CURRENT STATE OF ELECTRICITY SUPPLY-THE POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLE

ENERGY(RE) IN GHANA”PRESENTED: UNIDO-ISEC Center, Lanzhou-

ChinaJune, 2015

By Felix Amankwah Diawuo

Team Members: Sharon; Frank; Rashid

Presentation outline• Introduction-Geographical background

• Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in

perspective (Demand and Supply)

• RE generation potential in Ghana

• RE Barriers

• RE Policies

• Conclusion

• References2

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Introduction-Geographical Background

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3

Location: West Africa

Climate: Tropical Zone

Land size: 240,000km2

Population: 25million

GDP: US$ 43 Billion

CO2 Emission: 0.4 kg/capita

Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective

Electricity Consumption76%

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0.00

2,000.00

4,000.00

6,000.00

8,000.00

10,000.00

12,000.00

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

GWh

Year

Total Electricity Consumed (GWh)

Total Electricity Consumed (GWh)

Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective

Load Profile

5

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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective

6

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

H1

H2

H3

H4

H5

H6

H7

H8

H9

H1

0

H1

1

H1

2

H1

3

H1

4

H1

5

H1

6

H1

7

H1

8

H1

9

H2

0

H2

1

H2

2

H2

3

H2

4

MW

Hour

Industrial sector

Commercial sector

Residential sector

Total demand

Daily Sectorial Demand Characteristic Curve

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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective

7

Pattern of Yearly Sectorial Consumption in Ghana since the year 2000

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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective

• Basically 2 Types of Power Generation:Hydropower (about 57%)

Thermal Plants: Fuel Flexibility (NG, LCO or DIESEL)

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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective

Installed grid electricity generation Capacity, 2013 (EC, 2014)

• Maximum Capacity =2,631.0 MW

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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective

• Location of some Existing Plants

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10

Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective

11

Demand vs Supply

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0.00

2,000.00

4,000.00

6,000.00

8,000.00

10,000.00

12,000.00

14,000.00

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

GWh

Year

Total Electricity Consumed (GWh)

Total Electricity Generated

Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective

12

Ghana’s total available capacity compared to peak demand

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Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective

13

Reserve Margin based on Generation and Demand Forecast: 2010-2020

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0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

MW

year

New Capacity_Dep

Existing Capacity_Dep

System Peak

System Peak + 15% Reserve Margin

Energy Outlook- The Ghanaian situation in perspective

• Transmission and Distribution losses in Ghana:

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Generation Potential Resource: Solar• Daily Solar Irradiation: 4-6 kWh/m2/year

• Annual Sunshine Duration: 1800-3000 hrs

• Estimated Possible Energy Harness: 35 EJ (9.7 PWh)

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Generation Potential Resource: SolarPotential of Solar energy resources at some selected locations in Ghana

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16

Generation Potential Resource: Solar

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Generation Potential Resource: Solar

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Generation Potential Resource: WIND• Wind Speed at hub height of 50m along the coast: 7-9m/s

[3000MW/7300GWh]

• Wind Speed at hub height of 50m along Border: 9-9.9m/s [300MW/800GWh]

• Wind Power Density: 600-800W/m2

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Generation Potential Resource: WINDWind energy resource of Ghana at 50m height

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Generation Potential Resource: WIND

Measured wind speed at 40 m, 50 m and 60 m height of NRG 60 m XHD wind mast

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Generation Potential Resource: WIND

• No of potential sites: 70

• Potential Generation Capacity:2000MW

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Generation Potential Resource: BIOMASS RESOURCE

• Biomass energy accounts for 50% of Africa’s totalprimary energy supply, and about 60% in sub-Saharan Africa.

• Biomass resources cover about 20.8 millionhectares of the 23.8 million hectare land mass ofGhana and supply about 64% of the total energyused in the country.

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Generation Potential Resource: BIOMASS RESOURCE

It has been estimated that there are 553,000 tonnesof maize cob and stalk produced with a potentialenergy of 17.65-18.77 MJ/kg and 19 tonnes ofpaddy rice husks with a potential energy of 16.14MJ/kg.

As well, 193,000 tonnes of oil palm shells, 136,000tonnes of sorghum stalks, 150,000 tons of milletstalks and 56,000 tonnes of groundnut shells

• The waste generation per day in thecity is about 0.6 kg/person

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Generation Potential Resource: BIOMASS

Average household waste composition in Kumasi

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Generation Potential Resource: BIOMASS

Location Installed

Capacity (kW)

Average Annual

Generation (GWh)

Kwae Oil Palm 420 1.50

Juanben Oil

Palm

424 1.50

Benso Oil Mill 500 1.90

Twifo Oil Palm 610 2.10

Total 1954 7.00

Installed biomass co-generation plants in Ghana

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Barriers to RE UtilizationThe barriers to renewable energy exploitation inGhana include:

• higher electricity costs compared to the non-renewably-sourced electricity

• compatibility with existing transmission and distributionnetworks

• the remoteness of resources from key electricity demandsectors

• technological immaturity

• institutional inexperience and the lack of skilled technicalmanpower to oversee renewable energy projects

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RE Policies

•Regulatory Framework

Renewable Energy Act, 2011 (Act 832)

•To stimulate massive investment into the renewable energy sector.

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RE PoliciesThe recently passed Renewable Energy Act to generate 10% of the country’s electricity from RE sources by the year 2020.

Some Specific policies has been introduced:

• feed-in-tariff (FIT) scheme which is made up of feed-in-tariff rates

• mandatory purchase of electricity generated from renewable sources

• free access to the distribution and transmission systems

• creation of the Renewable Energy Fund dedicated to the promotion development of the renewable energy sub-sector in Ghana (monies accrued shall be used for financial incentives, capital subsidies, promotion of

-Scientific, technological and innovative research into renewable energy.

–research into the establishment of standards for the utilisation of renewable energy.

–the production or fabrication of equipment for the development and utilisation of renewable energy in the country.

• Capacity building

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RE PoliciesTechnology Specific feed-in-tariff

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Technology Capacity Factor

Rate (U$

Cent/kWh)

Solar 19 20.3000

Wind 28 12.5521

Biomass 50 12.2759

Waste to

energy

50 12.5900

Hydro 55 11.1336

Conclusion

• It is very feasible to meet energy demand gap and sustained spinning margin with RE systems.

• Strategic policies to meet the demand short fall is elaborate but IMPLEMENTATION????????

• Sun is going to shine for another billion years.That means solar energy is renewable andsustainable. Moving water and strong windswill continue to supply constant source ofenergy with less pollution….THE WAY TO GO!!!! 31

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References

[1] EC, 2014. National Energy Statistics 2000-2013, Energy Commission, Ghana

[2] Kemausuor F., Obeng, G. Y., Brew-Hammond A., & Duker A. A review of trends, policies and plans for increasing energy access in Ghana. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 5143-5154.

[3] Gyamfi, S., Modjinou, M., Djordjevic, S. Improving electricity supply in Ghana-The potential of renewable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 43 (2015) 1035-1045

[4] UN 2015. United Nation Data. file:///F:/UNIDO%20GNERI/UNdata%20_%20country%20profile%20_%20Ghana.htm

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MEDAASE!!!!

XIE XIE!!!!

THANK YOU!!!

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