lecture 2 perception

7/30/2019 Lecture 2 Perception

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Perception

Definition,Nature, importance

Factors influencing perception

Perceptual process

Perceptual organization

Perceptual errors

Ref : OB, S.P.Robbins


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We Dont See Things As

They Are, We See Things AsWe Are.

5-8


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Seeing is Believing?

5-9


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5-10


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What is Perception?

5-11

A process by which individuals organize and interprettheir sensory impressions in order to give meaning to

their environment.


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Nature of perception:

Is a complex cognitive process

Information is selected, cognitively organizes the

perceived information in a specific fashion, and then

interpreted.

Is a subjective process.


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Factors that Influence Perception

Characteristics of the perceiver1. Familiarity

2. Attitudes

3. Moods

4. self-concept

5. Cognitive structure

Characteristics of the target

1. Physical appearance

2. Verbal communication

3. Non verbal cues

4. Intentions

Characteristics of thesituation

1. Context of the interaction

2. Strength of situationalcues

Perception


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Basic Elements in the Perceptual Process

Environmental Stimuli

Could be objects or people or eventsin the immediate environment

Observation* Taste * Smell

* Hearing * Sight* Tou ch

Perceptual Selection

InterpretationResponse

Perceptual Organization

Perceptual group ingCont inui ty

Proximity

Closure

Similar i ty

External factors

SizeIntensity

Contrast

Motion

Repetit ion

Novelty

Famil iar ity

Internal factors

PersonalityLearning

Motivation

Perceptual error s

Perceptual

defense

Stereotyping

Halo effect

Projection

At t r ibu t ions

Internal vs

external

causes

Causes for

success and

fai lure

Covert

Att i tudes

motivat ions

Overt

Behavior

Feelings


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Size

Organizational Behavior / Perception15


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Size: Is the left centre circle big ?


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Intensity (Airtel)


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Contrast

Organizational Behavior / Perception18


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Motion


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Perceptual organization

Process by which people group environmentalstimuli into recognizable pattern

Forms of perceptual organization:

Figure ground principle

Perceptual grouping Closure

Continuity

Proximity

Similarity Perceptual constancy

Perceptual context


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1. Figure- ground principle: perceived objectsis viewed as separate from the background


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22OrganizationalBehavior /


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5-23


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Perceptual Grouping - Closure


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Proximity


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Similarity


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5-27


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Perceptual constancy: (higher form of

perceptual organization)

Attributing some constant and repeatablecharacteristics to events and people and

objects.

Irrespective of the information received bythe senses, the size ,color& the characteristics

of the object remains constant.

Ex. An apple in different colors & context

A CA Person hired in organization A, B, C

l ( hi h f f


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Perceptual context: ( highest form of

perceptual organization)

Ex. Within an organization, a piece of information

communicated in the form of a circular, a notice, a suggestion,

a pat on the back, a smile, a raised eyebrow, will acquire a

special meaning and added value when placed in the context ofthe work organization.


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Only great minds can read thisfi yuo cna

raed tihs, yuo hvae a sgtrane mnid too

Cna yuo raed tihs? Olny 55 plepoeout of 100 can.

i cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd wahtI was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid,aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, itdseno't mtaetr in waht oerdr the ltteres in a wrod are, theolny iproamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be inthe rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can

sitll raed it whotuit a pboerlm.Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteterby istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Azanmig huh? yaeh andI awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt!


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Attribution Theory: Judging Others

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Our perception and judgment of others is significantly

influenced by our assumptions of the other personsinternal state. When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine

whether it is internally or externally caused. Internal causes are under that persons control

External causes are notperson forced to act in that way

Causation judged through: Distinctiveness

Shows different behaviors in different situations.

Consensus Response is the same as others to same situation.

Consistency Responds in the same way over time.


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Elements of Attribution Theory

5-32


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Errors and Biases in Attributions

5-33

Fundamental Attribution Error

Self-Serving Bias


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Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging

Others

5-34

Selective Perception

Halo Effect

Contrast Effects


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Another Shortcut: Stereotyping

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Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group

to which that person belongsa prevalent and often useful, if

not always accurate, generalization

Profiling

ifi h li i i


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Specific Shortcut Applications in

Organizations

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Employment Interview

Performance Expectations

Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect):

Performance Evaluations


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lecture 2 perception

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