Lexion Nr 7 Martesa net e drejten nderkombetare private

Martesa eshte nje marredhenie kontraktore e vecante nga ku si rezultat I celebrimit lindin nje numer pasojash juridike ne fushen personale dhe pasurore te dy personave pjesmarres ne te.

Legjislacione te ndryshme gjat shek 19 dhe 20 I rregullonin marredheniet e ndryshme familiare ne baze te ligjit te shtetesise se personi – nga ku nenkuptohej se marredheniet e lidhura me martesen do ti nenshtroheshin ligjit te shtetesise se perbashket te paleve

Mosrespektimi I premtimit per te lidhur nje martese do te rregullohet ne baze te ligjit rregullues te marteses qe do tem und te lidhej midis tyre.

Legjislacini familiar shqiptar nuk e njeh institutin e fejeses – pasi ky veprim nuk sjell asnje pasoje juridike te parashikuar per mosrespektimin e premtimit per martese (e cila korrespodon te jete fejesa).

Tre aspekte te vecanta lidhur me martesen do te trajtohen

1. Zotesia per t’u martuar dhe kerkesat ne lidhje me permbajtjen e marteses

2. Forma e Marteses

3. Marredheniet personale dhe pasurore midis bashkeshorteve

Zotesia e paleve per te bere martese rregullohen ne baze te ligjit te shtetesise se personave qe do te celebrojne nje martese

Forma e Marteses I nenshtrohet ligjit te vendit ku behen veprimtarite (lex loci actus).

Shtetasit shqiptare qe martohen jashte shtetit duhet te regjistrohen ne regjistrat e gjendjes civile te vendit ku ata kane banesen e perbashket – Regjistrimi ka rendesine se provon martesen e tyre – pra eshte momenti I regjisrimit I cili I jep jete marteses se re dhe pikerisht per kete I jepet nje rendesi e madhe nga te gjithe legjislatoret e shteteve

Celebrimet e martesave midis shtetasve te huaj ne shqiperi apo shtetasit shquptar jashte shtetit kerkohet te behet regjistrimi I tyre ne regjistrat e zyrave te gjendjes civile ne shqiperi.

Zotesia dhe kerkesat lidhur me permbajtjen e marteses

Ligji 3920 1964 tregon se per lidhjen e marteses zbatohen kushtet e parashikuara ne legjislacionin e secilit nga bashkeshortet e ardhshem – pra ligji shqiptar I jep prioritet

kriterit kriterit personal ne percaktimin e kushteve per te lidhur martese- pra ne baze te shtetesise

Rregullimi I zotesise per te lidhur martese dhe kerkesat per permbajtjen e saj I nenshtrohen ligjit te shtetesise se personave te cilet jane ne procesin e celebrimit eshte nje kriter I aplikuar nga shume vende France, Zvicer, Gjermani, dhe vendet e Amerikes Latine.

Ne vendet e Common Law te gjitha elementet qe lidhen me martesen perfshire edhe zotesine per tu martuar I nenshtrohen ligjit te vendit ne te cilin eshte celebruar martesa (lex loci actus) apo lex loci celebrationis

Ky parim eshte mbajtur nga sistemi ligjor amerikan por eshte braktisur nga sistemi ligjor Anglez nga ku vendbanimi I paleve filloi te merrei si kriter (ligji personal).

Ligji shqiptar si edhe vendet e tjera te sistemit ligjor civil aplikon shtetesine apo vendbanimin e paleve qe deshirojne te celebrojne martesen.

Neni 5 1 ligjit 3920- Nese personat kane shtetesi te ndryshme ateher zotesia dhe kerkesat per permbajtjen e marteses duhet te vleresohen ne menyre te vecuar ne baze te ligjit te secilit nga personat.

Nje zgjidhje tjeter eshte ajo qe aplikohet nga disa legislacione nga ku aplikohet ligji I shtetesise se burrit – duke aplikuar kete ligj per rregullimin kerkesat e permbajtjes se marteses si dhe zotesine per te lidhur martese

Por rregulli I pergjithshem ashte aplikimi I ligjit te shtetesise repsektive te paleve.

Kur ka perplasje te te dy ligjeve respective te paleve ateher do ten a vij ne ndihme Lex Loci Celebrationis – si ligji me lidhjen me te ngushte

Mungesa e gjendjes se lire te personit

Neni 9 I kodit te Families parashikon se nuk mund te lidhe martese te re nje person qe rezulton ligjerisht I martuar derisa martesa e meparshme te jete shpallur e pavlefshme ose te jete zgjidhur.

Gjendja e lire e personit do te vleresohej gjithmone ne baze te ligjit te shtetetesise se personit ne fjale

Njohja e vendimeve gjyqesore te huaja ka rendesi per te percaktuar gjendjen e lire te nje personi I cili ne rastin tone mund te paraqitet per te celebruar nje martese ne shqiperi

Njohja e vendimeve te gjykatave te huaja do te ishte e nevojshme per te prodhuar gjendjen e lire te nje personi ateher kur

a) Matesa e meparshme e anuluar apo e zgjidhur te kete qene konsumuar ne shqiperi dhe martesa e re te celebrohet ne shqiperi

b) Martesa e re te jete celebruar ne shqiperi

Per te celebruar nje martese cdo person duhet te paraqese nje certificate qe verteton gjendjen e tij te lire – dhe nese ka patur nje martese te meparshme te zgjidhur apo anuluar duhet te paraqese edhe vendimin gjyqesor qe verteton zgjidhjen e marteses se meparshme

Forma e Marteses Permbushja teresie formalitetesh me te cilat vishet procedura e celebrimit te vete marteses – Martesa nuk qendron ne thjesht shfaqje te vullnetit te paleve kontraktuese por kerkon njekohesisht nderhyrjen e organeve perkatese par ate cilave duhet te paraqitet vullneti I pesonave qe kane deshiren te celebrojne nje martese midis tyre –

Ligji I vendit net e cilin permbushet veprimi juridik ose ku kryhen celebrimet do te jete ligji rregullues I formes se marteses Lex Loci Celebrationis – ky eshte kriteri I pranuar gjeresisht pasi nuk ka legislacion qe te mos I referohet ketij kriteri

Ligji anglez pranon idene se nese nje martese eshte e vlefshme ne baze te lex loce Celebrationis ateher ajo do te njihet si e till kudo.

Edhe legjislatura franceze ja nenshtron formen e veprimit juridik Lex Loci Celebrationis

CONVENTION ON CELEBRATION AND RECOGNITION OF THE VALIDITY OF MARRIAGES

(Concluded March 14, 1978)

The States signatory to the present Convention,

Desiring to facilitate the celebration of marriages and the recognition of the validity of marriages,

Have resolved to conclude a Convention to this effect, and have agreed on the following provisions -

CHAPTER I - CELEBRATION OF MARRIAGES

Article 1

This Chapter shall apply to the requirements in a Contracting State for celebration of marriages.

Article 2

The formal requirements for marriages shall be governed by the law of the State of celebration.

Article 3

A marriage shall be celebrated -

(1) where the future spouses meet the substantive requirements of the internal law of the State of celebration and one of them has the nationality of that State or habitually resides there; or

(2) where each of the future spouses meets the substantive requirements of the internal law designated by the choice of law rules of the State of celebration.

Article 4

The State of celebration may require the future spouses to furnish any necessary evidence as to the content of any foreign law which is applicable under the preceding Articles.

Article 5

The application of a foreign law declared applicable by this Chapter may be refused only if such application is manifestly incompatible with the public policy ("ordre public") of the State of celebration.

Article 6

A Contracting State may reserve the right, by way of derogation from Article 3, sub-paragraph 1, not to apply its internal law to the substantive requirements for marriage in respect of a future spouse who neither is a national of that State nor habitually resides there.

CHAPTER II - RECOGNITION OF THE VALIDITY OF MARRIAGES

Article 7

This Chapter shall apply to the recognition in a Contracting State of the validity of marriages entered into in other States.

Article 8

This Chapter shall not apply to -

(1) marriages celebrated by military authorities;

(2) marriages celebrated aboard ships or aircraft;

(3) proxy marriages;

(4) posthumous marriages;

(5) informal marriages.

Article 9

A marriage validly entered into under the law of the State of celebration or which subsequently becomes valid under that law shall be considered as such in all Contracting States, subject to the provisions of this Chapter.

A marriage celebrated by a diplomatic agent or consular official in accordance with his law shall similarly be considered valid in all Contracting States, provided that the celebration is not prohibited by the State of celebration.

Article 10

Where a marriage certificate has been issued by a competent authority, the marriage shall be presumed to be valid until the contrary is established.

Article 11

A Contracting State may refuse to recognize the validity of a marriage only where, at the time of the marriage, under the law of that State -

(1) one of the spouses was already married; or

(2) the spouses were related to one another, by blood or by adoption, in the direct line or as brother and sister; or

(3) one of the spouses had not attained the minimum age required for marriage, nor had obtained the necessary dispensation; or

(4) one of the spouses did not have the mental capacity to consent; or

(5) one of the spouses did not freely consent to the marriage.

However, recognition may not be refused where, in the case mentioned in sub-paragraph 1 of the preceding paragraph, the marriage has subsequently become valid by reason of the dissolution or annulment of the prior marriage.

Article 12

The rules of this Chapter shall apply even where the recognition of the validity of a marriage is to be dealt with as an incidental question in the context of another question.

However, these rules need not be applied where that other question, under the choice of law rules of the forum, is governed by the law of a non-Contracting State.

Article 13

This Convention shall not prevent the application in a Contracting State of rules of law more favourable to the recognition of foreign marriages.

Article 14

A Contracting State may refuse to recognize the validity of a marriage where such recognition is manifestly incompatible with its public policy ("ordre public").

Article 15

This Chapter shall apply regardless of the date on which the marriage was celebrated.

However, a Contracting State may reserve the right not to apply this Chapter to a marriage celebrated before the date on which, in relation to that State, the Convention enters into force.

Article 22

This Convention shall replace, in the relations between the States who are Parties to it, the Convention Governing Conflicts of Laws Concerning Marriage, concluded at The Hague, the 12th of June 1902.