lesson 1 | solids, liquids, and...

States of Matter 7

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Student Labs and Activities Page

Launch Lab 8

Content Vocabulary 9

Lesson Outline 10

MiniLab 12

Content Practice A 13

Content Practice B 14

School to Home 15

Key Concept Builders 16

Enrichment 20

Challenge 21

Lesson 1 | Solids, Liquids, and Gases

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8 States of Matter

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How can you see particles in matter?It’s sometimes difficult to picture how tiny objects, such as the particles that make up matter, move. However, you can use other objects to model the movement of these particles.

Procedure

Launch Lab LESSON 1: 10 minutes

1. Read and complete a lab safety form.

2. Place about 50 copper pellets into a plastic petri dish. Place the cover on the dish, and secure it with tape.

3. Hold the dish by the edges. Gently vibrate the dish from side to side no more than 1–2 mm. Observe the

pellets. Record your observations in your Science Journal.

4. Repeat step 3, vibrating the dish less than 1 cm from side to side.

5. Repeat step 3, vibrating the dish 3–4 cm from side to side.

Think About This 1. If the pellets represent particles in matter, what do you think the shaking represents?

2. In which part of the experiment do you think the pellets were like a liquid? Explain.

3. Key Concept If the pellets represent molecules of water, what do you think are the main differences among molecules of ice, water, and vapor?

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Solids, Liquids, and GasesDirections: Unscramble each word. Then write each term on the line before its definition.

1. ovarp

2. usefarc nonstie

3. sga

4. tartem

5. dilqui

6. sivistyco

7. dolis

8. matter with no definite volume and no definite shape

9. matter with a definite volume, but no definite shape

10. matter with a definite volume and a definite shape

11. the uneven forces acting on the particles on a liquid’s surface

12. the gas state of a substance that is a solid or liquid at room temperature

13. a measurement of a liquid’s resistance to flow

14. anything that takes up space and has mass

LESSON 1Content Vocabulary


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Solids, Liquids, and Gases A. Describing Matter

1. A form of matter is another name for a(n) of matter.

a. The three most common states of matter on Earth are solids,

, and gases.

b. Most of the matter in space is in a fourth state of matter called

, which is high-energy matter consisting of positively and negatively charged particles.

2. can be described in many ways.

a. Some descriptions, such as color and odor, involve using

your .

b. Other descriptions, such as mass or volume, are .

3. Particle and particle determine a substance’s state of matter.

a. No matter how close they are to each other, all particles have

motion.

b. Particles that are free to move will move in a(n)

line until they with something.

4. There is a force of between positively charged

and negatively charged .

a. When particles move , they move closer together,

and the attractive forces between them are .

b. When particles move , they move farther apart,

and the attractive forces between them are .

B. Solids

1. A solid has a definite and a

definite .

Lesson Outline LESSON 1


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2. The type of solid depends on how the in the solid are arranged.

a. When the particles are arranged in a specific, repeating order, the solid is a(n)

solid.

b. If the particles are randomly arranged, the solid is a(n)

solid.

C. Liquids

1. A liquid has a definite but no

definite .

2. Unlike solids, liquids flow and can take the of their container.

3. The particle motion in a liquid state of a substance is than the particle motion in substance’s solid state.

4. The attractive forces between the particles in a liquid are than they are in a solid.

5. A measurement of a liquid’s resistance to flow is its .

6. The attraction between molecules that are alike, such as water molecules, is

called .

7. Molecules at the surface of a liquid also have , which involves the uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid.

8. Usually, stronger forces between particles is linked

to a greater of a liquid.

D. Gases

1. A gas has no definite and no

definite .

2. The distances between gas particles are so and the

attractive forces so that gas particles spread out to fill their container.

3. The gas state of a substances that is usually a solid or a liquid at room temperature

is called a(n) .

Lesson Outline continued


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How can you make bubble films?Have you ever observed surface tension? Which liquids have greater surface tension?

Procedure

MiniLab LESSON 1: 20 minutes

1. Read and complete a lab safety form.

2. Place about 100 mL of cool water in a small bowl. Lower a wire bubble frame into the bowl, and gently lift it. Use a magnifying lens to observe the edges of the frame. Write your observations in the Data and Observations section below.

3. Add a full dropper of liquid dishwashing soap to the water. Stir with a toothpick until mixed. Lower the frame into the mixture and lift it out. Record your observations.

4. Use a toothpick to break the bubble film on one side of the thread. Observe.

Data and Observations

Analyze and Conclude 1. Recognize Cause and Effect Explain what caused the thread to form an arc when half

the bubble film broke.

2. Key Concept Explain why pure water doesn’t form bubbles. What happens to the forces between water molecules when you add soap?


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Name Date Class

Solids, Liquids, and GasesDirections: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is used only once.

Content Practice A LESSON 1

1. high-energy matter consisting of positively and negatively charged particles.

2. the amount of matter in an object

3. the amount of space that a sample of matter occupies

4. mass per unit volume

5. ways in which atoms, ions, or molecules move

6. movement in all directions and at different speeds

7. the way freely-moving particles move

8. the positively charged parts of atoms

9. the negatively charged parts of atoms

10. oppositely charged particles attract each other

11. The particle speed is slowest and the attractive forces between particles is strongest.

12. The particle speed is slower than in a gas and faster than in a solid.

13. The particle speed is the fastest and the attractive forces between particles is the weakest.

A. density

B. electrons

C. gas

D. liquid

E. mass

F. particle forces

G. particle motion

H. plasma

I. protons

J. random motion

K. solid

L. straight lines

M. volume


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Solids, Liquids, and Gases Directions: Define each term in the space provided, and then provide three examples for each.

Term Definition Three Examples

1. solid

2. liquid

3. gas

4. plasma

5. vapor

Content Practice B LESSON 1


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Solids, Liquids, and GasesDirections: Use your textbook to complete each activity.

Fill in the table to compare and contrast solids, liquids, and gases. Some answers have been filled in for you.

Solids Liquids Gases

1. Speed of Particle Movement

slow a. b.

2. Strength of Forces Between Particles

a. b. weak

3. Distance Between Particles

a. moderate b.

4. Volume definite a. b.

5. Shape a. b. not definite

6. In the boxes below, make sketches of the particles of solids, liquids, and gases.

Solid Liquid Gas

School to Home LESSON 1

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Solids, Liquids, and Gases Key Concept How do particles move in solids, liquids, and gases?

Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Increased motion in the particles in a liquid allows the particles to A. stop their flow. B. hold their shape. C. slip past one another.

2. Particles in a solid are A. far apart. B. not moving. C. close together.

3. Particles have the greatest motion A. in a gas. B. in a solid. C. in a liquid.

4. Distances between particles in a gas are A. decreasing as they move. B. greater than in a solid or liquid. C. smaller than in a solid or liquid.

5. Slow motion keeps particles tightly held in their positions A. in a gas. B. in a solid. C. in a liquid.

6. Particles in liquids and gases A. move faster than in a solid. B. are closer together than in a solid. C. flow and take the shape of their container.

Key Concept Builder LESSON 1

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Solids, Liquids, and GasesKey Concept How do particles move in solids, liquids, and gases?

Directions: Put a check mark in the column that describes each statement. More than one column may be checked.

Statement Solid Liquid Gas

1. Its matter has a definite volume but no definite shape.

2. The particles move randomly in all directions and at different speeds.

3. The particles in the matter are close together and vibrate back and forth.

4. Its matter has a definite shape and a definite volume.

5. The distance between the particles is so great there is little or no attraction between them.

6. The particles move in straight lines until they collide with something.

7. The particles are farther apart than in a solid and can move freely and slide past each other.

8. The speed and direction of the particles are changed by collisions.

9. Its matter has no definite volume and no definite shape.



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Solids, Liquids, and Gases Key Concept How are the forces between particles different in solids, liquids, and gases?

Directions: Complete the chart by writing the correct sentence from the list under the correct term.

Attractive forces between particles are strong.

Attractive forces between particles are weaker than in a liquid.

Strong attractive forces and slow motion of particles keep particles in position.

Attractive forces are slightly weaker than solids.

Surface tension is a result of uneven forces acting on particles at the surface.

Particles have little or no attraction to each other.

Solids

1.

2.

Liquids

3.

4.

Gases

5.

6.


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Solids, Liquids, and GasesKey Concept How are the forces between particles different in solids, liquids, and gases?

Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false. If the statement is false, change the underlined word(s) to make it true. Write your changes on the lines provided. Use the diagram to answer the questions.

State solid liquid gas

Particle Speed slowest medium fastest

Attractive Forces Between Particles

strongest medium weakest

1. Opposite charges repel each other and create attractive forces between two

particles.

2. As particles increase speed, attractive forces get stronger.

3. As particle force weakens, particle space increases.

4. The attractive forces in a solid are strong.

5. Strong forces between particles slow particle movement in a liquid with high

surface tension.

6. Cohesion is the attractive force between similar molecules.

7. Gas has the weakest attractive forces between particles.


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Forces Between Particles

Enrichment LESSON 1

Why does rain fall as drops rather than sheets of water? Why does it bead up on a freshly waxed car instead of spreading out over the surface?

The area around the hydrogen atoms of a water molecule has a slightly positive charge. The area around the oxygen atom has a slightly negative charge. The negative area of each water molecule attracts the positive area of other, nearby molecules. The molecules pull together into the smallest possible surface, which is a sphere. The force of attraction between similar particles, such as water molecules, is called cohesion.

Opposites AttractWater molecules are attracted to any

particle with positive or negative charges. The force of attraction between unlike particles is called adhesion. For example, when you dip one end of a paper towel into a glass of water, the water moves upward into the paper. You know that gravity pulls down on the water molecules, so why do they move upward?

The particles that form the towel also have positive and negative charges. The

attraction between the water molecules and the paper particles is stronger than the attraction between the water molecules themselves. The attraction is strong enough to “pull” the water upward through the paper.

Sticky Stuff If you attach a poster to your wall, it’s a

good idea to use masking tape rather than transparent tape. Why?

Substances called adhesives work because of adhesion. The sticky stuff on adhesive tape adheres to the tape. When you press the sticky side of the tape to a surface made of other types of particles, such as paint particles, adhesion causes the paint on the wall and the adhesive to stick together.

Some adhesives, such as those on transparent tape, are strong. If you try to remove the tape, some of the paint particles come off with it, leaving a bare spot! The adhesive in masking tape is weaker. It is designed to stay on the wall for a short time and come off easily without removing paint.

Applying Critical-Thinking SkillsDirections: Answer each question.

1. Infer You press the sticky side of two pieces of transparent tape together. Why is it more difficult to pull them apart than to pull the tape off a piece of paper?

2. Analyze When you put water into a narrow tube, such as a graduated cylinder, the surface of the water forms a concave shape called a meniscus. Why does this occur?

3. Apply How do cohesion and adhesion work together in wall paint? Why does wet paint bead up on some shiny, smooth surfaces and spread evenly over other surfaces?

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Challenge

Investigate the Properties of WaterYou know that surface tension is related to the cohesive properties of water. Water particles

may also be attracted to particles in other substances. The force of attraction between unlike particles is called adhesion. When water comes in contact with another substance, there is a tug of war between the forces of cohesion and adhesion. You can figure out which force won by observing what happens to the water.

Cohesion and Adhesion 1. Place a clean, new penny on a paper towel. Add distilled water, one drop at a time, to

the penny. How many drops can you add before the water runs off the penny?

2. Clean and dry the penny. Add a few drops of dish soap to distilled water in the cup. How many drops of water can you add to the penny now before it overflows?

3. What caused the water to mound on the penny rather than flowing off? Why did this change when soap was added to the water?

Capillary ActionA capillary is a tube with a small inner diameter. A process called capillary action is related

to the adhesive properties of water. For example, when you place one end of a piece of glass tubing in water, the water “climbs” up the inside wall of the tube. This happens because water molecules are attracted to the glass particles by adhesion.

Capillary action is responsible for water moving through a plant. Plant roots, stems, and leaves contain capillaries. Water molecules are attracted to the walls of these capillaries. As water molecules move up the capillaries, cohesion pulls other water molecules along, causing an upward flow.

4. Fill a plastic cup with water. Add several drops of blue or red food coloring. Trim the top and bottom ends of a stalk of celery. Observe the structure of the celery stalk from the end. Place one end of the celery stalk in the water. Observe for 10–15 minutes.

5. How would the diameter of a tube affect the height to which water would rise by capillary action? Explain your reasoning.

LESSON 1

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lesson 1 | solids, liquids, and...

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