lesson 1 | rocks and the rock cycle · when molten rock erupts on earth’s surface, ... key...

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Student Labs and Activities Page

Launch Lab 8

Content Vocabulary 9

Lesson Outline 10

MiniLab 12

Content Practice A 13

Content Practice B 14

School to Home 15

Key Concept Builders 16

Enrichment 20

Challenge 21

Lesson 1 | Rocks and the Rock Cycle

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8 Rocks

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Launch Lab LESSON 1: 20 minutes

What’s in a rock?You’ve probably seen different types of rock, either outside or in photographs. Rocks have different colors and textures, and they can contain a combination of minerals, shells, or grains. In this activity, you will observe differences among rock samples.

Procedure

Data and Observations

Think About This 1. Write a brief description of each rock sample. Identify the ways in which your samples

are similar and different.

2. Key Concept Do you think all rocks form in the same way? Explain.

1. Read and complete a lab safety form.

2. Obtain a few rock samples from your teacher.

3. Examine each rock, both with and without a magnifying lens.

4. Describe each rock sample in detail. Record the color and texture and describe the minerals or grains in the rock for each sample in the Data and Observations section below.

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Content Vocabulary

Rocks and the Rock CycleDirections: Answer each question on the lines provided. You must include the terms below in your answer.

deposit grain lava magma mineral

rock rock cycle sediment texture

1. What is the difference between lava and magma?

2. How are grains related to texture?

3. What is the relationship between minerals and rocks?

4. What is sediment, and how is it deposited?

5. What are the three types of rock that are related through the rock cycle?

LESSON 1


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Lesson Outline

Rocks and the Rock CycleA. Rocks

1. A(n) is a natural, solid mixture of minerals or particles.

2. are the fragments that make up rocks.

3. A rock can be classified according to the size, , and chemical composition of its grains.

4. Geologists rocks according to their composition and their texture.

a. The size of grains in a rock and the way the grains fit together are called the

of the rock.

b. Texture also can be used to determine the in which a rock formed.

5. The material that makes up a rock is called the rock’s .

a. The composition of a rock can be used to determine where the

rock .

b. Composition can also determine the that existed when the rock formed.

B. Three Major Rock Types

1. rocks form when magma or lava cools and crystallizes.

a. Molten or liquid rock material below Earth’s surface is

called .

b. When molten rock erupts on Earth’s surface, it is called .

2. Sedimentary rocks form where is deposited.

a. Forces such as wind, running water, ice, and cause rocks to break down.

b. Sediment is rock material that forms where rocks are broken down into smaller

pieces or in water as rocks erode.

c. Sediment can be to new environments where they are deposited and form sedimentary rock.

LESSON 1


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Lesson Outline continued

3. When rocks are exposed to extreme temperatures and pressure or the addition

of chemical fluids, rocks result.

a. The minerals that make up the rock’s composition can change as well as

the , or arrangement of the individual mineral grains.

b. In many cases, the change is so intense that the arrangement of the grains

appears as bent or layers.

c. Metamorphic rocks form from igneous, sedimentary, or other

rocks.

4. The series of processes that change one type of rock into another type

of rock is called the .

C. Rocks in Action

1. Some processes of the rock cycle occur only beneath Earth’s

, such as those associated with temperature, and pressure, and melting.

2. is a tectonic process that forces rocks onto Earth’s surface.


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MiniLab LESSON 1: 20 minutes

Can you model the rock cycle?The rock cycle includes all the changes that can occur in rocks. You can use a crayon model of a rock to learn about some of these changes.

Procedure 1. Read and complete a lab safety form.

2. Scrape a coin against the side of two or three different colors of crayons.Layer your scrapings on a piece of aluminum foil.

3. Fold the foil around the scrapings and press down hard on it with your hands.Open the package. Record your observations of the crayon rock in your Science Journal. Try to fold your crayon rock in half. It might break. Repackage your crayon rock.

Analyze and Conclude 1. Recognize Cause and Effect What part of the rock cycle did ironing your crayon rock

represent?

2. Model What type of rock did you model in steps 3, 4, and 5?

3. Key Concept How could you continue the rock cycle using the crayon rock you created in step 4?

4. Get a beaker of hot water from your teacher. Using tongs, put the foil package in the water for about 10 s. Remove it and dry it on a paper towel. Press your textbook down on top of the foil package. Open it and record your observations in your Science Journal.

5. Repackage your crayon rock. Give it to your teacher to iron. Allow your package to cool, and then open it. Record your observations in your Science Journal.


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Content Practice A

Rocks and the Rock CycleDirections: Complete this chart by choosing phrases from the list and writing them in the correct spaces.

classified by texture and chemical composition

example—basalt

example—granite

example—marble

form from compacted sediment

form from dissolved minerals that crystallize

form as magma cools underground

form when extreme temperatures and pressure change rock

include erosion and deposition

involve preexisting rock

can form when chemical fluids change rock

produce layering

Igneous Rock

1.

2.

3.

4.

Sedimentary Rock

5.

6.

7.

8.

Metamorphic Rock

9.

10.

11.

12.

Rock Groups

LESSON 1


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Content Practice B

Rocks and the Rock Cycle Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false. If the statement is false, change the underlined word(s) to make it true. Write your changes on the lines provided.

1. Sedimentary rock can form from metamorphic rock that has been uplifted.

2. Igneous rock is classified by its color and chemical composition.

3. Changes in temperature, erosion, and chemical fluids are part of the formation

of metamorphic rock from preexisting rock.

4. The banding on igneous rock results from dark and light mineral grains.

5. Sediment results from the forces of wind, water, ice, and gravity.

6. Granite is an example of sedimentary rock.

7. One difference between granite and basalt is mineral composition.

8. Magma can cool on Earth’s surface.

9. The layering in sedimentary rock forms from sediment deposits.

10. Volcanic glass forms when lava cools slowly.

11. Foliation is present in metamorphic rock.

12. Igneous rock formation begins with surface processes that break down rocks.

13. Lava cools quickly because it is exposed to air below Earth’s surface.

14. Compressed sediment and soil becomes metamorphic rock.

LESSON 1


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Rocks and the Rock CycleDirections: Use your textbook to answer each question.

1. A rock is a natural, solid mixture of minerals or grains.

What are grains, and what are they commonly made of?

2. All igneous rocks are formed by magma or lava.

How do igneous rocks differ from each other?

3. Sedimentary rocks form from many types of sediment.

What is sediment?

4. Metamorphic rocks form when existing rock is exposed to extreme temperature and pressure or the addition of chemical fluids.

What happens to the minerals that make up the rock as a result?

School to Home LESSON 1

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16 Rocks

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Rocks and the Rock CycleKey Concept How are rocks classified?

Directions: Use the clues and the terms listed below to complete the puzzle.

basalt conglomerate foliation igneous rocks

lava sedimentary rocks texture volcanic glass

Key Concept Builder LESSON 1

1 2

5

8

7

4

6

3

CluesAcross 5. banding in metamorphic rock

6. size and fit of grains in rocks

7. magma that erupts on Earth’s surface

8. form as sediments are compressed and compacted

Down 1. type of igneous rock that cools above

Earth’s surface

2. formed by lava that cools very quickly

3. form from magma

4. sedimentary rock made up of rounded rock fragments

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Directions: Complete these paragraphs by choosing terms from the word bank and writing them in the correct spaces. Some words may be used more than once.

dissolved foliation igneous lava layers

magma metamorphic minerals natural preexisting

pressure rock sedimentary

A(n) (1.) is a solid mixture of minerals or particles that

is (2.) . The three major groups of rock are

(3.) , (4.) , and

(5.) . A molten rock material called

(6.) makes up igneous rock. When this material erupts

on Earth’s surface, it is called (7.) .

Sediment forms (8.) rock when it is compressed and

compacted by weight. Sediment is rock material that is broken down into pieces or

(9.) in water as rock erodes. The sediment is deposited in

low-lying areas, producing (10.) and compacting over time.

Sedimentary rock also forms when (11.) crystallize after water

evaporates.

Solid rock that is exposed to extreme temperature, pressure, or chemical fluids becomes

(12.) rock. The rock that changes during this process is called

the (13.) rock. Some metamorphic rock contains parallel

bands of dark and light mineral grains that result from uneven

(14.) , called (15.) .



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Directions: On the line before each description, write the letter of the type of rock that matches it correctly.

1. has parallel bands of dark and light mineral grains

2. forms when sediment is compressed

3. has foliation

4. contains low-density minerals such as quartz

5. contains high-density minerals such as olivine

6. forms from the layering of eroded rock

7. Gneiss is an example.

8. Limestone is an example.

9. formed from magma

10. results from cementation of sediment

11. forms when molten rock cools and crystallizes

12. what preexisting rock becomes

13. forms from dissolved minerals that crystallize between grains

14. Marble is an example.

15. forms from lava

16. forms when sediment is transported and then compressed

17. shows a pattern of layering

18. forms when tiny crystals in magma form

A. igneous rock

B. sedimentary rock

C. metamorphic rock



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Rocks and the Rock CycleKey Concept What is the rock cycle?

Key Concept Builder

Directions: Use the diagram to complete each statement.

1. When temperature and pressure are applied to sedimentary and igneous rock,

.

2. When magma cools and crystallizes, .

3. When sediment is deposited and compacted,

.

4. When metamorphic rocks are uplifted,

.

5. When metamorphic rock melts, .

6. Rocks become sediments by the processes of .

Sedimentaryrock

Metamorphicrock

Igneousrock

Sediments

Uplift

UpliftUplift

Melting

Heat andpressure

Heat andpressure

Cooling andcrystallization

Weatheringand erosion

Deposition,compaction, cementation

Magma

LESSON 1


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Awesome RocksAfter rocks erupt onto Earth’s surface in

a volcanic eruption, forces work to change the rock, reshape it, and perhaps give it a completely different chemical composition. Erosion by wind and water, deposition, and lots of time allow some rocks to take on strange shapes or assume incredible positions.

Volcanic NecksShiprock is an igneous rock formation in

New Mexico that is known as a volcanic neck. This formation is a remnant of a volcanic eruption more than 30 mya. The surface was more than 1,000 m higher, when a volcano erupted, producing a cone. Lava also flowed through fissures in the surface, producing flood basalt that radiated from the central cone. After the volcano became dormant, it cooled; the magma on the inside of the fissures and the cone solidified and formed dikes of lava. Millions of years later, erosion has carried away the earthen cone and exposed the solidified magma within the fissures and the cone.

Devil’s Tower is a volcanic neck in Wyoming that reaches 386 m above the present surface. The top of the igneous rock, as well as the earthen cone around the central magma pipe, have eroded over time leaving evidence of what must have been an awesome volcanic eruption.

Granite FormationsYosemite National Park covers a huge

area of the western Sierra Nevada in central California. Yosemite Valley is a 915-m depression carved by glaciers and rivers through solid granite. This granite was once part of Earth’s crust that cooled under the surface. Erosion has now exposed some of the world’s largest granite monoliths. The largest is El Capitan, a granite peak that rises 915 m above the valley floor.

Arches and Balancing RocksThroughout the world, delicate and

seemingly impossible rock formations exist. One of the most impressive is Wave Rock in Western Australia. This solid rock, which is 15 m high and 110 m long, appears to be a massive ocean wave frozen in place. The wave in Coyote Buttes, Arizona, is carved by the wind. It can be reached only on foot on a rugged hike.

Rocks that seem to have rolled into place or that are balanced precariously on a smaller rock exist where wind and water have eroded any apparent support. Two of the most unusual are Devil’s Marbles in the Northern Territory, Australia, which look like two massive stone balls rolled into place, and Brimham Rock in England, which is a massive stack of rock layers balanced on a tiny rock.

Enrichment LESSON 1

Applying Critical-Thinking SkillsDirections: Respond to each statement.

1. Compare how the formations in this article were revealed with the way other formations, artifacts, and fossils have been discovered and revealed.

2. Predict what these stone formations might be like in another million years. Explain your prediction.

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Riddles and RocksEvery rock has a story to tell. Think about how many places a rock might have been.

Maybe it traveled from deep inside Earth’s crust to be thrown high in the sky in a volcanic eruption. Maybe the ocean’s weight squeezed it under sediment deposits. Every rock has a past and certain characteristics that you can use to puzzle your friends.

Write a RiddleLook for information about different types of rocks, such as granite, obsidian, pumice,

sandstone, limestone, and marble. Find out how they form, how they change, what they are made of, and how they can be described.

Here is a rock riddle: I came from magma, and I was hot for a very long time. I spent all that time within Earth’s crust cooling a little. Finally, erosion exposed me to Earth’s surface. I have big crystals, and I am beautiful and hard. People build monuments with me. What am I? Answer: I am an intrusive igneous rock called granite.

Select three kinds of rocks and write a riddle about each.

Riddle 1

Riddle 2

Riddle 3

Challenge LESSON 1

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lesson 1 | rocks and the rock cycle · when molten rock erupts on earth’s surface, ... key...

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