lecture 3: cells and tissues bio 219 dr. adam ross
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues
Bio 219Dr. Adam Ross
![Page 2: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cell Physiology
![Page 3: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cell Physiology
• Brief review of organelles• Should be mostly review
• Cell surrounded by plasma membrane• Lipid bilayer• Also surrounds organelles• Polar heads face aqueous environments• Non-polar tails face inwards away from polar aqueous environment
![Page 4: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Nucleus
• Site where DNA is stored• Transcription happens here• DNA to mRNA
• Gene expression can be regulated by a number of factors• Contains nucleolus
![Page 5: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Associated with the ribosome• Non membrane bound organelle (ribosome)• Makes proteins from mRNA
• Also folds proteins
![Page 6: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ribosome
• Protein machinery responsible for translating mRNA into polypeptides• See Previous Lecture
![Page 7: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Smooth E.R.
• Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids• Carbohydrate metabolism• Detoxification of drugs• Gluconeogenesis
![Page 8: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mitochondria
• Produces ATP• H+ ion gradient drives ATP-synthase• Created by electron transport chain
![Page 10: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cell Membrane
• Lipid bilayer also contains other non-phospholipid elements• Cholesterol• Glycoproteins• Receptor proteins• Surface proteins• Glycolipids
![Page 11: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Extracellularfluid
Carbohydrate
Cholesterol
Surfaceprotein
Filaments ofcytoskeleton
Embeddedprotein
Plasma membrane
Outer surface of plasma membrane
Inner surface of plasma membrane
Plasma membrane
Phospholipidbilayer
Glycoprotein
Glycolipid
![Page 12: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Three basic ways to transport things
• Pores• Non gated channels. Always open
• Channels• Gated pores, allow transport when open
• Carriers• Opens upon presentation of thing to be transported• Generally unidirectional
![Page 13: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Pores, channels and carriers
• Pores- always open• Aquaporin channels in kidney• Look like a straight, open tube
• Channels• Alternatively open and closed• Allow specific things to pass• Ion channels regulate cell membrane potential
• Carriers• Two gates that are never open at same time• Never provides continuous path
![Page 14: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Membrane proteins have diverse functions• Ionotropic receptor (type of gated channel)• Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)
• Voltage gated channel• Opens in response to changes in electrical potential
• Metabotropic receptor• β-adrenergic
• Transport proteins• Na-K ATPase
• Structural Proteins• Integrin
![Page 16: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Ionotropic receptors
• Binding of ligand to receptor opens ion channel• Allows ions to enter or leave cell, changing the electrical potential or activity
of a cell or downstream messenger
• nAChR• In skeletal muscle; allows for communication between nerves and muscles• Binding of acetylcholine to nAChR, opens a cation channel which starts the
process of muscle contraction
• There are also voltage gated ion channels• Open in response to changes in cell electrical potential
![Page 17: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
nAChR
![Page 18: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Metabotropic receptors
• Binding of ligand causes metabolic cascade of G-proteins• This cascade used second messengers to change activity of some cellular
parameter• In the heart muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are used to slow heart rate
• Use of heterotrimeric G-protein
![Page 19: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Metabotropic vs ionotropic
![Page 20: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Transport proteins
• Transport can be active or passive• Example: Glucose transporters (GLUT)
![Page 21: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cotransporters
• Can also be called exchangers• Exchange one molecule or ion for another• Generally driven by the inward Na+ gradient
• Many examples• Na/Glucose• K/Cl
![Page 22: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Connective proteins
• Surface proteins that aid in cell to cell adhesion• Integrin is one example
• Interacts with extracellular matrix to help provide cell stability
• Tight junctions• Make gaps between cells impenetrable• Made up of a number of proteins
• Gap junctions• Allow for electrical communication between cells
• Via direct cell to cell exchange of ions and/ or small molecules• Found in most cells in solid tissue
![Page 23: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Integrin
![Page 24: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tight junctions
![Page 25: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Gap junctions
![Page 26: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Membrane has a diverse array of functions• Protect cell from pathogens• Maintain proper salt-water balance• And corresponding membrane potential
• Respond to signaling ligands via surface receptors• Endo and Exocytosis• Anchor cell in place• Communication with neighboring cells
![Page 27: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
4 basic tissue types
• Epithelial• Connective• Neuronal• Muscular
![Page 28: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Epithelial tissue
• Continuous sheets of cells• Squamous, columnar, cuboidal
• Boundary covering internal environment (ECF) from external environment• Covering/ lining epithelia• Protection/ absorption
• Skin• GI tract
• Secretory epithelia• Exocrine and endocrine glands
![Page 29: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Types of epithelial tissue
• Squamous• Flattened sheet of cells
• Columnar• Tall column shaped cells
• Cubodial• Cube shaped cells
• Simple• Single layer of epithelial cells
• Compound/ Stratified• Multiple layers of cells
![Page 30: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Squamous epithelia
• Simple• Single layer• Often a mediator of filtration and diffusion
• Stratified• Multiple layers• Only one layer of cells is attached to the basement membrane• Good for areas with lots of abrasion
![Page 31: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Squamous epithelia
Simple: Glomerulus on top, Bowman’s capsule on bottom
Stratified: Human epidermis
![Page 32: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Columnar epithelia
• Simple• Single layer of column shaped cells
• Most organs of human digestive tract
• Stratified• Secretion and protection
• Urethra, vas deferens, uterus, eye, anus
• Pseudostratified• Appears to be stratified
• Actually only one layer of cells• Linings of upper respiratory tract (ciliated)• Male vas deferens (non-ciliated)
• Ciliated• Columnar cells have cilia attached to the apical membrane
• Used to trap debris
![Page 33: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Columnar epithelia
Simple (stomach)
![Page 34: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Cubodial epithelia
• Simple• Single layer of cube shaped cells
• Kidney tubules, glandular ducts
• Stratified• Sweat, mammary, and salivary glands
• Often times only top layer is cuboidal, other layers are other cell types
![Page 35: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Cubodial epithelia
Parotid gland (stratified)Pig kidney
![Page 36: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Functions of epithelial
• Exchange• Simple squamous; alveoli
• Transport• Simple columnar; small intestine & simple cuboidal; renal tubule
• Ciliated• Pseudostratified; trachea & simple ciliated columnar; uterine tube
• Protective• Stratified squamous; skin
• Secretory• Glandular; endocrine and exocrine glands
![Page 37: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Connective tissue
• Major support tissues of the body• Most abundant and diverse tissue type• Storage site for fat• Composed of cells and extracellular matrix• Considered to be two parts of one thing
• Cells are tissue specific• ECM is mostly protein fibers used for anchoring and support
![Page 38: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Types of connective tissue
• Many different types of connective tissue:
1. Areolar2. Adipose3. Dense (Tendons and Ligaments)4. Cartilage5. Bone6. Blood
![Page 39: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Loose connective tissue (Fibroblasts)
![Page 40: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Loose adipose tissue
Adipose (fat) tissue• Found under skin, around kidneys and heart• Functions in energy storage and insulation; cushioning for organs
![Page 41: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Dense connective tissue
Dense connective tissue• Found in tendons and ligaments• Forms strong bands that attach bone to muscle or bone to bone
![Page 42: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Cartilage
Cells = chondrocytes
![Page 43: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Bone
![Page 44: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Bone- functions
• Functions:1. Protects and supports internal structures2. Facilitates movement along with muscles3. Stores lipids, calcium, and phosphorus4. Produces blood cells
![Page 45: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Bone
Bone• Found in the skeleton• Functions in support, protection (by enclosing organs), and movement
![Page 46: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Blood
Blood• Found within blood vessels• Transports nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes; fights infections
![Page 47: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Blood
• Blood consists of liquid (plasma) and formed elements including:• Red Blood Cells (RBC) - transports oxygen to body cells.
•White Blood Cells (WBC) - fight infection
• Platelets—cell fragments necessary for clotting of the blood.
![Page 48: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Connective tissues
![Page 49: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Neuronal tissue
• Designed to transmit information from one part of the body to another• Uses electrochemical signals• Action potentials• Neurotransmitters
• Synapses
• Also includes support cells for the cells sending the messages (neurons)• Microglia, astrocytes, schwann cells, etc
![Page 50: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Nervous tissue
Figure 4.4
Dendrite
Cell body
Axon
Neuron
Neuroglia
![Page 51: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Muscular tissue• Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle in the body• Produces force to move body, pump blood, or help move digested
food.• Relies on the interaction of actin and myosin to produce force• Different muscle tissues have different properties• Will cover in depth during muscle lecture
![Page 52: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Skeletal muscle
• Voluntary• Striated• Activated by acetylcholine release at synapse• Majority of body’s energy and blood are used here
![Page 53: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Skeletal muscle
![Page 54: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Cardiac muscle
• Only in the heart (duh.)• Involuntary• Striated• No direct neural control
![Page 55: Lecture 3: Cells and Tissues Bio 219 Dr. Adam Ross](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062305/56649e7c5503460f94b7e24e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Smooth muscle
• Involuntary• Non striated• Involved in digestive process