (1971). Povijest biblioteka u gradu Splitu. Zagreb: DruStvo bibliotekara

Hrvatske. (Vol. I.) Narodna biblioteka S. R. Srbije (1971). PI an razvoja Narodne biblioteke za period 1971-

1975. godine. Beograd: Narodna biblioteka S. R. Srbije. .Narodna biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine (1965). Sarajevo: Oslobodjenje. Narodna biblioteka S. R. Srbije (1970). Biblioteke u S. R. Srbiji. Beograd : Prosveta. .Narodna biblioteka 6. a@1973 (1973). Beograd: Narodna biblioteka S. R. Srbije. Ortner, S. (1904). HrvatskepuEke kr@zice. Zagreb. PejanoviC, Djordje (1960). Istorija biblioteka u Bosni i Hercegovini. Sarajevo: Veselin

MasleSa. PejanoviC, Djordje (1952). &mparije u Bosni i Hercegovini. Sarajevo: Svjetlost. PopoviC, Aleksandar (1964). Priruhik iz istorije biblioteka. Beograd: Zavod za izdavanje

udibenika SocijelistiEke Republike Srbije. Potrebica, Filip (1976). Pouijest Knjihica Poze.fke Hotline. Zagreb: Hrvatsko biblio-

tekarsko dru.%vo. PetroviC, Stevo (19 13). Hruatska KS. SveuEiliSna biblioteka. Zagreb : Tisak Kr. Zemaljske

tiskare. RojniC, Matko (1964). Stanje biblioteka u Hrvatskoj, Zagreb: Simpozij o organizaciji

znanstvenog rada u Hrvatskoj. RojniC, Matko (1969). “Nacionalnai sveuEiliSnai biblioteka.” In : Spomenica upovodu 300.

godihjice SveuGiliSta u zagrebu. (Pp. 573-623.) Zagreb. RojniC, Matko (1974). Nacionalnai sveutiliha biblioteka. Zagreb: Hrvatsko bibliote-

karsko drugtvo. Turkovid, V. (1968). zadaci Skolske knji2’nice i njene organizacije. Zagreb: Zavod za

unapredjivanje osnovnog obrazovanja SR Hrvatske.

PROCEEDINGS of the Savez dmftava bibliatekaraJugoslavije (Union of Association of Librarians in Yugoslavia) contain state-of-the-art reports on the conditions and trends in the country :

Prvi kongres bibliotekara F.N.R. Jugoslavije Ljubljana, 1949. Drugi kongress bibliotekara F.N.R. Jugoslavije Maribor, 1953. Treti kongress bibliotekara Jugoslavije Zadar, 1956.

iSetvrti kongres bibliotekara Jugoslavije Beograd, 1959. Peti kongres bibliotekaraJugoslavije Sarajevo, 1963. Jesti kongres bibliotekara Jugoslavije (Prva skupgtina Saveza drdtava bibliotekara

Jugoslavije) Budva, 1965. Druga sku@tina bibliotekara Jugoslavije Ohrid, 1967. Treba skupStina bibliotekara Jugoslavije Pula, 1969.

Cktvrta skupStina bibliotekara Jugoslavije Bled, 197 1. Peta skupStina bibliotekara Jugoslavije Beograd, 1973.

Articles on libraries and librarianship in Yugoslavia appear in the library journals of the national associations and as such usually contain


the most up-to-date information on the activities and changes in libraries of all types :

BadaliC, Josip (1950). Povodom preuredjenja KnjiZnice Jugoslavenske Akademije u Zagrebu. VjGsnik bibliotekara Hruatske 1, broj 1-3, 119-26.

Badalic, Josip (1935). Za sanaciju nageg bibliotekarstva. Javnost 1, broj 11,255-7. BaSoviC, Ljubinka (1973). “Stanje naucnih biblioteka u Bosni i Hercegovini 1971.

godine.” Bibliotekarstvo 18, broj 2-3,2 l-33. BeriC, Dugan (1950). Gradska biblioteka u Splitu. Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 1, broj

l-3,140-6. Blaca, Adem (1961). DruHtveno upravljanje u bibliotekama i veza biblioteka sa

druStvenim organizacijama. Bibliotekar 13, broj l-3,26-38. Blaiekovie, Tatjana (1954). NauEna biblioteka na Rijeci. Vjesnik bibliotekaru Hrvatske 3,

broj l-4,1-15. Budimirovic, Dugan (1931). Rezultati rada kongresa DruStva jugoslovenskih biblio-

tekara u Zagrebu. Vrtme 11, broj 3564,4. Budimirovic, D&an (1931). Prvi kongres Jugoslovenskih bibliotekara u Zagrebu.

Trgovinskiglasnik 41, broj 273,2. CrvEanin, Milica (1973). Bibliotekarski Easopisi Jugoslavije (19481971). Bibliote-

karstvo 19, broj 3, 17-39. Dursum, Rajko (1970). Planiranje rada i ostvarenje dohotka u bibliotekama. Biblio-

tekarstvo 16, broj 3,55-66. Glumac, Ljubica (1971). Stanje i perspektivni razvoj bibliotekarstva u Bosni i

Hercegovini. Bibliotekarstvo 17, broj 3-4, 11 l-2 1. GrgiC, Smilja (1962). Narodne knjiinice grada Zagreb. Vjesnik bibliotekaru Hrvatske 8,

broj l-2,35-47. Ivanusic, Milutin (1967). Novi zakoni o bibliotekama u Jugoslaviji. Vjesnik biblio-

tekara Hrvatske 13, broj l-2,23-41. Kalendar, Fahrudin (1969). Stanje bibliotekarstva u Hercegovini. Bibliotekarstvo 15,

broj 3-4,955104. Kalendar, Fahrudin (197 1). Od Eega pocinjemo. Bibliotekarstvo 17, broj 2, 17-24. Kalendar, Fahrudin (1969). NauEne i strucne biblioteke u Bosni i Hercegovini.

Bibliotekarstvo 15, broj 3-4, 114-32. KesterEanek, Frano (1951). Naucna biblioteka u Dubrovniku. vjesnik bibliotekara

Hrvatske 2, broj l--4,32-40. KitaroviC, Ante (1954). Postanak i razvoj Gradske knjiinice u Zadru. Vjesnik biblio-

tekara Hrvatske 3, broj l-4,59-63. Kitarovic, Ante (1951). Uloga knjiinicara u narodnim knjiinicama. Vjesnik biblio-

tekara Hrvatske 2, broj l-4,97-100. Kui-era, Elza (1951). Bibliotekarsko spominjanje. Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvutske 2, broj

l-4,19-31. La&, K. B. (1963). Bibliografska gradja o bibliotekarstvu u Srbiji od 1868 do 1944

godine. Bibliotekar 15, broj 4,285-312. Les Services Bibliographiques. &at actuel et possibilites d’amerlioration: Yougoslavie.

Rev. of Dot. 17, no. 1 (September, 1950) : 116-23. Marinkovic, P. (1900-l). Narodna biblioteka. Prosvetu 1, broj 12,89-90. MaStroviC, Vjekoslav (1951). Pravna forma opstojnosti puckih knjiinica. Vjesnik biblio-

tekara Hrvatske 2, broj l-4,92-6. MaStrovid, Vjekoslav (1960). PuEke knjiinice na Zadarskom podrucju. vesnik biblio-

tekara Hrvatske 6, broj 3-4.

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MaStroviC, Vjekoslav (1950). Razvoj Naucne biblioteke u Zadru 1850-1950. Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 1, broj 1, 127-39.

MaStroviC, Vjekoslav (1958-g). SluibeniEki status u bibliotekarskoj struci. Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 5, broj 1-4, 51-8.

Matijanovic, Slava (1970). Problemi strdnih i nauEnih biblioteka. Bibliotekarstvo 16, broj 4,89-102.

MeSiEek, Majda (1962). Prilog prouCavanju naHih biblitekarskih Easopisa. vesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 8, broj 3-4, 145-53.

MiliCeviC, Nada (1974). Povodom 200-godiSnjice Narodne in universitetne knjiinice u Ljubljani. Bibliotekarstvo 20,3-g.

MiSevska, Ljubica (1969). Biblioteke u Makedoniji od oslobodjenja do danas. Biblio- tekarstvo 15, broj l-2,27-34.

MoskovljeviC,M. S. (1929). Pitanje centralne i javne biblioteke u Beogradu. Novosti 9,4. OreSkovid, Marko (1950). Reorganizacija i problematika Gradske knjiiniceu Zagrebu.

Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 1, broj 4,270-74. Piletic, I. A. (1943). OxnivaEi i priloinici Narodne biblioteke iz 1832 g. Srfxki narod 6,

broj9, 11. Posinkovic, A. (1924). DubrovaEke biblioteke. DubrovaCki list 17-18. Pivec-Stele, M. (1949-50). Bibliotekarstvo Slovenije. Savez drdtava F.N.R. Jugo-

slavije. Ljubljana, (1949) Prvi kongres bibliotekara FA.R. Jugoslavije. Ljubljana, 1949; Beograd, 1950 : I 19-30.

Prodanovic, Milica (195 1). DvadesetpetgodiHnjica univerzitetske biblioteke “Svetozar Markovic” u Beogradu. Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 2,42-7.

Prva biblioteka osnovana je u Beogradu pre viHe of 200 godina (1943). Obnova 3, br 627,7.

Prvi ienski knjiiniEar u naHoj driavi (1936). Jutarnji list 19, sec. 2 i 3,2 1. Radovanovic, Vilma (1950). Razvoj narodnih knjiinica u N.R.H. vjesnik bibliotekara

Hrvatske 1, broj l-3,68-76. Rojnic, Matko (1955-57). Bibliotekarstvo i Nauka. Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 4, broj

l-4,37-74. Rojnic, Matko (1958-59). 0 desetoj godiSnjici DruStva bibliotekara Hrvatske. vesnik

bibliotekara Hrvatske 5, broj 1-4, l-8. StipEeviC, Aleksandar (1968). DruBtvo bibliotekara Hrvatske (19481968). vjesnik

bibliotekara Hrvatske 14, 3-4,201-g. Strohal, R. (1912). Nekoliko rijeEi o srednjebkolskim knjiinicama. .Nastavni vjestnik,

123-7. Verona, Eva (1955-7). Prinosi povijesti SveuEiliSne knjiinice u Zagrebu i njena

uredjenja (1773-1814). Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske4, broj 1-4, l-36. VukoviC, ViSnja (1950-57). Pedeset godina rada Gradske knjiinice u Zagrebu.

Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 4, broj l-4,75-8 1. ZahiroviC, Zumreta (1969). DruHtvo bibliotekara Bosne i Hercegovine (1949-69).

Bibliotekarstvo 5, broj 3-4, 79-87.

EDUCATION FOR LIBRARIANSHIP

Library education in Yugoslavia, although of recent origins, has been inffuenced by a historical and cultural tradition centuries old and its development has occurred in five clearly defined stages :

(1) from the initial period up to 1945-the period representing the


apprentice stage, where in-service training constituted the only form of library training;

(2) the technical or transitional period covering the years from 1945 to 1948 during which period library personnel acquired the most essential skill through comparatively short-term courses-the period in which in-service training was supplemented by organized professional training in the basics of librarianship ;

(3) the period which begins in 1948 with the founding of Srednja bibliotekarska Ma (Secondary School for Librarianship) in Beograd marking the beginnings of library education on a continuing basis;

(4) a new era in formal education for librarianship in Yugoslavia with the establishment in 1961 of the post-graduate (third level of higher education) university program-Center for Post-graduate Study of Librarianship, Documentation and Information Science (CSBDIZ) -in Zagreb;

(5) the most recent development-the founding in 1972 of the Depart- ment for Literature, Theatre, Dramatics and Librarianship-a second level of higher education program integrating study in library science with university studies in theatre, drama and literature.

During the author’s research of the historical evolution and the present state of education for librarianship in Yugoslavia it was found that (1) professional consciousness and bibliographical activity, both of some intensity and importance, have existed since the early 1800’s on the territory of present-day Yugoslavia and (2) although legal acts, regulating library appointments through rigorous state professional (civil service) examinations, were issued in pre-war Yugoslavia (in 1928, 1929 and 1931) no form of formal or informal training for the library profession existed until 1946.

In September 1946, the first training program in Yugoslavia-a two- semester professional course was organized in the University and National Library in Zagreb. Similar programs were organized soon after at the other university, national and major public libraries throughout the country. Although these courses provided some syste- matic instruction as preparation for the professional examinations, which became required for library employment on all levels in the immediate post-war years, they were by no means an adequate substitute for regularly organized library education on any level. In 1948, the question of training for the library assistant was partially, or rather locally, solved with the establishment of the Secondary Library School in Beograd. (For positions in libraries in Yugoslavia, see Appendix III.) A similar secondary library school was established in Prigtina (Province of Kosovo) in 1967. It was not, however, until the nineteen sixties that

342 K. CVELJO

developments in library education on a higher level took place. Two- year programs were organized within the teacher-training schools on the first level of higher education in Sarajevo ( 196 I-9)) Ljubljana ( 1964- ) and Rijeka (1967- ). These programs were intended to provide training for the Senior Library Assistant for school and public libraries. It was also within this period that the post-graduate (third level of higher education) university training at the University of Zagreb-Center for Post-graduate Study of Librarianship, Documentation and Information Science- was organized in 1961 within the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics to offer training for the advanced Magister (Master) and Specialist degrees. This program can be compared to the sixth year library science certificate programs in the United States and the two- year library science degree programs in the United States and Canada.

The most recent developments in library education in Yugoslavia include :

(1) another library science degree program organized at the first level of higher education within the Higher Pedagogic School in PriStina;

(2) a traditional university degree program in the University of Sarajevo, integrating study in library science with university studies for theatre, drama and literature;

(3) a post-graduate (third level of higher education) university program in the University of Beograd.

Plans are also made for the founding of second level of higher education library science degree programs in universities in Zagreb and Novi Sad and first level of higher education programs in Sremska Mitrovica and Novi Sad. (An Outline of present-day library science degree programs and programs in process of development is given in Appendix I.)

Conclusions that were drawn as a result of the author’s research in the writing of the previously mentioned dissertation can be summarized as follows :

(1) in Yugoslavia, as in the other European countries, education and other similar public institutions are state controlled;

(2) employment in general, including positions in libraries, is regulated by civil service appointments through a system of professional examinations required for all government positions;

(3) these examinations have greatly influenced the development of libraries and the training and education of library personnel;

(4) as the situation stands today (a) there is a great diversity in the form and level of development of library training in the various parts of the country, caused by the differences in the economic, educational and cultural development in these regions, (b) some


parts of the country not only suffer in the adequacy of formal library education but also in a complete lack of any kind of library education, formal or informal, (c) in other regions, on the other hand, there are not only a greater number of formal library schools, but also programs sophisticated enough to be compared to programs in the United States as, for example, the program in the University of Zagreb-the post-graduate study developed on an interdisciplinary basis, (d) the need for more programs of library education on all levels seems fairly obvious in view of the critical shortage of personnel in the field, and (e) correlative to these problems is that of establishing the type of library training best suited to meet the needs of libraries in the various parts of the country.

To make the programs of library education in Yugoslavia more effective, however, there are certain pressing requirements. The critical lack of library science teaching texts should be seriously considered. Enrolling more regular students at the Center for Post-graduate Study for Librarianship, Documentation and Information Science in the University of Zagreb. Another critical need is the library science faculty. Identifying and recruiting competent full-time faculty and competing with other disciplines for Ph.D. candidates-a major problem in library education programs,-should be also seriously considered. These are only a few among many problems to be solved.

Professional preparation for library personnel in Yugoslavia has been delineated by Eva Verona in her article: Der jugoslawische Bibliothekar, seine Berufsbilding und Stellung, Libri 4 (1953), 14-25, describing the historical development of library education in the six present-day republics of Yugoslavia up until 1952. Verona focused her discussion primarily on the main milestones in the post-World War II period: the first legal regulations enacted in 2 March 1949 and 22 March 1952. As pointed out by Verona, the specific requirements include a university degree for the senior personnel, librarians, and a secondary school diploma for the middle-level personnel, library assistants. For both types of library personnel, additional requirements include a two-year in-service library experience and the passing of the civil service examination-a requirement for all professional positions since 1949. These requirements remain the same to this day for library personnel throughout the country. (For a classification and qualifications for library personnel, see Appendix III.)

Information on the historical development and the present state of library education in Yugoslavia can be further traced through discussions in the following writings :

344 K. CVELJO

BaSoviC, Ljubinka (1973). Na poEetku rada. Bibliotekarstvo 19 broj 3, W-7. BaSoviC, Ljubinka (1974). Prilog proutavanju problematike nastavnog plana i pro-

gram studija iz oblasti bibliotekarstva. Bibliotekarstvo 20, broj 1,23-33. Blaiekovic, Tatjana (1965). Kolegij bibliotekarstva na PcdagoSkoj akademiji u Rijeci.

JQesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 11, broj l-2,67-8. Blaiekovic, Tatjana (1968). Prikaz Skolovanja knjiini-tarskog kadra na Pedagoskoj

akademiji u Rijeci. Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 14, broj 3-4,280-84. Cveljo, Katherine (1972). Obrazovanje bibliotekara, dokumentalista i strucnjaka za

informacije na postdiplomskom studiju u Jugoslaviji. Informatologia Yugoslavica 4, broj l-4,35-87. (In Croatian and English.)

Despotovic, Branko (1973). Mutni oblaci nad bibliotekarskom Skolom. JVZN (Nedeljne informativne novine), broj 1166,5.

Djukin, Mladen (1952). Srednja bibliotekarska gkola u Beogradu. Bibliotekar 4, broj l-2,52-61.

Han%, Branko (1971). Yugoslavia: Library Education in Yugolsavia. International Library Review 3, 113-20.

Hrvatsko Bibliotekarsko DruStvo (1975). Pravilnik i Program strutizih ispita. Zagreb: HBD, 1975.

Jovanovic, Ljubinka (1949). Srednja bibliotekarska Hkola: Na pragu druge godine rada. Bibliotekar 1, broj 4,447-g.

MikaEiC, Mira (1970). 0 obrazovanju radnika u bibliotekarskoj struci u Hrvatskoj. Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 16, broj 3-4, 103-15.

Narodna biblioteka S. R. Srbije (1974). Plan iprogram. Beograd: N.B. S. R. Srbije. RojniC, Matko (1958). Skolovanje i struEno obrazovanje bibliotekara. Bilten Bosne i

Hercegovine 4, 10-20. VidoviC, Drago (1969). Standardne profesije u bibliotekarstvu i njihovo formiranje.

Bibliotekar 21, broj 1,62.

Articles on library education in Yugoslavia submitted for publication by the author include :

Education and Professional Training for Librarianship In Yugoslavia: An Historical Overview. A Recent Development in Library Education in Yugoslavia: The Inter-departmental library

Science Degree Program in University of Sarajevo (1972- ) . Post-graduate Education for Librarianship, Documentation and Information Sciences in Tiigo-

slavia (University of Zagreb, 1961- ). Development and Present State.

In addition to the above sources of information on the subject discussed in this document, the library journals of the national associations, that include reports on a regular basis on the examinations for library employment and their dates and numerous articles on library training programs and the conditions in libraries throughout the country, include :

Bibliotekar. Beograd, Drugtvo bibliotekara, 1948 . Bibliotekarstvo. Sarajevo, DruStvo bibliotekara Bosne i Hercegovine, 1960- . KnjiZnica. Ljubljana, Drtitvo bibliotekara Slovenije, 1957- . Savremena biblioteka. Novi Sad, Zajednica biblioteka Vojvodine, 1969 . vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske. Zagreb, Drugtvo bibliotekara Hrvatske, 1950- . zajednica biblioteka. Beograd, Zajednica matiEnih biblioteka Srbije, 1970- .


Other references, that may be found useful by readers interested in the subject area of library education in Yugoslavia, include :

BadaliC, Josip ( 1943). Za n&e narodno knjiZniEarstvo : U povodu oglaSenoga struEnog t&aja za voditelje seoskih knjiinica u priredbi Ministrarstva narodne prosvjete u Zagrebu. Prosujetni &vot 2, broj 9-l 1,97-106.

BoSnjak, Mladen (1960). 0 studiju bibliotekara. Suet&l&i vjesuik. 6, broj l-4,3 l-5. Briet, Suzanne (1950). Enqtiete SW la formation professionelle bibliothecaires et des docu-

mentalistes. RapportJinal . . . a&1950. Paris : UNESCO. Bromberg, Erik (1965). Education for experts in information: Yugoslavia. Special

Libraries 56,583-5. Cowley, John D. (1937). The development of professional training for Librarianship

in Europe. Library Quarterb 7, 169-95. Federation internationale des Associations de bibliothecaires (1966). Commission de

la Formation professionnelle. La formation professionelle des bibliothecaires en Europe. Rapport etabli par la Commission , . . janvier 1966. Libri 15,282-311.

GaSparoviC, Zlatko (1962). Problem Skolovanja bibliotekarskih kadrova. Bibliotekarstvo 8, broj 1, l-10.

HadiimuSiC, Fahira (1971). StruEni ispiti bibliotetkih radnika od 1965-1970. godine. Bibliotekarstvo 17, broj 2, 108-13.

HadiimuSiC, Fahira (1973). Strucni ispiti biblioteckih radnika od 1970-1973. godine. Bibliotekarstvo 19, broj 3, 101-4.

Henriot, Gabriel (1929). La Formation professionnelle des bibliothtcaires. Revue des Bibliotheques 39, l-34.

Henriot Gabriel (1930). Rapport de la sours-commission d’ecoles professionalles. Projet d’un Institut international des bibliothecaires. ComitP international des Bibliotheques. Actes .3esession. Stockholm. 20-l Aout 1930.

Historijat Centra za post-diplomski studij iz bibliotekarstva, dokumentacije i informacionih znanosti. Informatologia Yugoslavica, Se@. speec. 4 (1974). 125-6.

Institut international de la Cooperation intellectuelle. Role etformation du bibliothecaire. Paris, 1935.

Kovacs, Mate (1964). The training of librarians in the Socialist countries of Europe. lJ.NESCO Bulletin 28, 13-18.

Krauss, David H. (1968). ScientiJic and Technical Documentation and Information in Yugoslavia : Final Report. Atlanta: School of Information Science, Institute of

Technology. MiSiC, Jelka (1962). Problemi strucnih kadrova u bibliotekama i njihovo nagradji-

vanje-Sa Savjetovanja o bibliotekama na Jadranu. Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske 8, broj l-2,2 l-6.

MiSiC, Smilja (1948). Prvi tromjesecni kurs za beogradske bibliotekare. Bibliotekar 1, broj 1,52-5.

Piquard, M. (1967). Training of Librarians in Europe. UNESCO Bulletin 21, 31 I- 17.

Pitovic, Vladimir. Predlog za osposobljenje bibliotekarskih kadrova. Bibliotekar 1, broj I, 43-5.

Postdiplomske studije (1971). Univerzitet danas, broj g-10,3 l-4. Progireni program za polaganje dr%avnih strufnih ispita iz bibliotekarske struke sa

literaturom. (1963) Bibliotekar 15, broj 1,5588. SiSkoviC, Julija (1948). Srednja bibliotekarska Hkola u Beogradu. Bibliotekar 1, broj 1,

50-l.

346 K. CVELJO

SiSkoviC, Julija (1961). Deset generacija bibliotekarske Skole u Beogradu. Bibliotekar 13, broj 4,345-g.

StajiC, Mara (1959). Stanje i problem kadrova u narodnim knjiinicama u Srbiji. Bibliotekar 11,150-69.

APPENDIX I

Library Science Degree Programs

Program Date Location Degree

Bibliotekarsko-knjiZarska &la “Iv0 Andric”

(Library and Booktrade School “Iv0 AndriC”) formerly : Bibliotekarska Skola i knjitarski odrek formerly: Srednja bibliotekarska Jkola

Grupa za bibliotekarstvo (Section for Librarianship)

within : ViJa pedago Jka Skola (Higher Pedagogic School)

Centar za studij bibliotekarstva, doh-umentacije i informacionih znanosti (Center for Study of Librarianship, Documentation and Information Science)

within : University in Zagreb

Skupina za knji,?%aiZarstvo in knjigotrStvo (Section for Librarianship and Booktrade)

within: PedagoJka akademija

Kolegij za bibliotekarstvo (Section for Librarianship)

within : PedagoJka akadrmija (Pedagogic Academy)

Bibliotekarska Jkola (Secondary Library School)

Programs in process of development : Grupa za bibliotekarstvo (Section for Librarianship)

within : ViJa pedago fka Jkola (Higher Pedagogic School)

1948- Beograd (Republic of Serbia)

196 l-9 Sarajevo (Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)

1961- Zagreb (Republic of Croatia)

1963- Ljubljana Diploma (First (Republic of level of higher Slovenia) edcuation)

1965- Rijeka (Republic of Croatia)

1967- Prirtina (Province of Kosovo)

1972- PriJtina (Province of Kosovo)

Secondary School Certificate

Diploma (First Level of higher education)

Third-level of higher education :

Magister (Master)

speciQ1ist

Diploma (First Level of higher education)

Secondary school certificate

Diploma (First level of higher education)


Program Date Location Degree

Grupa za bibliotekarstvo 1972- (Section for Librarianship)

within : Odsjk za o@u knji&vnost, scenske umjetnosti i bibliotekarstvo (Department ofGenera Literature, Theatre and Drama and Librarianship) University in Sarajevo

Post-diplomski studij it bibliotekarstva (Post-graduate Studies in Library Science)

within : University in Beograd

Recent plans for library degree programs include : Sectionsfor Librarianship

within : Teacher-training institutions

Departmentfor Library Science within : University in Zagreb University of in Novi Sad

(Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Beograd (Republic of Serbia)

Sremska MitroviGa Nom Sad (Province of Vojvodina) Zagreb (Republic of Croatia) .Noui Sad (Province of Vojvodina)

Diploma (Second level of higher education)

Third level of higher education :

Magi-s& (Master) Specialist

Diploma (First level of higher education)

Diploma (Second level ofhigher education) Diploma (Second level of higher education)

APPENDIX II Education in Yugoslavia

Elementary Osmogodihja lkola or osmoljetka

An “eight-year school”, which follows a basic program composed of: (1) art, (2) a foreign language, (3) the language of instruction, (4) mathematics, (5) music, (6) physical education, (7) science (biology, chemistry, and physics), (8) social studies (geography, history and knowledge of nature and society).

Secondary Sreahje Skole

Secondary schools are composed of: (1) gz%anuzije (gymnaziums), which offer general academic education, (2) various vocational schools-technical, (3) other vocational schools, (4) schools for skilled workers, (5) art schools, and (6) teacher training schools.

Vocational schools include : ( 1) administrativna Skola (school of administration), (2) bahtska Skola (ballet school), (3) bibliotekarska Jkola (school for library personnel), (4) ekonomska Jkola (school of economics), (5) hidrometeoroloJka &!a (hydrometeoro- logical school), (6) industrzjska Skola (industrial school), (7) medicinska Jkola (medical

348 K. CVELJO

school), (8) muziZka Skola (music school), (10) saobratajna Skola (school for transporta- tion technicians), and a number of other schools in a variety of fields offering training at the technician level for these professions.

Gimnatije (Gymnasiums) The primary purpose of the gymnasium is to prepare students for university

studies. After a student has completed the four-year program of studies and has passed final oral and written examinations, he receives the secondary school leaving certificate-sujedofba o ispitu zrelosti (certificate of maturity), which qualifies him to enroll in a university faculty or other higher education institution. Technical and other vocational schools

Offering training primarily in a particular field; also provides some general education and practical training. After a student has completed his four-year program and has passed oral and written examinations, he receives a diploma and the title: Tehnitar ((Technician) in his particular field. This diploma entitles him to enroll in a “high” school or other appropriate institution of higher education.

Higher education Universityfaculties

A university is composed of faculties and the university’s task is to co-ordinate their affairs and deal with matters of common interest to all.

Universities in Yugoslavia: Beograd, Ljubljana, NiS, Novi Sad, Sarajevo, Skopje and Zagreb. Three levels of studies

The 1960 General Law on Faculties and Universities introduced a new concept dividing university education into three levels : (1) a two-year program comparable to American junior college; when a student has

completed the two-year first level program, he receives a diploma (diploma o tavrJenom studiju prvog stupnja) and, depending upon the area in which he has specialized, a title such as Ekonomista (Economist) or In&njer (Engineer). The degree is terminal qualifying the graduate for work in a specialized field or he may enter university studies at the second level of higher education.

(2) The traditional four-year university study; when a student has completed the four years (eight semesters) and has passed the diploma examinations (diplomski ispit) and in some instances a diplomski rad (diploma paper) ; he receives the title: Diplomed Economist, Engineer, Architect, etc.

(3) A graduate program; the usual basic requirement for admission to the third level of one or two years is a diploma showing that the applicant has completed second level studies. The main objective of the third level program is to (a) to familiarize the student with methods of scientific work and (b) to enable him to deepen his theoretical knowledge ofhis profession and to increase his practical skill in it. To receive a diploma on this level, the student must complete a research project, pass an oral examination, and defend a thesis. He receives a diploma and an academic title : Magister (Master) or S’ecijalista (Specialist).

Doctor of science In general, the Doctor of Science may be awarded to a student who has completed second or third level studies and has written an original scientific dissertation, passed an oral examination in the discipline or disciplines related to the dissertation subject, and publicly defended the dissertation.


Source: U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Office of Education. Institute of International Studies (1970). The Educational System of Yugoslavia, pp. 2-6. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office.

APPENDIX III

Class$cation and qualijications for the professional and scholarly positions found in libraries in Yugoslavia

(Based on various library regulations and verified by competent specialists in Yugoslavia)’

Level Position Stupanj Status

Rank Radno Mjesto

Qualifications Uvjeti

Lower Professional .Ni,fi StruEni

Middle Professional Srednji Struhai

Higher Professional Vi5i Struhi

Higher Professional Librarian Vi& Struhi Bibliotekar

Technical assistant Bibliotetni manipulant Library Assistant Knji&iChr

Senior Library Assistant ViJi knji.ZniEar

Elementary school education (eight years) ; Practical experience of at least two years (or less in some republics) ; Certification: professional civil service examination. The secondary level library school “Srednja bibliotekarska gkola” in Beograd or Pristina; or A secondary school (gymnasium) or a technical secondary school; Practical professional experience of at least two years (or less in some republics) ; Knowl- edge of at least one foreign language; Certification: professional civil service examination. The two-year library programs in the teacher-training institutions (first level of higher education) in Ljubljana and Rijeka; or A two-year (first level of higher education) program in a field; Practical professional experience of at least two years (or less in some republics) ; Knowledge of at least one foreign language; Certification: professional civil service examination. A four year (second level university) degree in a field; Professional experience of at least two years (or less in some republics) ; Knowledge of at least two foreign languages ; Certification : professional civil service examination.

350

Level Position Stupanj Status

K. CVELJO

Rank Qualifications Radno Uvjeti Mjesto

Senior Librarian Vi& bibliotekar

Senior Librarian ViJi bibliotekar

For the Master and Specialist degrees : Master Magi&r Specialist SpeGijalista

Higher Scholarly

Professional Assistant2 Strutni suradnik Professional Counsellor2 Strfhi savetnik Senior Professional Associates Visji strokovni

sodelavec Scholarly Assistants NauZni suradnik Senior Scholarly Associate2 Visi nauhzi

suradnik Scholarly Counsellor2 Nauhi savjetnik

A four year (second level) university degree in a field ; Significant published professional work contributing to the advancement of the field ; Practical professional experience of at least twelve years; Established ability for independent professional activity; or Demonstrated ability to conduct professional research projects; Certification : professional civil service examination.

Post-graduate (third level) university degree in CSBDIZ. Post-graduate (third level) university degree in CSBDIZ (with emphasis on practical work experience. In NR Serbia in the Narodna biblioteka in Beograd; appointments for outstanding professional work.

In N. R. Slovenia (only) position equal to that of the Senior Librarian.

Ph.D. Degree in a discipline. Scholarly published work.

Ph.D. Degree in a discipline. Significant scholarly published work.

Ph.D. Degree in a discipline; Outstanding scholarly published work.

1 Certain positions are not equally represented in all republics. s Appointments by Councils of Scientific Societies, the University or the National Library

in the respective republic.

libraries and education for librarianship in yugoslavia: a bibliographic overview

Documents