lecture #11 water and wastewater quality - umass amherst · water and wastewater updated: 21...

CEE 371 Lecture #11 11/21/2009

Lecture #11 Dave Reckhow 1

CEE 371Water and Wastewater

Updated: 21 November 2009

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Water and Wastewater Systems

Lecture #11

David Reckhow CEE 371 L#11 1

Water and Wastewater QualityReading: Chapter 5, pp.139-158

Generalized Decision TreeIs thereIs there

a significanta significanthazard?hazard?

Heath Effects/Heath Effects/AssessmentAssessment

Occurrence/Occurrence/ExposureExposure

Determine MCLGsfor Highest Risk

Pathogens & DBPs

2

Can weCan wecontrol the control the

hazards?hazards?

MCLs with BATMCLs with BAT Treatment TechniqueTreatment Technique BothBoth

AnalyticalAnalyticalMethodsMethods

TreatmentTreatmentTechnologiesTechnologies

2 “TT”

CEE 371 Lecture #11 11/21/2009


Comparative Risks

Activity Cause of DeathSmoking 1.4 cigarettes Cancer, heart diseaseSpending 1 hr. in a coal mine Black lung disease

All increase chance of death in any year by 0.000001

Spending 1 hr. in a coal mine Black lung diseaseLiving 2 days in NYC orBoston

Air pollution

Living 2 months in Denver Cancer caused by cosmicradiation

One chest X-ray Cancer caused by radiationEating 40 tbs. of peanut butter Liver cancer caused by

Aflatoxin BDrinking 30 12-oz cans of diet Cancer caused by saccharinDrinking 30 12-oz. cans of dietsoda

Cancer caused by saccharin

Living 150 yrs. within 20 milesof a nuclear power plant

Cancer caused by radiation

David A. Reckhow CEE 577 #1 3

See: Science article on value assigned to human life

Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR)

General RequirementsP i t th t bli t t i fPurpose is to ensure that public water systems using surface waters protect against waterborne diseases; special consideration to viruses and Giardia lambliaStates conditions where filtration is required as a treatment technique as well as conditions for which disinfection is the only treatmentTreatment technique requirements established in lieu of

4

Treatment technique requirements established in lieu of MCLs for Giardia, viruses, …Inactivation/removals of:

99.9 percent (3 log) for Giardia cysts99.99 percent (4 log) for viruses

Compliance required with THM MCL of 0.10 mg/L (100 μg/L)

“will also protect against HPC “will also protect against HPC bacteria and bacteria and LegionellaLegionella””

4

CEE 371 Lecture #11 11/21/2009


SWTR (cont.)Multiple Barrier Concept Source Water Protection

Filtered Systems:

Unfiltered Systems:

Disinfection

Filtration

Sou ce W e o ec o

5

Unfiltered Systems:

Disinfection

Source Water Protection

52 different ones

Including wellhead protection

SWTR (cont.)Requirements for Filtered Supplies

Type ofLog10 Removal Allowed By Filtration

Remaining Log10Inactivation by Disinfection

Filtration Giardia Viruses Giardia VirusesConven-tional

2.5 2.0 0.5 2.0

Direct 2.0 1.0 1.0 3.0

6

Requirements for Unfiltered SuppliesMeet source water quality criteriaProvide all Pathogen removal by Disinfection

3 log Giardia, 4 log virusesRequiresa certain

CT6

CEE 371 Lecture #11 11/21/2009


Engineering & DiseaseFiltration & chlorination


From: The Sanitary City

John #1: Dr. John Snow1813-1858

CholeraFirst emergedin early 1800s1852-1860: The third cholera

8

1852-1860: The third cholera pandemic

Snow showed the role of water in disease transmission

London’s Broad Street pump

Miasma theory was discredited, but it k d d f ll i

CEE 371 Lecture #11 11/21/2009


9

John #2: Dr. John L. Leal

J Cit ’ B t R iJersey City’s Boonton ReservoirLeal experimented with chlorine,its effectiveness and production

George Johnson & George Fuller worked with Leal and designed the system (1908)

1858-1914

10

g y ( )“Full-scale and continuous implementation of disinfection for the first time in Jersey City, NJ ignited a disinfection revolution in the United States that reverberated around the world”

M.J. McGuire, JAWWA 98(3)123

CEE 371 Lecture #11 11/21/2009


Leal on chlorine“the practical application of the use of bleach p pp(chlorine) for the disinfection of water supplies seems to me to be a great advance in the science of water purification. It is so cheap, so easy and quick of application, so certain in its results and so safe that it seemscertain in its results, and so safe, that it seems to me to cover a broader field than does any other system of water purification yet used.”

John L. Leal, 190911

Chlorination1-2 punch of filtration & pchlorination

Greenberg, 1980, Water Chlorination, Env. Impact & Health Eff., Vol 3, pg.3, Ann Arbor Sci.

David Reckhow CEE 371 L#10 12Melosi, 2000, The Sanitary City, John Hopkins Press

US Death Rates for Typhoid Fever

CEE 371 Lecture #11 11/21/2009


John #3: Johannes J. Rook

John RookBrewery chemistStarted with Rotterdam WW in 1963

Found trihalomethanes (THMs) in finished water in 1972

Carcinogens!?!Deduced that they were formed as byproducts of chlorination

13

ypOthers

Uden, ChristmanHaloacetic Acids (HAAs): 1980

Rook, 1974, Water Treat. & Exam., 23:234

The downside of chlorinationOxidized NOMand inorganic chloride

The Precursors!

Chlorine (HOCl) + natural organics(NOM)

•Aldehydes

Chlorinated Organics•TOX•THMs•HAAs

Th THM

14

Cl

ClCl C H

Br

ClCl C H

Br

ClBr C H

Br

BrBr C H

Chloroform Bromodichloromethane Chlorodibromomethane Bromoform

The THMs

CEE 371 Lecture #11 11/21/2009


The US regulatory approachA balancing act gbetween adequate disinfection and minimizing disinfection

HigherHigherDBP LevelsDBP Levels

15

disinfection byproducts

BetterBetterDisinfectionDisinfection

15

T/F QuestionIn a conventional water filtration plant, if you p , yachieve 1 log removal of Giardia by disinfection, you are meeting the SWTR requirements

TrueF lFalse


CEE 371 Lecture #11 11/21/2009


Secondary standardsAesthetic or

Contaminant Secondary Standard

Aluminum 0.05 to 0.2 mg/L

Chl id 2 0 /cosmetic affectsnon-enforceable federal standards, but states are free to enforce

Chloride 250 mg/L

Color 15 (color units)

Copper 1.0 mg/L

Corrosivity noncorrosive

Fluoride 2.0 mg/L

Foaming Agents 0.5 mg/L

Iron 0.3 mg/L


Still quite politically and economically important

Manganese 0.05 mg/L

Odor 3 threshold odor number

pH 6.5-8.5

Silver 0.10 mg/L

Sulfate 250 mg/L

Total Dissolved Solids 500 mg/L

Zinc 5 mg/LSee H&H, Table 5-3

Purposes for Water TreatmentDisinfectionRemoval of TurbidityRemoval of Color, and Tastes & OdorsRemoval of Iron & ManganeseHardness removal


Hardness removalProtection from Toxic Organics and Inorganics

CEE 371 Lecture #11 11/21/2009


Surface WQ ManagementTypes of WQ Standards used in US management yp Q gscheme

NPDES30/30 std

30 day composite avgExcursions to 45


Fig 5-1, p.151 in H&H

for <7 d≥85% removal

Waste Load Allocations

Impaired Watersheds in US


See: EPA’s impaired waters page

CEE 371 Lecture #11 11/21/2009


Water Quality StandardsTMDL Process

Continuing Planning Process

Develop TMDL

List Impaired Waters

Monitor/Assess WQS Attainment


Point Source NPDES Permits

Control Nonpoint Sources

Integrated Watershed

PlanWaste Load Allocation

Load Allocation

Managing GroundwaterControlling gcontamination from point and non-point sources


Fig 5-2 from H&H

CEE 371 Lecture #11 11/21/2009


Marine DischargeOcean outfall


Ocean Discharge StandardsConventional pollutantspHypoxia is increasingly important


CEE 371 Lecture #11 11/21/2009


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lecture #11 water and wastewater quality - umass amherst · water and wastewater updated: 21...

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