the rock cycle. let’s review some basic information … rock cycle before we look at the rock...
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The rock cycleThe rock cycle
let’s review some basic information …
Before we look at the
RRoocck k CCyyccllee in more detail,
Atoms combine to make compounds that combine to make minerals.
MineralsMinerals areare
SolidSolid, , Naturally occurringNaturally occurring, , InorganicInorganic
a Fixed chemical compositiona Fixed chemical composition,
And And has Crystal formhas Crystal form
S N I F C
There are over There are over 2,0002,000 minerals minerals
alunite, amethyst, amphibole, analcite, anatase, andalusite, andesine, andradite, anglesite, anhydrite, ankerite, annabergite, anorthite, anthonyite, anthophyllite, anthraconite, anthraxolite, antigorite, apatite, aphrosiderite, apophyllite, aragonite, ardennite,
argentoalgodonite, arsenopyrite, asbestos, atacamite, attapulgite, augite,awarurite, axinite, azurite, babingtonite, baddeleyite, barite, bassetite, bastnaesite, beaconite, beryl, biotite, bismuthinite, blomstrandine, bornite, bowlingite, brannerite, braunite, brochantite,
bronzite, brookite, brucite, brunsvigite, buttgenbachite, byssolite, bytownite, calciovolborthite, calcite, calderite, calumetite, carnallite, carnelian, celadonite, celestite, cerargyrite, chabazite, chalcedony, chalcocite, chalconatronite, chalcopyrite, chalcotrichite,
chamosite, chert, chloanthite, chlorargyrite, chlorastrolite, chlorite, clinochlore, clino-chrysotile, clinozoisite, collophane, columbite, copiapite, copper, coquimbite, cordierite, corrensite, corundum, covellite, crocidolite, cubanite, cummingtonite, cuprite, dahllite, datolite, daubreelite, delessite, diabantite, diallage, diamond, dickite, digenite, dihydrite, diopside, dioptase, djurleite, dolomite,
domeykite, forsterite, francolite, freirinite, fuchsite, fulgurite, galena, garnet, garnierite, gersdorffite, gibbsite, glauconite, goethite, gold, halite, halloysite, halotrichite, harmotome, heterosite, heulandite, hisingerite, hollandite, hornblende,
hyacinth, hydrocarbon, hydrohausmannite, hydromica, hydromuscovite, hydrotroilite, hypersthene, iddingsite, illite, ilmenite, isle royale greenstone, jacksonite, jacobsite, jasper, jaspilite, julgoldite, kamacite, kamiokite, kaolinite, kearsargeite, keweenawite ,
kinoite, koutekite, kupfferite, kutnahorite, kyanite, labradorite, langite, laumontite, lavendulan, lead, lechetelierite, ledouxite, leonhardite, lepidocrocite, lepidolite, manganoan siderite, manganocalcite, marcasite, margarite, marmolite, martite, masonite,
maucherite, melaconite, melanochalcite, melanterite, melilite, mercury, mesolite, meta-autunite, metatorbernite, metatyuyamunite, microcline, millerite, minnesotaite, mirabilite, mohawk-algodonite, mohawkite, molybdenite, monazite, montmorillonite, muscovite, nacrite, nantokite, natrojarosite, natrolite, neltnerite, neotocite, niccolite, nontronite, oligoclase, oligonite, olivenite, olivine, orientite,
orthoclase, ottrelite, palygorskite, paragonite, paramelaconite, pararammelsbergite, paratacamite, pargasite, patricianite, paxite, pectolite, pennine, pentlandite, peristerite, perthite, pharmacolite, phengite, phillipsite, phlogopite, phosphides, phosphorite, picrolite,
picropharmacolite, pigeonite, pistacite, pitchblende, plagioclase, plancheite, plessite, polyhalite, posnjakite, powellite, prehnite, priorite, prochlorite, protolithionite, pyrolusite, pyrope, pyrophyllite, pyrostilpnite, pyroxene, pyrrhotite, quartz, rammelsbergite,
rauenthalite, rhodochrosite, rhodonite, riebeckite, ripidolite, roscoelite, rubellan, rutherfordine, rutile, salite, salt, sanidine, saponite, saussurite, scapolite, scheelite, schefferite, schorl, schreibersite, scolectite, seamanite, semi-whitneyite, sericite, serpentine, siderite, silicon, sillimanite, silver, smaltite, smectite, soapstone, specularite, spessartite, sphalerite, sphene, spinel, spodumene, staurolite, steatite, stellerite, stibiodomeykite, stilbite, stilpnomelane, stinkstone, strontianite, sulfur, sussexite, sylvanite, sylvite, synchisite, szaibelyite, taenite, talc, tantalite, tellurium, tenorite, tetrahedrite, thomsonite, thuringite, tirodite, titanite, titanomagnetite, topaz,
tourmaline, tremolite, trichalcite, tridymite, troilite, tyrolite, uralite, uraninite, uranothorite, uvarovite, vaterite,, vesuvianite, violarite, viridite, vivianite, vladimirite, wairakite, whitneyite, williamsite, wollastonite, wurtzite, xanthosiderite, xonotlite, zeolite, zircon, zoisite,
zonochlorite
MineralsMinerals combine to form combine to form RocksRocks
Some RRoocckkss are made up of just
one mineral - like rock salt (made up of the mineral halite) that is mined near Detroit.
Others RRoocckkss are made up of many
minerals - like the granites and
gneisses (made up of feldspars,
quartz, and other minerals) found near Marquette.
What is tWhat is thhee
RRoocckk CCyycclle ?e ?The rock cycle is a sequence of events involving
the formation, alteration, destruction, and
reformation of rocks as a result of natural
processes such as magmatism (melting of rock
into magma), erosion, transportation,
deposition, lithification, and metamorphism.Glossary of Geology, Bates & Jackson, AGI
The mantle, crust and surface of the earthcan be thought of as a giant recycling machine;rocks are neither created nor destroyed,
but redistributed and transformed from
one rock type to another.
http://www.science.ubc.ca/~geol202/rock_cycle/rockcycle.html March 2000
The RRoocck k CCyyccllee involves the recognition of three main classes of rocks all of which are found in Utah.
The three rock types are …
CEMETERYCEMETERY METABOLICMETABOLIC
INGENIOUSINGENIOUS
SedimentaryRocks
MetamorphicRocks
IgneousRocks Right?Right?
Igneous
Igneous means “born of fire”
Igneous Rock...
is formed when sediments are melted and cooled
Cools Very Fast - glassy with holes
Cools Fast - glassy
Cools Slow- small crystals
Cools Very Slow- large crystals.
Igneous ...
As Cooling Time increases, Crystal Size increases.
intrusiveextrusive
Into theBedrock
On top (Exit)
(crystals)(no crystals)
Sedimentary rock...
is formed when sediment that has been broken down in some way is pressed and cemented together.
Sedimentary rocks are usually formed in a watery environment.
Often layeredAre the only rocks
that contain fossils
Sedimentary Rock...
Can have thick or thin layers
Loosely Compacted
Have distinct particles
(Usually) dull luster
Metamorphic rock...
is formed when rocks are changed by heat and pressure.
metamorphic...
Metamorphic rocks will often have foliation or a distorted structure.
Metamorphic!Metamorphic!
Bands (can) form
Metamorphicmeans
“changed”
Metamorphic...
Usually have Thin layers
Are Tightly Compacted
Have Blurred or stretched particles
& are Usually shiny
Draw three ovals on your paper.
What should go in the blue oval?
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
Draw two blue arrows to the blue oval.
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
Label the process for the two blue arrows
THE ROCK CYCLE
Wea
ther
ing,
erosio
n, dep
osition,
cemen
tation,
compacti
on
What should we label the green oval?
SEDIMENTARYWeathering, Erosion,
Deposition, Cementation,
Compaction
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
Wea
thering, E
rosio
n, Dep
osition,
C
emen
tation, C
ompaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
METAMORPHIC
What should we label them?
SEDIMENTARY
Wea
thering, E
rosio
n, Dep
osition,
C
emen
tation, C
ompaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
THE ROCK CYCLE
METAMORPHIC
Draw two green arrows to the green oval.
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
Wea
ther
ing, Ero
sion, D
eposit
ion,
C
emen
tation, C
ompaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
METAMORPHIC
What should we label them?
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Cementation, Compaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Cementation, Compaction
METAMORPHIC
Heat &
Pre
ssure
Heat & Pressure
What should we label the red oval?
THE ROCK CYCLE
Draw two red arrows toward the red oval.
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
Heat & Pressure
IGNEOUS
Heat & Pressure
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Cementation, Compaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Cementation, Compaction
THE ROCK CYCLE
What should these red arrows be labeled?
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
Heat & Pressure
IGNEOUS
Hea
t & P
ress
ure
Wea
ther
ing, Ero
sion, D
eposit
ion,
C
emen
tation, C
ompaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
THE ROCK CYCLE
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
Heat & Pressure
IGNEOUS
Hea
t & P
ress
ure Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Cementation, Compaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Cementation, Compaction
Melting &
Cooling
Melting & Cooling
THE ROCK CYCLE
There are three arrows missing on this diagram. Can you guess what color the are and where they go?
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
Heat & Pressure
IGNEOUS
Hea
t & P
ress
ure Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Cementation, Compaction
Melting &
Cooling
Melting & Cooling
THE ROCK CYCLE
DO YOU NEED A HINT?
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
Heat & Pressure
IGNEOUS
Hea
t & P
ress
ure
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Cementation, Compaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Cementation, Compaction
Melting &
Cooling
Melting & Cooling
THE ROCK CYCLE
Who got it right??
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
Heat & Pressure
IGNEOUS
Hea
t & P
ress
ure Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Cementation, Compaction
Melting &
Cooling
Melting & Cooling
THE ROCK CYCLE
Label the new arrows.
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
Heat & Pressure
IGNEOUS
Hea
t & P
ress
ure Weathering, Erosion, Deposition,
Cementation, Compaction
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Cementation, Compaction
Melting &
Cooling
Melting & Cooling
Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Cementation, Compaction
Heat & Pressure Melting & Cooling
Igneous
metamorphic
Sedimentary
The Rock Cycle
41
MAGMA
Crystallization
IGNEOUS
42
MAGMA
IGNEOUS
Intrusive (Plutonic)
Crystallization
43
MAGMA
Extrusive (volcanic)
IGNEOUS
Intrusive (plutonic)
Crystallization
But then theEARTH’S elements
Won’t leaveThe poor rock alone!
•Ice•wind •Water ic
e
water
wind
They break up the stone
47
MAGMA
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
Uplift
Crystallization
Weathering
48
MAGMA
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
SEDIMENT
Uplift
Crystallization
Weathering SEDIMENT
49
MAGMA
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
SEDIMENT
SEDIMENTARY
Uplift
Crystallization
WeatheringErosion
Transport
Deposition
50
MAGMA
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
SEDIMENT
SEDIMENTARY
Uplift
Crystallization
WeatheringErosion
Transport
Deposition
51
MAGMA
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
SEDIMENT
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
UpliftBurial
Increased P&T
Crystallization
WeatheringErosion
Transport
Deposition
52
MAGMA
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
SEDIMENT
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
UpliftBurial
Increased P&T
MeltingCrystallization
WeatheringErosion
Transport
DepositionCan you see
any shortcuts?
53
MAGMA
Volcanic
IGNEOUS
Plutonic
SEDIMENT
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
UpliftBurial
Increased Pressure & Heat
MeltingCrystallization
Weathering
Erosion
Transport
Deposition
THE ROCK CYCLE
This diagram shows where each type of rock occurs.
Where do sedimentary rocks form?
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS form near the surface under water by COMPACTION from a few layers above.
Where do METAMORPHIC ROCKS form?
METAMORPHIC ROCKS form deep underground by Pressure from many layers above and Heat.
60Where do IGNEOUS ROCKS form?
61
Extrusive igneous rocks form on or near the surface.
Intrusive igneous rocks form below the surface.
62
What process is probably occurring here or did occur in the recent past?
63
Compaction under water - forming SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
64
What process is probably occurring deep under these mountains?
65
Heat & Pressure - forming METAMORPHIC ROCKS
66What process is probably occurring here?
67
Melting & Cooling - forming IGNEOUS ROCKS
• The rock cycle demonstrates the relationships among the three major rock groups
• It is powered by the interior heat of the Earth
• As well as earth’s momentum and…
• The energy from the sun• It involves processes on the
Earth’s surface as well as the Earth’s interior
• It connects the “hydrologic cycle” with the “tectonic cycle”.
In Conclusion…
THE ENDBONUS: Which picture portrays which formation process?
A.
B.
C.
What type of rock is each process forming?
Special thanks to....Special thanks to....Beth Cook-VernonProductions
M.J. Krech
the Michigan Department of Environmental Qualitythe Michigan Department of Environmental QualityGeological Survey Division - http://www.deq.state.mi.us/gsdGeological Survey Division - http://www.deq.state.mi.us/gsd
