Let’s set the stage

• We will assemble a multitude of factors and ideas which will be infused into the creation of a new government

End of the Revolutionary War

• Battle of Yorktown (1781)• Treaty of Paris (1783)

• Full independence (?)• Territory west of Appalachians• Loyalists compensated for seized

property• Fishing rights off of Newfoundland

Creating a New Government

Ideas of Government

A. Locke’s Social Contract

1. People Sovereign Rulers

B. Montesquieu- Separation &

Balance of Powers

C. Virginia Statue of Religious Freedom

D. Republican Motherhood

E. Each state had its own written constitutions

John Locke

Charles de Secondat Montesquieu

Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785

Will the country grow?What was the plan?

Northwest Ordinance of 1787est. of 3 to 5 states, see page 252defined process for statehood

pop. 60,000, forbade slavery“empire of liberty” not colonies“the utmost good faith”

Native Americans

Northwest Ordinance of Northwest Ordinance of 17871787

One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress!

Statehood achieved in three stages:

1. Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.

2. When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners elect territorial legislature.

3. When population reached 60,000 elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

The United States in The United States in 17871787

Northwest Ordinance The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

A) divided federal western land into 640-acre sectionsB) greatly hindered western expansionC) sought to raise money by the sale of western landD) contained no reference to slaveryE) provided for the creation of not less than three nor more than five states

Answer: E) provided for the creation of not less than three nor more than five states

Explanation: The 1787 Northwest Ordinance was a key accomplishment of Congress during the Articles period and encouraged western expansion as new states would come in as equals to the original thirteen. It established a pattern for new states entering the United States, outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory, determined that the land should be divided in not less than three, nor more than five states, and stated "Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged."

Original System of Government

III. Articles of Confederation John Dickinson

Home work- make a T chart that identifies the advantages and disadvantages of this system of government.

A. Loose AllianceB. Power given to stateC. One State = One VoteD. Many Restrictions of the Federal Government

John Dickinson

Weaknesses of theWeaknesses of theArticles of Articles of

ConfederationConfederationA unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law].

13 out of 13 to amend.

Representatives were frequently absent.

Could not tax or raise armies.

No executive or judicial branches.

State ConstitutionsState ConstitutionsRepublicanism.

Most had strong governors with veto power.

Most had bicameral legislatures.

Property required for voting.

Some had universal white male suffrage.

Most had bills of rights.

Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

Occupational Composition of Occupational Composition of Several State AssembliesSeveral State Assemblies

in the 1780sin the 1780s

Indian Land Cessions:Indian Land Cessions:1768-17991768-1799

Disputed Territorial ClaimsDisputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain & the U. S.:Between Spain & the U. S.:

1783-17961783-1796

State Claims to Western State Claims to Western LandsLands

WholesaleWholesalePricePriceIndex:Index:1770-1770-17891789

A Need for Change

*Shay’s Rebellion

Image from Shay’s Rebellion

A Young Nation in Turmoil

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

Daniel Shays

Western MA

Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.

-- George Washington-- George Washington

Reactions to Shays' Rebellion

• Match the correct sources for the following two quotes about the rebellion led by Daniel Shays in 1786

• Quote #1: "The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure."

• Quote #2: "Influence is not government. Let us have a government by which our lives, liberties, and properties will be secured, or let us know the worst at once."

• (A) 1-Sam Adams/2-John Adams• (B) 1-Thomas Paine /2-Henry Knox• (C) 1-Thomas Jefferson 2-George Washington• (D) 1-Paul Revere /2-James Madison• (E) 1-Alexander Hamilton/ 2-John Hancock

Answer: (C) 1-Thomas Jefferson 2-George Washington

Annapolis Convention Annapolis Convention (1786)(1786)

12 representatives from 5 states[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]

GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.

Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.

Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

Annapolis Convention

While the 1786 Annapolis Convention was convened to discuss commerce issues among the various states, its real impact came in its call for

A) war with Great Britain over western fortsB) a constitutional convention to address defects in the Articles of ConfederationC) condemning the rebellion led by Daniel Shays in MassachusettsD) support for those seeking to overthrow French King Louis XVIE) a Bill of Rights

Answer: B) a constitutional convention to address defects in the Articles of Confederation Explanation: Only five states sent representatives to Annapolis in 1786 to discuss commerce issues in a meeting that lasted only three days. The Convention concluded, however, with an invitation to a Constitutional Convention the next year in Philadelphia. Alexander Hamilton, among others, was eager to correct the defects in the Articles of Confederation.

Constitutional Conventionat the city of brotherly love

Philadelphia 1787 1. George Washington Chairman and 55 or

54 delegates (No Rhode Island)

2. Set Guidelinesa. hold secret sessionsb. 7 states as a quorumc. one state/one voted. majority vote rules

Now the Debates• Representation of the Small and Large

States

• How to regulate the Slave Trade

• How to regulate Commerce

• How much voting power should be entrusted to the people?

Will We Really Last as a New Nation?

Compromises 1. Virginia Plan (presented by Randolph, drafted by Madison)

a. Federalismb. 3 Branches of Governmentc. two-houses based on population

2. New Jersey Plan (Patterson)a. One Houseb. Equal Representation

Edmund Randolph

James MadisonWilliam Patterson

Can’t We All Just Get Along?

3. Great Compromise (Sherman)

a. Bicameral- two houses

b. upper –(equal) lower – (representation

based on population)

Roger Sherman

Other Compromises

4. 3/5 Compromise (Slavery) (N v. S)James Wilson and Roger Sherman

a. taxationb. representation

5. Restriction of the Slave Tradea. importation of slaves until end of 1807b. slave owners could pursue runaway slavesJames Wilson

Another Major Compromise

6. Compromise over commerce (N v. S)

Economic Differences

a. tariffs

b. imports not exports

Changes in the Constitution from the Articles

• Stronger union of states• Equal and population-based

representation• Simple majority vote (pres. veto)• Reg. of foreign and interstate trade• Execution by President (carry out laws)• Power to tax• Federal courts• Easier amendment process

Changes in the Constitution from the Articles

• Elastic Clause• (“necessary and proper”)• Gives Congress the power to pass

laws it deems necessary to enforce the Constitution

So why is this important?

Constitutional Convention

Independence Hall, Philadelphiasite of the Constitutional Convention

The delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia managed to craft a number of compromises. Which of the following was not an area of compromise?

(A) trade: no taxes were allowed on exports but Congress retained the right to control commerce

(B) legislative bodies: a House of Representatives with representation based on population, a Senate with each state with two representatives

(C) slavery: slaves counted as 3/5 of a white resident for both representation and taxation

(D) assumption of debts: Congress assumed all of the debts of the 13 states

(E) electing a president: citizens vote for electoral college members who then vote for the president

Answer: (D) assumption of debts: Congress assumed all of the debts of the 13 states

Constitutional ConventionWhich of the following beliefs would have not been held by those advocating the ratification of the Constitution?(A) the Articles of Confederation created a weak, ineffectual national government

(B) the separation of powers into three independent branches sufficiently protects the rights of the people

(C) power should be concentrated in local and state governments

(D) a list of rights is not necessary

(E) only 9 of the 13 states need to approve the Constitution before it becomes the law of the land

Answer: (C) power should be concentrated in local and state governments

Compromises at the Convention

Which of the following was not an element of compromise at the 1787 Constitutional Convention?

A) counting slaves in determining the number of representatives in the HouseB) Congress being able to ban the slave trade after 1808C) a bicameral legislature, with each state receiving two members in the Senate and proportional representation in the HouseD) the location of the nation's capital between Maryland and VirginiaE) a prohibition of taxation on exports

Answer: D) the location of the nation's capital between Maryland and Virginia

Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistFederalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the End of the Strongholds at the End of the

WarWar

Ratification• IV. What was/is Ratification?

• A. Federalists-(Strong National Government)• Federalist Papers

• B. Anti-Federalists-(Strong State Government)• Lee Papers

• C. June 21, 1788 ratified by 9 states

Why was it important that all the states ratify the Constitution?

The Federalist

The collection of essays published in 1787 and 1788 as The Federalist included all but which of the following arguments?

A) a Bill of Rights was a necessary protection of the rights of citizensB) the Articles of Confederation were insufficient in governing the nationC) a republican government was best for governing a large territory like that of the U.S.D) political factions were dangerousE) a one-man chief executive is necessary for an effective administration

Answer: A) a Bill of Rights was a necessary protection of the rights of citizens

Ratification Fight During the fight over the ratification of the Constitution

A) pro-Constitution forces faced no difficulties in gaining approval in each of the 13 state constitutional conventionsB) people living in urban areas tended to oppose ratificationC) small farmers and rural residents tended to support ratificationD) most newspapers opposed ratificationE) Anti-Federalists predicted that merchants and creditors would dominate the newly formed national government

Answer: E) Anti-Federalists predicted that merchants and creditors would dominate the newly formed national government

Explanation: The struggle to win approval of the Constitution was neither quick nor easy. But journalists, who were important opinion shapers, tended to favor the Constitution. Eric Foner states that out of 97 newspapers published at the time of ratification, only 12 opposed the Constitution's ratification. Most supporters lived in cities or areas dependent on merchant business, while opponents tended to be small farmers and others concerned about the ascendancy of a ruling merchant and creditor class that would stand to benefit most from the Constitution's ratification.

Constitution