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© New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2011. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority.

Level 2 Latin, 201190259 and 90260

9.30 am �ednesday 1� November 2011am �ednesday 1� November 2011 �ednesday 1� November 20111� November 2011 November 2011

VOCABULARY BOOKLET

Check that this booklet has pages 2 –12 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank.

YOU MAY KEEP THIS BOOKLET AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

L 2 – L AT I V

a, ab (+ Abl) by, fromabeo, –ire, –ii, –itum to go awayabsum, abesse, afui to be absentac / atque andaccido, –ere, accidi to happenaccipio, –ere, accepi, acceptum to receive, acceptaccuso, –are, –avi, –atum to accuseacer, acris, acre fierce, sharp, keenacies, aciei (f) battle lineacriter fiercely, sharplyad (+ Acc) to, towards, nearaddo, –ere, addidi, additum to addadduco, adducere, adduxi, adductum to lead toadeo (adv.) so, to such an extentadeo, adire, adii, aditum to go to, approachadhuc so far, till now, stilladipiscor, –i, adeptus sum to obtainadiuvo, –are, adiuvi, adiutum to helpadministro, –are, –avi, –atum to manage, governadmitto, –ere, –misi, –missum to let in, admitadoro, –are, –avi, –atum to entreat, worshipadsum, adesse, adfui (+ Dat) to be presentadvenio, –ire, adveni, adventum to arriveadventus, –us (m) arrival, approachadversus, –a, –um opposite, unfavourableadytum, –i (n) sanctuary, shrineaedificium, –i (n) buildingaedifico, –are, –avi, –atum to buildaeger, aegra, aegrum sickaequor, –oris (n) sea, plain, flatnessaes, aeris (n) bronzeaestas, aestatis (f) summeraestus, –us (m) heat, tideaetas, aetatis (f) ageaether, –eris (n) heaven, airaffero, afferre, attuli, adlatum to bring toager, agri (m) fieldagere de (+ Abl) to discussagito, –are, –avi, –atum to drive, excite, moveagmen, agminis (n) column, army on the marchagnosco, –ere, –novi, –nitum to recogniseago, –ere, egi, actum to drive, do, actagrestis, –is, –e ruralagricola, –ae (m) farmerait, aiunt he / she says, said, they say, saidala, alae (f) wingalbus, –a, –um whitealiquando sometimealiquis, aliquid somebody, somethingaliter (adv.) otherwisealius, –a, –ud other, another, (of more than two)alter, –era, –erum other, another (of two)altum, –i (n) the open sea, the deepaltus, –a, –um high, deepambo, –ae, –o bothambulo, –are, –avi, –atum to walkamens, –tis madamicitia, –ae (f) friendshipamicus, –i (m) friendamitto, –ere, amisi, amissum to loseamo, –are, –avi, –atum to loveamor, amoris (m) loveangustus, –a, –um narrowanima, –ae (f) breath, soulanimadverto, –ere, –verti, –versum to notice

animal, animalis (n) animalanimus, –i (m) mind, spiritannus, –i (m) yearante (+ Acc) beforeantea (adv.) before, formerlyantequam (conj.) beforeantiquus, –a, –um ancient, oldaperio, –ire, aperui, apertum to openapertus, –a, –um openappareo, –ere, apparui, apparitum to appearappello, –are, –avi, –atum to call, nameappropinquo, –are, –avi, –atum to approachapud (+ Acc) at the house of, close toaqua, –ae (f) wateraquila, –ae (f) eagle, standardara, –ae (f) altararbitror, –ari, –atus sum to thinkarbor, arboris (f) treearcesso, –ere, –ivi, –itum to send forardeo, –ere, arsi, arsum to be on fire, burnarduus, –a, –um lofty, steeparea, –ae (f) courtyardarena, –ae (f) sand, arenaargentum, –i (n) silverarma, –orum (n. pl) arms, weaponsarmatus, –a, –um armedars, artis (f) art, skillartus, –us (m) limbarx, arcis (f) citadelascendo, –ere, ascendi, ascensum to climb, ascendastrum, –i (n) starat butater, atra, atrum blackAthenae, –arum (f. pl) Athensatrium, –i (n) atrium, hallatrox, –cis fierce, terrible, shockingattonitus, –a, –um astonishedauctoritas, auctoritatis (f) authority, influenceaudacia, –ae (f) boldnessaudacter boldlyaudax, audacis boldaudeo, –ere, ausus sum to dareaudio, –ire, –ivi, –itum to hear, listenaufero, –ferre, abstuli, ablatum to carry away, removeaugeo, –ere, auxi, auctum to increaseaura, –ae (f) breeze, airaureus, –a, –um goldenauris, –is (f) earaurora, –ae (f) dawn aurum, –i (n) goldaut oraut … aut either … orautem (2nd word in clause) but, howeverauxilium, –i (n) helpavide eagerlybarbarus, –i (m) barbarianbeatus, –a, –um happybellum, –i (n) warbellus, –a, –um pretty, daintybene wellbeneficium, –i (n) benefit, favour, kindnessbenigne kindlybenignus, –a, –um kindbestia, –ae (f) wild animalbibo, –ere, bibi to drinkbis twiceblandus, –a, –um charming, gentle

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bonus, –a, –um goodbos, bovis (c) ox, cowbracchium, –i (n) armbrevis, –is, –e shortbreviter brieflycado, –ere, cecidi, casum to fallcaecus, –a, –um blind, darkcaedes, –is (f) slaughter, murdercaedo, –ere, cecidi, caesum to cut, killcaelum, –i (n) sky, heavencalidus, –a, –um warm, hotcallidus, –a, –um clever, skilfulcalor, –oris (m) heatcampus, –i (m) plaincandidus, –a, –um fair, shining whitecanis, –is (c) dogcano, –ere, cecini, cantum to sing, prophesy, to play (an instrument)canto, –are, –avi, –atum to singcapio, –ere, cepi, captum to capture, seize, takecaptivus, –i (m) prisonercaput, capitis (n) headcarina, –ae (f) keel, boatcarmen, carminis (n) songcaro, carnis (f) flesh, meatcarus, –a, –um dearcastellum, –i (n) fortcastra, –orum (n. pl) campcasus, –us (m) fall, eventcatena, –ae (f) chaincausa, –ae (f) cause, reasoncaveo, –ere, cavi, cautum to bewarecavus, –a, –um hollowcedo, –ere, cessi, cessum to yield, goceler, celeris, celere fast, swiftceleritas, celeritatis (f) speedceleriter quicklycelo, –are, –avi, –atum to hide, concealcena, –ae (f) dinnerceno, –are, –avi, –atum to dine, have dinnercenseo, –ere, censui, censum to discern, noticecentum hundredcenturio, centurionis (m) centurioncertamen, certaminis (n) contestcerto certainlycertus, –a, –um definite, sure, fixedcerva, –ae (f) deer, doecervix, –icis (f) neckceteri, –ae, –a others, the restcibus, –i (m) foodcinis, –eris (m) ashcircum (+ Acc) around, aboutcircumspecto, –are, –avi, –atum to look aroundcircumvenio, –ire, –veni, –ventum to surroundcito (adv.) quicklycivis, civis (c) citizencivitas, civitatis (f) stateclam (adv.) secretlyclamo, –are, –avi, –atum to shout, cry outclamor, clamoris (m) shoutclarus, –a, –um bright, clear, famousclassis, classis (f) fleetclaudo, –ere, clausi, clausum to close, shutclipeus, –i (m) shieldcoepi, –isse to begincogito, –are, –avi, –atum to thinkcognosco, –ere, cognovi, cognitum to know, recognise, discover, find out

cogo, –ere, coegi, coactum to force, compelcohors, cohortis (f) cohortcolligo, –ere, collegi, collectum to gather, collectcollis, collis (m) hillcolloco, –are, –avi, –atum to placecollum, –i (n) neckcolo, –ere, colui, cultum to cultivate, till, worshipcoma, –ae (f) haircomes, comitis (c) companioncommitto, –ere, commisi, commissum to join, commit, entrustcommodus, –a, –um suitablecomparo, –are, –avi, –atum to procure, to obtaincompleo, –ere, –evi, –etum to fillcomprehendo, –ere, –hendi, –hensum to seize, arrestconcilium, –i (n) meeting, councilcondo, –ere, condidi, conditum to build, found, hideconduco, –ere, conduxi, conductum to hireconfestim (adv.) immediatelyconficio, –ere, confeci, confectum to finish, completeconfido, –ere, confisus sum (+ Dat) to trust, confideconfirmo, –are, –avi, –atum to strengthen, reinforceconicio, –ere, conieci, coniectum to throw, hurlconiungo, –ere, coniunxi, coniunctum to yoke, join togetherconiunx, coniugis (c) spouse, husband, wifeconiuratio, coniurationis (f) conspiracyconiuro, –are, –avi, –atum to conspireconor, –ari, conatus sum to tryconscendo, –ere, conscendi, conscensum to climb, embarkconscius, –a, –um conscious of, aware ofconsido, –ere, consedi, consessum to sit downconsilium, –i (n) advice, planconsisto, –ere, –stiti to stand, haltconspectus, –us (m) sight, appearanceconspicio, –ere, conspexi, conspectum to catch sight of, look atconstat (impersonal) it is agreedconstituo, –ere, constitui, constitutum to decideconsul, consulis (m) consulconsulo, –ere, consului, consultum (+ Acc) to consultconsulto (adv.) deliberatelycontendo, –ere, contendi, contentum to hurrycontra (+ Acc) opposite, againstcontroversia, –ae (f) dispute, argumentconvenio, –ire, conveni, conventum to meet, assembleconvoco, –are, –avi, atum to call together, summoncopia, –ae (f) abundance, supply; (pl) troops, forcescor, cordis (n) heartcoram (+ Abl) in the presence ofcornu, –us (n) horn, wing of an armycorona, –ae (f) garland, crowncorpus, corporis (n) bodycotidie dailycras tomorrowcredo, –ere, credidi, creditum (+ Dat) to believe, trustcreo, –are, –avi, –atum to elect, createcresco, –ere, crevi, cretum to growcrimen, –inis (n) chargecrinis, –is (m) haircrudelis, –e cruelcrudelitas, crudelitatis (f) crueltycruor, –oris (n) bloodcubiculum, –i (n) bedroomcubile, cubilis (n) bedculpa, –ae (f) wrong, blame

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culpo, –are, –avi, –atum to blamecum (conj.) when, since, althoughcum (+ Abl) withcuncti, –ae, –a allcupidus, –a, –um (+ Gen) desirous of, eager for cupio, –ere, cupivi, cupitum to wish, wantcur why?cura, –ae (f) care, anxietycuria, –ae (f) senate housecuro, –are, –avi, –atum to take carecurro, –ere, cucurri, cursum to runcurrus, –us (m) chariotcursus, –us (m) race, course, runningcustodio, –ire, –ivi, –itum to guardcustos, custodis (m) guarddamno, –are, –avi, –atum to condemndamnum, –i (n) lossde (+ Abl) about, concerning, down fromdea, –ae (f) goddessdebeo, –ere, –ui, –itum to have to, must, owedecem tendecerno, –ere, –crevi, –cretum to settle a dispute, decreedecet (impersonal) it is right, fittingdecimus, –a, –um tenthdecipio, –ere, decepi, deceptum to deceive, disappointdeclaro, –are, –avi, –atum to declare, announcedecus, –oris (n) glory, honourdedo, –ere, dedidi, deditum to give up, surrenderdefendo, –ere, defendi, defensum to defenddefero, –ferre, detuli, delatum to bring down, reportdefessus, –a, –um weary, tireddeinde then, nextdelecto, –are, –avi, –atum to charm, delightdeleo, –ere, –evi, –etum to destroydeligo, –ere, delegi, delectum to choose, selectdemitto, –ere, demisi, demissum to let downdemonstro, –are, –avi, –atum to point out, showdemum (adv.) at length, at lastdenique (adv.) in short, finallydens, dentis (m) toothdensus, –a, –um dense, thickdepono, –ere, deposui, depositum to lay down, set asidedescendo, –ere, descendi, descensum to go down, come downdesero, –ere, deserui, desertum to desertdesertus, –a, –um deserted, uninhabiteddesidero, –are, –avi, –atum to desire, long fordesilio, –ire, desilui, desultum to leap down, jump downdesisto, –ere, destiti, destitum to stop, ceasedespero, –are, –avi, –atum to despairdesum, –esse, –fui (+ Dat) to be lackingdeus, –i (m) goddevoro, –are, –avi, –atum to devour, swallowdexter, dextra, dextrum right (as opposed to ‘left’)dextra, –ae (f) right handdico, –ere, dixi, dictum to saydictum, –i (n) worddies, diei (m) daydifficilis, –e difficultdifficultas, difficultatis (f) difficultydigitus, –i (m) fingerdignitas, dignitatis (f) dignitydiligenter diligently, carefullydiligo, –ere, dilexi, dilectum to like, cherishdimitto, –ere, dimisi, dimissum to send away

dirus, –a, –um dreadfuldiscedo, –ere, discessi, discessum (a + Abl) to leave, departdiscipulus, –i (m) pupildisco, –ere, didici to learndiu for a long timediurnus, –a, –um of the day, dailydives, divitis richdivido, –ere, divisi, divisum to dividedivitiae, –arum (f. pl) riches, wealthdivus, –i (m) goddo, dare, dedi, datum to givedoceo, –ere, docui, doctum to teachdoleo, –ere, –ui to grieve, be sorrydolor, –oris (m) pain, sorrow, troubledolus, –i (m) trick, deceitdomi at homedominus, –i (m) masterdomum homewardsdomus, –us (f) housedonum, –i (n) giftdormio, –ire, –ivi, –itum to sleepdubito, –are, –avi, –atum to hesitatedubius, –a, –um doubtfulduco, –ere, duxi, ductum to leaddulcis, –is, –e sweetdum while, untilduo, duae, duo twoduodecim twelveduodeviginti eighteendurus, –a, –um harddux, ducis (m) leader, generale, ex (+ Abl) out of, fromecce! behold! look!edo, –ere, edi, esum to eatefficio, –ere, effeci, effectum to bring abouteffigies, –ei (f) image, statueeffugio, –ere, effugi, effugitum to escapeego Iegredior, egredi, egressus sum to go outeligo, –ere, elegi, electum to chooseemitto, –ere, emisi, emissum to send outemo, –ere, emi, emptum to buyenim (2nd word in clause) for, becauseensis, –is (m) swordeo (adv.) to that placeeo, ire, ivi, itum to goepistula, –ae (f) lettereques, equitis (m) horseman, cavalrymanequus, –i (m) horseergo thereforeeripio, –ere, eripui, ereptum to snatch away, removeerro, –are, –avi, –atum to wander, stray, erret and, alsoet … et both … andetiam also, evenetiamsi even ifetsi althoughevado, –ere, evasi, evasum to escapeevenit (impersonal) it happens, happenedexcito, –are, –avi, –atum to arouse, wake upexclamo, –are, –avi, –atum to cry out, shout, exclaimexeo, exire, exii, exitum to go out, leaveexerceo, –ere, –ui, –itum to train, practiseexercitus, –us (m) armyexiguus, –a, –um scanty, smallexistimo, –are, –avi, –atum to consider, thinkexpello, –ere, expuli, expulsum to drive out

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exsilium, –i (n) exileexspecto, –are, –avi, –atum to wait for, expectexstinguo, –ere, exstinxi, exstinctum to put out, put an end toexstruo, –ere, –struxi, –structum to raise upexsul, exsulis (m) exile, banished personextra (+ Acc) outsideextremus, –a, –um last, outermostfabula, –ae (f) storyfacies, faciei (f) appearance, facefacile easilyfacilis, –e easyfacinus, –oris (n) crimefacio, –ere, feci, factum to make, dofactum, –i (n) deedfallo, –ere, fefelli, falsum to deceivefalsus, –a, –um false, deceitfulfama, –ae (f) report, rumourfames, famis (f) hungerfamilia, –ae (f) family, householdfata, –orum (n. pl) fate, destinyfatum, –i (n) fate, doomfelicitas, felicitatis, (f) happiness, good luckfelix, felicis happy, fortunatefemina, –ae (f) womanfere (adv.) almostferme (adv.) almost, approximatelyfero, ferre, tuli, latum to carry, bear, bringferox, ferocis fierceferrum, –i (n) iron, swordfides, –ei (f) faith, trust, loyaltyfidus, –a, –um trusty, reliablefigura, –ae (f) shape, formfilia, –ae (f) daughterfilius, –i (m) sonfingo, –ere, finxi, fictum to mould, imaginefinio, –ire, –ivi, –itum to put an end to, finishfinis, finis (m) end; (pl) territoryfio, fieri, factus sum to become, happen, be madefirmus, –a, –um strong, firmflamma, –ae (f) flamefleo, –ere, flevi, fletum to weepflos, floris (m) flowerfluctus, –us (m) wave, seaflumen, fluminis (n) riverfolium, –i (n) leaffons, fontis (m) spring, fountainfor, fari, fatus sum to speakforma, –ae (f) form, shape, beautyfortasse (adv.) perhapsforte by chancefortis, –e brave, strongfortitudo, fortitudinis (f) bravery, courage, strengthfortuna, –ae (f) chance, luckforum, –i (n) market place, forumfrango, –ere, fregi, fractum to breakfrater, fratris (m) brotherfrumentum, –i (n) grain, cornfruor, –i, fructus sum (+ Abl) to enjoyfrustra in vainfuga, –ae (f) flightfugio, –ere, fugi, fugitum to flee, run away, escapefugitivus, –i (m) fugitivefugo, –are, –avi, –atum to put to flightfumus, –i (m) smoke

funis, –is (m) rope, cablefuror, –oris (m) madness, furyfuturus, –a, –um futuregaudeo, –ere, gavisus sum to rejoicegaudium, –i (n) joy, delightgemini, –ae, –a twin, twofoldgemitus, –us (m) groangenitor, –oris (m) fathergens, gentis (f) race, tribegenu, –us (n) kneegenus, generis (n) type, sortgero, –ere, gessi, gestum to carry, wear; to wage (war)gladius, –i (m) swordgloria, –ae (f) gloryGraius, –i (m) a Greekgratias agere (+ Dat) to thankgratus, –a, –um pleasinggravis, –e heavy, seriousgraviter heavily, severelyhabeo, –ere, –ui, –itum to havehabito, –are, –avi, –atum to live (in), inhabithaereo, –ere, haesi, haesum to stick, clinghasta, –ae (f) spearhaud (adv.) not, by no meanshaudquaquam (adv.) not at allhaurio, –ire, hausi, haustum to drainherba, –ae (f) grass, plantheri yesterdayheu (adv.) alashic (adv.) herehic, haec, hoc thishiems, hiemis (f) winterhinc (adv.) from herehodie todayhomo, hominis (m) manhonor, honoris (m) honourhora, –ae (f) hourhorreo, –ere, –ui to bristle, shudderhortor, –ari, hortatus sum to encourage, exhorthortus, –i (m) gardenhospes, –itis (m) host / guesthostis, hostis (m) enemyhuc hither, to herehuc … illuc here and therehumi on the groundhumus, –i (f) earth, groundiaceo, –ere, iacui to lieiacio, –ere, ieci, iactum to throwiacto, –are, –avi, –atum to throw, aimiam now, alreadyianua, –ae (f) dooribi thereidcirco (adv.) thereforeidem, eadem, idem sameidoneus, –a, –um suitableigitur (2nd word in clause) thereforeignarus, –a, –um not knowingignavus, –a, –um idle, cowardlyignis, ignis (m) fireignoro, –are, –avi, –atum not to know, to be ignorant ofignotus, –a, –um unknownillac (adv.) by that routeille, illa, illud thatillic (adv.) there, thenilluc (adv.) to that placeimber, –bris (m) rain, showerimmo (adv.) in fact, on the contrary

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immortalis, –e immortalimmotus, –a, –um motionlessimperator, imperatoris (m) leader, general, emperorimperium, –i (n) command, order, powerimpero, –are, –avi, –atum (+ Dat) to order, commandimpetus, –us (m) attackimpluvium, –i (n) impluvium (rain basin in atrium)impono, –ere, imposui, impositum to put in, onimus, –a, –um lowest, bottomin (+ Abl) in, onin (+ Acc) into, ontoincendo, –ere, incendi, incensum to set fire to, burnincertus, –a, –um uncertainincipio, –ere, incepi, inceptum to beginincito, –are, –avi, –atum to excite, urge onincola, –ae (c) inhabitantincolumis, –e safe, unharmedincredibilis, –e incredibleinde from thereindignor, –ari, indignatus sum to be angryindignus, –a, –um (+ Abl) unworthy ofinduo, –ere, –ui, –utum to put oninfandus, –a, –um unspeakableinfelix, infelicis unhappy, unfortunateinfra (adv.) below ingenium, –i (n) abilityingens, ingentis hugeingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum to enterinimicus, –a, –um hostileinimicus, –i (m) personal enemyiniquus, –a, –um unjustinitium, –i (n) beginninginiuria, –ae (f) injury, wronginiustus, –a, –um unjust, wronginopia, –ae (f) lack, scarcity, wantinquam I sayinquit, inquiunt he says, they sayinsidiae, –arum (f. pl) plot, ambushinsignis, –e distinguishedinsula, –ae (f) island, block of flatsinteger, –gra, –grum fresh, wholeintellego, –ere, intellexi, intellectum to understand, realiseinter (+ Acc) between, amonginterdiu (adv.) by dayinterdum (adv.) sometimesinterea meanwhileinterficio, –ere, interfeci, interfectum to killinterim (adv.) meanwhileintra (+ Acc) insideintro, –are, –avi, –atum to go in, enterintroduco, –ere, introduxi, introductum to bring in, introduceinutilis, –e uselessinvenio, –ire, inveni, inventum to find, find outinvidia, –ae (f) envy, jealousyinvito, –are, –avi, –atum to inviteinvitus, –a, –um against one’s will, reluctantipse, ipsa, ipsum self, oneselfira, –ae (f) angeriratus, –a, –um angryis, ea, id this, that, he, she, itiste, ista, istud thatita so, thusitaque and so, thereforeiter, itineris (n) journeyiterum again

iubeo, –ere, iussi, iussum to orderiucundus, –a, –um pleasant, delightfuliudex, iudicis (m) judgeiudicium, –i (n) judgement, opinion, trialiudico, –are, –avi, –atum to judge, examineiuro, –are, –avi, –atum to sweariussum, –i (n) order, commandiustitia, –ae (f) justiceiuvenis, iuvenis (m) young maniuventus, –utis (f) young people, youthiuxta (adv.) nearby, next tolabor, –i, lapsus sum to slip, glide, slidelabor, laboris (m) work, hardshiplaboro, –are, –avi, –atum to worklacertus, –i (m) arm, shoulderlacrima, –ae (f) tearlacrimo, –are, –avi, –atum to weeplacus, –us, (m) lakelaedo, –ere, laesi, laesum to harmlaetus, –a, –um happy, gladlaevus, –a, –um leftlapis, lapidis (m) stonelate (adv.) widely, far and widelateo, –ere, –ui to lie hiddenlatus, –a, –um wide, broad latus, lateris (n) sidelaudo, –are, –avi, –atum to praiselectica, –ae (f) litterlectus, –i (m) bed, couchlegatus, –i (m) ambassador, lieutenantlegio, legionis (f) legionlego, –ere, legi, lectum readleniter (adv.) gentlyletum, –i (n) deathlevis, –e lightlex, legis (f) lawlibenter gladly, willinglyliber, libera, liberum freeliber, libri (m) bookliberi, –orum (m. pl) childrenlibero, –are, –avi, –atum to free, set freelicet it is allowedlimen, –inis (n) threshold, entrancelingua, –ae (f) tongue, languagelittera, –ae (f) letter of alphabet, (pl) letter (communication)litus, litoris (n) shorelocus, –i (m) placelonge far offlongus, –a, –um longloquor, loqui, locutus sum to speakluctus, –us (m) grief, sorrowludo, –ere, lusi, lusum to playludus, –i (m) game, schoollumen, luminis (n) lightluna, –ae, (f) moonlux, lucis (f) lightmaestus, –a, –um sad, sorrowfulmagis (adv.) moremagister, –tri (m) teacher, mastermagistratus, –us (m) magistracy, magistratemagnificus, –a, –um grand, splendidmagnopere greatlymagnus, –a, –um great, bigmaior, maius bigger, greatermaiores, –um (m. pl) elders, ancestorsmalo, malle, malui to prefer

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malus, –a, –um badmandatum, –i (n) instruction, messagemando, –are, –avi, –atum to entrustmane in the morning, earlymaneo, –ere, mansi, mansum to stay, remainmanus, –us (f) hand; band (of men)mare, maris (n) seamaritus, –i (m) husbandmater, matris (f) mothermatrimonium, –i (n) marriagemaxime most, very muchmaximus, –a, –um biggest, greatestmedicus, –i (m) doctormedius, –a, –um middle, the middle ofmelior, melius bettermembrum, –i (n) limbmemini, –isse to remembermemor, memoris (+ Gen) mindful, rememberingmemoria, –ae (f) memorymemoro, –are, –avi, –atum to tell a story, speakmens, mentis (f) mindmensa, –ae (f) tablemensis, mensis (m) monthmercator, –oris (m) merchantmeta, –ae (f) goal, turning pointmetuo, –ere, –ui to fearmeus, –a, –um mymiles, militis (m) soldiermilitaris, –e militarymille, milia thousand, thousandsminime least, very little, not at allminimus, –a, –um very small, leastminor, –ari, minatus sum to threatenminor, minus smallermiror, –ari, miratus sum to wonder, be amazedmirus, –a, –um wonderfulmiser, –era, –erum unhappy, wretchedmisereor, –eri, miseritus sum (+ Gen) to feel pitymisericordia, –ae (f) pity, compassionmitto, –ere, misi, missum to sendmodo (adv.) now, recently, onlymodo … modo now … nowmodus, –i (m) way, methodmoenia, –ium (n. pl) city walls, fortificationsmollis, –is, –e softmoneo, –ere, –ui, –itum to advise, warnmons, montis (m) mountainmonstrum, –i (n) monstermora, –ae (f) delaymorbus, –i (m) illness, diseasemorior, mori, mortuus sum to diemoror, –ari, moratus sum to delaymors, mortis (f) deathmos, moris (m) custom, habit; (pl) character, behaviourmoveo, –ere, movi, motum to movemox soonmultitudo, multitudinis (f) crowd, multitudemultus, –a, –um much, manymunio, –ire, munivi, munitum to fortify, strengthen; build (road)munus, –eris (n) gift, duty, public showmurus, –i (m) wallmuto, –are, –avi, –atum to changenam fornanciscor, –i, nactus sum to obtainnarro, –are, –avi, –atum to tell (a story)

nascor, nasci, natus sum to be bornnasus, –i (m) nosenato, –are, –avi, –atum to swimnatura, –ae (f) naturenatus, –i (m) sonnauta, –ae (m) sailornavigo, –are, –avi, –atum to sailnavis, navis (f) ship–ne [question marker]ne that notne … quidem not evennebula, –ae (f) cloudnec / neque neither, nor, and notnecesse necessaryneco, –are, –avi, –atum to killnefandus, –a, –um evil, unspeakablenego, –are, –avi, –atum to deny, say … notnegotium, –i (n) businessnemo, neminis (c) nobodynequaquam (adv.) by no meansnequiquam (adv.) in vainnescio, –ire, nescivi not to knowneve / neu and notniger, nigra, nigrum blacknihil nothingnihilominus (adv.) neverthelessnimbus, –i (m) rain, showernimis / nimium too muchnisi if not, unlessnobilis, –e noblenoceo, –ere, –ui, –itum (+ Dat) to harmnocturnus, –a, –um of the nightnolo, nolle, nolui to refuse, not to wish to, be unwillingnomen, nominis (n) namenon notnon iam no longernon modo … sed etiam not only … but alsononaginta ninetynondum not yetnonne surely?nonus, –a, –um ninthnos we, usnosco, –ere, novi, notum to knownoster, nostra, nostrum ournotus, –a, –um well-knownnovem ninenovo, –are, –avi, –atum to renewnovus, –a, –um newnox, noctis (f) nightnubes, nubis (f) cloudnubo, –ere, nupsi, nuptum (+ Dat) to marrynullus, –a, –um no, nonenum surely not? whethernumen, –inis (n) divine will, divinitynumero, –are, –avi, –atum to countnumquam nevernunc nownuntio, –are, –avi, –atum to announce, reportnuntius, –i (m) message, messengernuper recentlynusquam nowhereob (+ Acc) on account ofobliviscor, –i, oblitus sum (+ Gen) to forgetobscurus, –a, –um dark, dimobses, obsidis (c) hostageobsideo, –ere, –sedi, –sessum to besiegeobsto, –are, –stiti (+ Dat) to stand in the way of obtineo, –ere, –ui to keep, hold

7

obvius, –a, –um in the way, exposedoccasio, occasionis (f) opportunityoccasus, –us (m) setting (of the sun)occido, –ere, occidi, occisum to killoccupo, –are, –avi, –atum to seize, occupyoccurro, –ere, occurri, occursum (+ Dat) to meetoctavus, –a, –um eighthocto eightoctoginta eightyoculus, –i (m) eyeodium, –i (n) hate, hatredoffero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum to present, offerofficium, –i (n) service, dutyolim once upon a time, onceomen, ominis (n) omen, portentomitto, –ere, omisi, omissum to omitomnes, omnia everybody, everythingomnino entirely, altogether, completelyomnis, –e every, allonus, oneris (n) burden, loadopera, –ae (f) work, effortopinio, opinionis (f) opinionoportet (impersonal) it is necessary oppidum, –i (n) townopprimo, –ere, oppressi, oppressum to overwhelmoppugno, –are, –avi, –atum to attackops, –is (f) help; (pl) wealth, resourcesoptimus, –a, –um very good, bestopto, –are, –avi, –atum to choose, desireopus est (+ Abl) there is need ofopus, operis (n) workora, –ae (f) seashoreoratio, orationis (f) speechorbis, –is (m) circle, worldordo, –inis (m) rank, row, lineorior, –iri, ortus sum to riseoro, –are, –avi, –atum to beg, prayos, oris (n) face, mouthos, ossis (n) boneosculum, –i (n) kissostendo, –ere, ostendi, ostentum to showotium, –i (n) leisurepaene almost, nearlypaenitet (impersonal) it is regrettablepalla, –ae (f) cloakpallidus, –a, –um palepalma, –ae (f) palm (of hand)palus, –udis (f) marshpanis, –is (m) breadpar, paris equalparco, –ere, peperci, parsum (+ Dat) to spareparens, parentis (c) parentpareo, –ere, –ui (+ Dat) to obeyparo, –are, –avi, –atum to preparepars, partis (f) partparum too littleparvus, –a, –um little, smallpassim (adv.) everywherepassus, –us (m) pace, stepmilia passuum milesmille passus a milepastor, pastoris (m) shepherdpatefacio, –ere, –feci, –factum to revealpateo, –ere, –ui to lie open, be revealedpater, patris (m) fatherpatior, pati, passus sum to suffer, allowpatria, –ae (f) fatherland, native land

pauci, –ae, –a few, a fewpaulatim graduallypaulisper for a short timepaulum a little, somewhatpauper, –eris poorpavor, –oris (m) fearpax, pacis (f) peacepectus, –oris (n) chest, breastpecunia, –ae (f) moneypecus, pecudis (f) sheep, cattlepedes, peditis (m) foot soldier, infantrymanpeior, peius worsepelagus, –i (n) seapello, –ere, pepuli, pulsum to drivepenates, –ium (m. pl) household godspendo, –ere, pependi, pensum to hangper (+ Acc) throughpereo, –ire, perii, peritum to die, perishperfidia, –ae (f) treachery, dishonestyperfidus, –a, –um treacherous, faithlessperfugio, –ere, perfugi, perfugitum to flee for refugepericulosus, –a, –um dangerouspericulum, –i (n) dangerpermotus, –a, –um excited, movedperpetuus, –a, –um continuous, perpetualpersuadeo, –ere, persuasi, persuasum (+ Dat) to persuadeperterritus, –a, –um frightened, terrifiedperturbo, –are, –avi, –atum to disturb, upset, alarmpervenio, –ire, perveni, perventum to arrive, reachpes, pedis (m) footpessimus, –a, –um worst, very badpestis, –is (f) disease, plaguepeto, –ere, petivi, petitum to ask, look for, attackpietas, –atis (f) dutifulnesspiget (impersonal) it is an annoyancepiscis, –is (m) fishpius, –a, –um dutifulplaceo, –ere, –ui, –itum (+ Dat) to pleaseplacidus, –a, –um calmplebs, –is (f) common peopleplenus, –a, –um (+ Abl) fullplerique, pleraeque, pleraque the majorityplurimus, –a, –um most, very much, (pl) very manyplus, pluris morepoculum, –i (n) cuppoena, –ae (f) punishmentpoenas dare to pay the penalty, to be punishedpoeta, –ae (m) poetpono, –ere, posui, positum to place, putpons, pontis (m) bridgepontus, –i (m) seapopulus, –i (m) peopleporro (adv.) then, nextporta, –ae (f) gateporto, –are, –avi, –atum to carryportus, –us (m) port, harbourposco, –ere, poposci to ask for, demandpossum, posse, potui to be ablepost (+ Acc) afterpostea afterwardsposterus, –a, –um nextpostquam (conj.) afterpostridie next daypostulo, –are, –avi, –atum to demand

8

potens, potentis powerfulpotestas, potestatis (f) power, authoritypotior, –iri, potitus sum (+ Abl) to gain possession ofpotius (adv.) rather, moreprae (+ Abl) in front ofpraebeo, –ere, –ui, –itum to offer, showpraeceps, praecipitis steep, headlongpraecipue (adv.) especiallypraeda, –ae (f) booty, plunderpraedico, –are, –avi, –atum to proclaimpraemitto, –ere, praemisi, praemissum to send in advancepraemium, –i (n) reward, prizepraesens, praesentis presentpraesertim (adv.) especiallypraesidium, –i (n) garrison, guard, protectionpraesto, –are, praestiti (+ Dat) to excelpraesum, –esse, praefui (+ Dat) to be in command ofpraeter (+ Acc) except, besidespraeterea moreover, besidespreces, –um (f. pl) prayersprecor, –ari, precatus sum to praypremo, –ere, pressi, pressum to presspretiosus, –a, –um precious, costlypretium, –i (n) priceprimus, –a, –um firstprinceps, principis (m) chiefpriusquam (conj.) beforeprivatus, –a, –um privatepro (+ Abl) for, on behalf ofprobo, –are, –avi, –atum to approveprocedo, –ere, processi, processum to go forward, advanceprocul far awayproelium, –i (n) battleproficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum to set outprogredior, progredi, progressus sum to advanceprohibeo, –ere, –ui, –itum to hinder, preventpromitto, –ere, promisi, promissum to promiseprope (+ Acc) nearpropter (+ Acc) because of, on account ofprovincia, –ae (f) provinceprovoco, –are, –avi, –atum to provoke, challengeproximus, –a, –um next, nearestprudens, prudentis careful, prudentprudentia, –ae (f) carefulness, prudencepublicus, –a, –um publicpudet (impersonal) it is shamefulpudor, –oris (m) modestypuella, –ae (f) girlpuer, pueri (m) boypugna, –ae (f) fightpugno, –are, –avi, –atum to fightpulcher, pulchra, pulchrum beautiful, handsomepulso, –are, –avi, –atum to beatpunio, –ire, –ivi, –itum to punishputo, –are, –avi, –atum to thinkquadraginta fortyquaero, –ere, quaesivi, quaesitum to ask, seekqualis, –e what sort of?quam how? how! thanquamquam althoughquamvis although, howeverquando when?quantus, –a, –um how big?quare why?quartus, –a, –um fourthquasi as if

quater four timesquattuor fourquattuordecim fourteen–que andqui, quae, quod who, which, thatquia becausequid agis? how are you?quidam, quaedam, quoddam a certainquidem indeedquies, quietis (f) rest, quietquietus, –a, –um quiet, calmquindecim fifteenquinquaginta fiftyquinque fivequintus, –a, –um fifthquis, quid who, what?quisquam, quidquam anyone, anythingquisque, quaeque, quidque eachquisquis, quidquid whoever, whateverquo where to, whither?quod becausequomodo how?quoque alsoquot how many?quotiens how often, wheneverrapio, –ere, rapui, raptum to seize, snatch, carry offratio, rationis (f) methodratis, –is (f) boat, raftrecens, recentis recentrecipio, –ere, recepi, receptum to take back, acceptrecognosco, –ere, recognovi, recognitum to recogniserecordor, –ari, recordatus sum to recall, considerrecte correctly, properlyreddo, –ere, reddidi, redditum to give back, returnreditus, –us (m) returnreduco, –ere, reduxi, reductum to lead back, bring backrefero, –ferre, rettuli, relatum to bring back, carry backregina, –ae (f) queenregio, regionis (f) region, districtregno, –are, –avi, –atum to ruleregnum, –i (n) kingdomrego, –ere, rexi, rectum to rulerelinquo, –ere, reliqui, relictum to leave behind, abandonremitto, –ere, remisi, remissum to send backremoveo, –ere, removi, remotum to remove, withdrawrenuntio, –are, –avi, –atum to reportreor, reri, ratus sum to thinkrepello, –ere, reppuli, repulsum to drive back, repelrepente (adv.) suddenlyreperio, –ire, repperi, repertum to findres, rei (f) thing, matter, businessresisto, –ere, restiti (+ Dat) to resist, opposerespicio, –ere, respexi, respectum to look backrespondeo, –ere, respondi, responsum to answerrespublica, reipublicae (f) state, republicretineo, –ere, retinui, retentum to hold back, restrainretro (adv.) backwardsrevenio, –ire, reveni, reventum to come back, returnrevertor, reverti, reversus sum to returnrex, regis (m) kingrideo, –ere, risi, risum to laughripa, –ae (f) bank (of river)robur, –oris (n) oak-wood, strengthrogo, –are, –avi, –atum to ask, ask forrogus, –i (m) funeral pyre

9

Roma, –ae (f) RomeRomanus, –a, –um RomanRomanus, –i (m) a Romanrumor, –oris (m) rumourrumpo, –ere, rupi, ruptum to burstruo, –ere, rui, rutum to rush, fall downrupes, rupis (f) cliff, rockrursus againrus, ruris (n) the countrysacer, sacra, sacrum sacred, holysacerdos, sacerdotis (c) priest, priestesssacrificium, –i (n) sacrificesacrifico, –are, –avi, –atum to sacrificesaepe oftensaevus, –a, –um fierce, cruel, savagesagitta, –ae, (f) arrowsalio, –ire, –ui, saltum to dance, jumpsalus, salutis (f) safety, greeting, healthsaluto, –are, –avi, –atum to greetsane (adv.) clearlysanguis, sanguinis (m) bloodsanus, –a, –um sound, healthysapiens, sapientis wisesapientia, –ae (f) wisdomsatis enoughsaxum, –i (n) rockscelestus, –a, –um wickedscelus, sceleris (n) crime, wickednessscilicet (adv.) undoubtedlyscio, scire, scivi, scitum to knowscribo, –ere, scripsi, scriptum to writescutum, –i (n) shieldse himself, herself, themselvesseco, –are, –ui, sectum to cutsecretus, –a, –um secret, separate, remotesecundus, –a, –um favourable, secondsed butsedecim sixteensedeo, –ere, sedi, sessum to sit, be seatedsedes, –is (f) seat, dwelling, placeseges, –etis (f) cornfield, cropsemel (adv.) oncesemper alwayssenator, senatoris (m) senatorsenatus, –us (m) senatesenex, senis (m) old mansententia, –ae (f) opinionsentio, –ire, sensi, sensum to feelsepelio, –ire, sepelivi, sepultum to buryseptem sevenseptendecim seventeenseptimus, –a, –um seventhseptuaginta seventysepulcrum, –i (n) tomb, gravesequor, sequi, secutus sum to follow, pursueservo, –are, –avi, –atum to save, protectservus, –i (m) slave, servantseverus, –a, –um severesex sixsexaginta sixtysextus, –a, –um sixthsi ifsic so, thussiccus, –a, –um drysicut just assidus, –eris (n) starsignifico, –are, –avi, –atum to mean, signify

signum, –i (n) sign, standardsilentium, –i (n) silencesilva, –ae (f) wood, forestsimilis, –e like, similarsimul at the same timesimul atque, simulac as soon assimulacrum, –i (n) image, statuesimulo, –are, –avi, –atum to pretendsine (+ Abl) withoutsinistra, –ae (f) left handsinus, –us (m) fold, curve, bay, bosom, lapsive / seu … sive / seu whether … orsocius, –i (m) friend, ally, companionsol, solis (m) sunsolacium, –i (n) comfortsoleo, –ere, solitus sum to be accustomedsolis occasus (m) sunsetsolis ortus (m) sunrisesollicitus, –a, –um worried, troubledsolum (adv.) onlysolus, –a, –um alone, onlysolvo, –ere, solvi, solutum to loosen, freesomnium, –i (n) dreamsomnus, –i (m) sleepsonitus, –us (m) soundsono, –are, –avi, –atum to sound, make a noisesonus, –i (m) soundsoror, sororis (f) sistersors, sortis (f) lot, fatespargo, –ere, sparsi, sparsum to sprinkle, scatterspatium, –i (n) space, distancespectaculum, –i (n) sight, spectacle, showspectator, spectatoris (m) spectatorspecto, –are, –avi, –atum to look at, observe, watchsperno, –ere, sprevi, spretum to scorn, despisespero, –are, –avi, –atum to hope, hope forspes, spei (f) hopesplendidus, –a, –um splendid, glittering, brightspumo, –are, –avi, –atum to foam, frothstatim immediatelystatio, stationis (f) station, poststatua, –ae (f) statuestella, –ae (f) starsto, stare, steti, statum to standstrepitus, –us (m) noise, dinstudeo, –ere, –ui (+ Dat) to study, be keen onstudium, –i (n) study, enthusiasm suadeo, –ere, suasi, suasum (+ Dat) to urge on, persuadesub (+ Acc) close tosub (+ Abl) undersubito suddenlysum, esse, fui to besummus, –a, –um utmost; top ofsumo, –ere, sumpsi, sumptum to take, assumesuper (+ Acc) upon, abovesuperbus, –a, –um proud, arrogantsuperi, –orum (m. pl) the godssupero, –are, –avi, –atum to overcomesupremus, –a, –um lastsurgo, –ere, surrexi, surrectum to rise, arisesuscipio, –ere, suscepi, susceptum to undertakesuspicio, –ere, suspexi, suspectum to look up atsustineo, –ere, sustinui, sustentum to hold up, uphold, maintainsuus, –a, –um his own, her own, their own

10

taberna, –ae (f) shop, inntabula, –ae (f) writing tablet, listtaceo, –ere, –ui, –itum to be silent, to become silenttacitus, –a, um silenttaedet (impersonal) it is tiresometalis, –e such, of such a kindtam sotamen (2nd word in clause) however, neverthelesstamquam (adv.) as iftandem at lengthtango, –ere, tetigi, tactum to touchtantum (adv.) onlytantus, –a, –um so great, so bigtardus, –a, –um slow, latetaurus, –i (m) bulltectum, –i (n) roof, buildingtego, –ere, texi, tectum to cover, protecttellus, –uris (f) earth, landtelum, –i (n) weapontempestas, tempestatis (f) weather, stormtemplum, –i (n) templetempto, –are, –avi, –atum to try, attempttempus, temporis (n) timetendo, –ere, tetendi, tensum to stretch outtenebrae, –arum (f. pl) darkness, underworldteneo, –ere, –ui, tentum to hold, keeptener, –era, –erum tendertenuis, –is, –e thin, fineter three timestergum, –i (n) backterra marique by land and seaterra, –ae (f) earth, landterreo, –ere, –ui, –itum to frighten, terrifytertius, –a, –um thirdtestis –is (m) witnesstimeo, –ere, –ui to be afraid, feartimidus, –a, –um frightened, timidtimor, timoris (m) feartollo, –ere, sustuli, sublatum to lift, raisetorus, –i (m) couchtot so manytotidem (adv.) as / so manytotus, –a, –um wholetracto, –are, –avi, –atum to handletrado, –ere, tradidi, traditum to hand over, hand down, surrendertraho, –ere, traxi, tractum to pull, drag, drawtranquillus, –a, –um tranquil, quiet, calmtrans (+ Acc) across, overtranseo, –ire, transii, transitum to cross overtransgredior, transgredi, transgressus sum to crosstransporto, –are, –avi, –atum to take across, carry acrosstredecim thirteentremo, –ere, –ui to trembletremor, tremoris (m) trembling, shaking, earthquaketrepido, –are, –avi, –atum to be frightenedtres, tria threetriduum, –i (n) period of three daystriginta thirtytristis, –e sadtu youtuba, –ae (f) trumpettum thentumultus, –us (m) tumult, uproartumulus, –i (m) mound

tunc (adv.) thenturba, –ae (f) crowdturpis, –is, –e vile, degrading, disgracefultutus, –a, –um safetuus, –a, –um yourubi where? when? / where, whenubique (adv.) everywhereullus, –a, –um anyultimus, –a, –um last, furthestultra (+ Acc) beyondumbra, –ae (f) shade, shadow, ghostumerus, –i (m) shoulderumidus, –a, –um damp, wetumquam everunda, –ae (f) waveunde from where?undecim elevenundeviginti nineteenundique (adv.) from / on all sidesunus, –a, –um oneurbs, urbis (f) cityusquam (adv.) anywhereusque ad (+ Acc) as far as, up tousus, –us (m) use, enjoymentut as, so that, thatuter, utra, utrum which (of two)?uterque, utraque, utrumque each (of two)utilis, –e usefulutor, uti, usus sum (+ Abl) to use, enjoyutrum … an whether … oruxor, uxoris (f) wifevalde (adv.) very, greatlyvaleo, –ere, –ui to be well, be strongvalidus, –a, –um strongvallum, –i (n) rampartvarius, –a, –um variousvasto, –are, –avi, –atum to destroy, lay wastevehementer violently, very muchveho, –ere, vexi, vectum to carry, conveyvehor, vehi, vectus sum to ridevel … vel either … orvelum, –i (n) sailvelut / veluti such as, likevendo, –ere, vendidi, venditum to sellvenenum, –i (n) poisonvenio, –ire, veni, ventum to comeventus, –i (m) windverbum, –i (n) wordvere (adv.) trulyvereor, –eri, veritus sum to fearvero really, truly, in factverto, –ere, verti, versum to turnverus, –a, –um truevesper, vesperis (m) eveningvester, vestra, vestrum yourvestibulum, –i (n) vestibule, hallvestigia, –orum (n. pl) tracks, traces, footprintsvestimentum, –i (n) garment, clothesvestis, –is (m) garment, clothesveto, –are, vetui, vetitum to forbid, order … notvetus, veteris oldvexo, –are, –avi, –atum to trouble, distressvia, –ae (f) road, wayvicinus, –a, –um neighbourly, neighbouringvictor, victoris (m) victor

11

L2

–L

AT

IV

victoria, –ae (f) victoryvicus, –i (m) street, villagevideo, –ere, vidi, visum to seevideor, –eri, visus sum to seemvigilo, –are, –avi, –atum to stay awake, keep watchviginti twentyvilla, –ae (f) country housevinco, –ere, vici, victum to win, conquervinculum, –i (n) bond, fetter, chainvinum, –i (n) winevir, viri (m) man, husbandvires, virium (f. pl) strengthvirgo, virginis (f) maiden, girlvirtus, virtutis (f) virtue, couragevis, vim, vi (f) forcevita, –ae (f) lifevitam agere to spend one’s life

vitium, –i (n) fault, vicevito, –are, –avi, –atum to avoidvitta, –ae (f) headband, ribbonvivo, –ere, vixi, victum to livevivus, –a, –um alivevix scarcelyvoco, –are, –avi, –atum to call, summonvolo, –are, –avi, –atum to flyvolo, velle, volui to wish, want, be willingvolvo, –ere, volvi, volutum to turn, rollvos you (pl)votum, –i (n) prayervox, vocis (f) voicevulgus, –i (n) mob, common peoplevulnero, –are, –avi, –atum to woundvulnus, vulneris (n) woundvultus, –us (m) face, appearance

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