Lecture Week 1CT0004N

Principles of Communications Systems

Agenda• Module Introduction

Your Module Leader Your Lecturer and tutorsModule aimsModule outcomes after successful completionModule AssessmentsRecommended booklist

• Week 1 Lecture Coverage

Introduction to Telecommunications

Fundamental Blocks of Communication.

Shannon’s Communication Model.

Evolution of Modern Communications Systems.

History of Telecommunications.

Standards Organizations

Your Module Leaders Are…

(Islington College)(London Metropolitan University)

Mr. Pramod Kumar ChaudharyDr. Nicholas Ioannides

Module Leaders’ Roles• Every module has two module leaders:

•Creates the main lecture/tutorial notes•Writes coursework and examinations•Moderates the coursework and examinations results•Serves as a lecturer for that module (usually in London)

•Writes localised lecture/tutorial notes•Marks the coursework and examinations (lecturers/tutors might also be involved in marking)•Serves as a lecturer for that module

Your Lecturer Is

Mr. Pramod Kr. Chaudhary

( MSc.Engineering. Information and Communication , IOE, Pulchwok Campus, T.U.

; Cisco Certified Network Associated(CCNA); Cisco Certified Academic Instructor(CCAI); Microsoft Certified Professional )

Your Tutors are…

Mr. Pramod Kumar Chaudhary Mr. Ramesh Karakheti( B.E. in Electronics; CCNA; CCAI, MCSE; MCTS )

Module aimsTo

introduce students to the fundamental concepts of modern telecommunications;

differentiate between analogue and digital signals and their typical uses;

differentiate between analogue and digital communication systems and their typical uses;

provide a working technical vocabulary for describing commonly used telecommunication systems;

provide basic understanding of telecommunications systems concepts such as bandwidth, transmission media, attenuation, noise, the decibel, multiplexing and modulation;

Module aims...

Also to

provide basic understanding of telecommunications systems applications such as telephony, wireless terrestrial communications, satellite communications, fibre optic communications and computer networks;

provide an opportunity for students to consider the various social and economic implications of modern telecommunications.

Module outcomes after successful completion

Students should be able to:

• explain the basic structure of modern communication systems and distinguish between the various systems.

• describe the characteristics of signals commonly encountered in communications systems.

• differentiate between analogue and digital communications systems.

• Select an appropriate communications system for a given application

Assessment Strategy for Early-Bird Class

Assessment InstrumentDates /

Deadlines Weight

Group Coursework Oral Presentation 30 September 40 %

Group Coursework Report 28 september 60 %

Total: 100 %

Recommended Reading: Technical

• Bates, R.J and Gregory, D.W. (2007) Voice & Data Communications Handbook, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill Osborne, ISBN: 0-07-226335-0.

• Beyda, W.J. (2004) Data Communications: From Basics to Broadband, 4th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, ISBN: 0-13-145692X.

• Crisp, J. (2002) Introduction to Copper Cabling: Applications for Telecoms, Data Communications and Networking, Newnes, ISBN: 0-7506-5555-0.

• Goleniewski, L. (2002) Telecommunications Essentials: The Complete Global Source for Communications Fundamentals, Data Networking and the Internet, and Next-generation Networks, Addison Wesley, ISBN: 0-20-176032-0.

• Meadows, R.M. (1990) An Introduction to Communication Systems, Stanley Thornes, ISBN 0-7487-0419-1.

• Miller (1993) Modern Electronic Communications, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-240326-9.

Recommended Reading: Non-Technical

• Cairncross, F. (2001) The Death of Distance: How the Communications Revolution is Changing Our Lives, Harvard Business School Press, ISBN: 157851438X.

• Martin and Schinzinger (1997) Ethics in Engineering, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-1141952.

• Solymar, L. (1999) Getting the Message: A History of Communications, Oxford Univ. Press, ISBN: 0-19-850333-4.

• Tavani, H.T. (2003) Ethics in an Age of Information and Communication Technology, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0471452505.

• Winston, B. (1998) Media, Technology and Society: A History - from the Printing Press to the Superhighway, Routledge, ISBN: 041514230X.

The Classroom Is:

Lecture Week 1Introduction to

Telecommunications• Definitions of Telecommunications.

• Fundamental Blocks of Communication.

• Shannon’s Communication Model.

• Evolution of Modern Communications Systems.

• History of Telecommunications.

• Growth and Service Proliferation.

• Standards Organizations.

• Social implications.

• Telecommunications is the systems and techniques used to transmit and

receive information via any kind of transmission media, like:

Electrical - (using wires and cables),

Optical - (using optical fibres),

Free Space - (using electromagnetic waves).

• Communication concerns itself with the transmission (sending and

receiving) of information between two locations.

In the information age, this means sending information between

machines that are connected together by physical wires or radio links.

Definition of Telecommunications

Fundamental Blocks of Communication

• All communication systems comprise six fundamental blocks:

Information Signal: All forms of intelligence to be transmitted from one point to another: sound, images, data, etc.

Input Transducer or Source: Converts the input information signal into electrical form.

Transmitter: Converts the electrical signal from the transducer into a form suitable for transmission to the required destination and transmits.

Transmission Medium: Guided or Unguided.

Receiver: Accepts signals from the medium and presents them in electrical form to the output transducer.

Output Transducer or Destination: Converts the received signal into its original form or into a form required by the recipient.

Fundamental Blocks of Communication...

Shannon’s Communication Model

• In terms of oral communication between two people, the model is applied as follows:

Source: the brain.

Message: the idea, thought.

Sender: the transmitting device, the mouth.

Channel: the medium the message travels over air.

Receiver: the receiving device, the ear.

Destination: the brain.

• Shannon’s model of communication (1948) has served as a basis for explaining communication.

The Need to Communicate

• The need to communicate is part of man’s inherent being.

• Since the beginning of time the human race has communicated using different techniques and methods.

• Circumstances and available means or technology have dictated the method and means of communications.

• Many early forms of communication were:

Writing and drawing.

Development of Language and the use of Symbols.

Smoke signals of the early American Indians.

Drums of African tribes.

The towers of the Chinese wall are indications of the desire to communicate beyond the immediate physical boundaries of space.

Story tellers around the camp-fire, using animation, gestures and sound to communicate their message to other members of the tribe.

Early Forms of Communication

Evolution of Modern Communication Systems

• Machine Telegraphy (1840s): The first true telecommunications system using electrical signals was developed by Samuel Morse (Morse-code).

Evolution of Modern Communication Systems

• Telephony (late 1870s): invented by Alexander Graham Bell. Speech was converted into electrical energy, transmitted along physical wires and reconstructed at the receiver.

Evolution of Modern Communication Systems

• In 1886, Hertz verified that electrical energy could be radiated, proving the existence of electromagnetic waves. This opened the way for the free-space transmission of information. This proved the basis for future wireless systems.

Evolution of Modern Communication Systems

• Marconi, in 1901, established long-distance communication by reflecting radio waves in the ionosphere, thus overcoming the problem of Trans-Atlantic communications.

• Discoveries of the diode and the valve favoured the development of transmitter and receiver design, impulsing the development of radio broadcasting.

• Television and Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) were developed in the 1930s.

• The transistor is invented (1948).

• Data communications (transmission of coded data between computers) was first established in the 1950s by using modems.

• Satellite Communications were developed as a consequence of the space race:

1957: Start of space technology (Sputnik).

1962: First Communications Satellite (Telstar).

Evolution of Modern Communication Systems (…2)

Evolution of Modern Communication Systems (…3)

• 1960s: The beginning of the optical communications era.

Late 1960s: The laser is invented.

Early 1970s: Low loss fibre optic cable (~3dB/km).

1980s: Fibre optic cable loss down to 0.3dB/km.

• The greatest change occurring at the moment is the move from analogue to digital communications.

• The Future:

4G Cellular Telephony (almost there…), (5G ???),

Personal Area Networks,

Purely Optical Networking,

Virtual Reality,

Artificial Intelligence.

History of Telecommunications

History of Telecommunications (…2)

History of Telecommunications (…3)

(source: Glover, I.A. and Grant, P.M., 2004, Digital Communications, 2nd Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, ISBN: 0-13-089399-4.)

Standards and Protocols

• The wide number of hardware manufacturers calls for a standard in order to connect one computer to another computer, if of a different type.

• There are recognized and widely accepted standards governing how data is to be transmitted, whether asynchronously, parallel, or synchronously.

• Standards govern the format of the data, and also specify the hardware details like voltages to use, bit durations, speeds, etc.

Organisations Responsible for Standards

• The major organisations responsible for standards are:

Electronic Industries Association (EIA).

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE).

American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

International Organization for Standards (ISO).

International Telecommunications Union (ITU).

Social Implications of Telecommunications

• ‘Needs’ and ‘Wants’ of people.

• Impact on:

Employment,

Other communications media,

Urban and Regional Planning,

Communities,

Authority.

• Contribution to World Security (?).

• Communication takes place all around us.

• Mankind has communicated in various ways since the beginning of its existence, by means of drawings, writings, signals, symbols and language.

• Telecomms have made great progress over the past 150 years.

• In the information age, much of the communication we receive each day is mediated in some way by technology.

• Shannon's model of communication serves as a basis for explaining communication.

• There are a number of organizations responsible for standards. From a company view, standards are important because they ensure inter-operability of products and reliability.

• Telecommunications has serious implications in the way we live our lives today.

Summary

Tutorial Session In Tutorial Class

Thank You

Tutorial Questions

1. Define and explain the term “Telecommunications”.

2. Which are the six fundamental blocks of a communications system? Explain each block and give appropriate examples.

3. What is the need for standards in communications?

4. Which are the main organizations responsible for setting standards in telecommunications?

5. Think of some methods of communication used today:

a. Are they one-way, two-way, multiple or interactive?

b. What formats are used in delivering a message?

c. Are there any security issues?

6. Are there any social implications due to telecommunications? Explain.

Thank You