lecture 1.1 theory

8/3/2019 Lecture 1.1 Theory

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THEORY OF PHONETICS


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Lecture 1.

Phonetics as a branch of

Linguistics


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Plan:

1. The role of sound in communication.

2. A definition ofPhonetics & its subject matter.

3. Types of Phonetics and methods of investigation.

4. The place ofPhonetics among other branches of

Linguistics.

5. Practicaland theoretical significance ofPhonetics.


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100% (total impression):


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How do sounds contribute to the process of

communication?

Human communication is based on

exchanging messages.

To convey a message a person can use a

variety ofvisual oraudible means.


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Information can be transmitted :

56% -no

n-

verb

alme

ans

37% - through intonation

7% - verbally


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Whilst the medium may vary, the message does not.Whilst the medium may vary, the message does not.


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PhoneticsPhoneticsstudies the humannoises by which the messagestudies the humannoises by which the message

is actualized or givenaudible shape:is actualized or givenaudible shape:

the nature of those noises,the nature of those noises,

their combinations,their combinations,

their function in relation to the message.their function in relation to the message.


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Stages in the passing

of the spoken message

VocalVocalOrgansOrgans

EarEarCC FF(H)(H)

HH CC

(F)(F)

SpeakerSpeaker ListenerListener

BrainBrain BrainBrain

NPNP AirAir NPNP


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Stages in the passing ofa spoken

message & the brain functions

Creative function

Forwarding function

Hearing & creative function


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Forwar

din

g fun

ction

The part of the br ain which is concerned with controlling muscular movements now

sends out patterned instructions in the form of nervous impulses along the nervouspathways connecting the br ain to the muscles of the organs responsible for speech

sounds, the lungs, larynx, tongue, etc.

These instructions call upon the muscles concerned to perform various delicate

combinations and sequences of movement which will result in the 'right' sounds beingemitted in the 'right' order.


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Heari

ng Fu

nctio

n

The impulses coming from the ear are accepted as sound sequences of

constantly changing quality and characteristic length, pitch, loudness.

The listener hears the message but does not yet understandit.

To understand the message the listener must interpret the sounds he hears

inaccor

dance with the store

dk

now

le

dge i

nhis br

ain.


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2. A definition ofPhonetics & its

subject matter.

Phonetics is that branch oflinguistics which

studies the sounds oflanguage.


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Phonetics

is an independent branch of linguistics

which studies and gives a systematic

description of the sound structure of

languages.


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The sound structure oflanguages

Speech sounds (their production, perceptionand

acoustic characteristics)

Rules governing the combination of speech soundsinto syllables andlarger phonological

constructions

The phenomena of stress, rhythm and intonation

Correlation between spokenand writtenlanguage


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3. Types ofPhonetics

and methods of investigation.

1. Articulatory (physiological)

2. Acoustic

3. Auditory (perceptive)

4. Phonological or functional (linguistic)


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Other types of pho

netics

:

GeneralPhonetics(studies speech sounds of the languages of the world)

SpecialPhonetics(deals with the sound system ofa givenlanguage)


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Speci

alP

honeticsDescriptive

Historical/diachronic

Comparative

DialectologyNormative/orthoepic

Clinical/speech

Voice training

TelephonicSpeech recognition


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Which type of Phonetics did

Professor Higgins practise?


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My Fair LadyMy Fair Lady

AudreyAudrey

HepburnandHepburnand

Rex HarrisonRex Harrison

Film Date, 1964Film Date, 1964

Warner Bros.Warner Bros.


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Some dates from the history of

phonetic development

1829 laryngoscope was invented1829 laryngoscope was invented

1852 first observations of the vocal cords were made1852 first observations of the vocal cords were made

1877 gramophone was invented1877 gramophone was invented

1866 InternationalPhonetic Association (IPA) was founded.1866 InternationalPhonetic Association (IPA) was founded.

IPA started publications ofa special phonetic magazineIPA started publications ofa special phonetic magazineIt stated phonetic symbols for sounds of many existingIt stated phonetic symbols for sounds of many existing

languages.languages.


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Was there a real Professor Higgins?Was there a real Professor Higgins?


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Rex Harrison's character, Henry Higgins,was based onDaniel Jones, aleading

British phonetician of the early 20thcentury, author of the first PronunciationDictionary.


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Which linguist was invited as a phonetics

consultant for the film My Fair Lady?


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Peter Ladefoged

Professor of Linguistics, 1925 2006

advised on equipping Henry

Higgins's phonetics lab

made all the phonetictranscriptions seen on-screen

it is his voice heard

producing the vowel sounds


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Major pub

lic

atio

ns

A Course in Phonetics,Peter Ladefoged

VowelsandConsonants,Peter Ladefoged


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4.The place ofPhonetics

among other branches of Linguistics. Non- linguistic

Acoustics

Physiology

Psychology

Logic

Linguistic

Grammar

Lexicology

Stylistics


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Links of Phonetics with Grammar

System of rules of reading

Sound interchange

Into

natio

ncompo

ne

nt


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Links of Phonetics with Lexicology

Stress

Homographs

Homon

ymous word

sand

word

groups


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Links of Phonetics with Stylistics Through intonation

Graphic

alexpressi

ve me

ans

Repetition of words, phrases and sounds

Alliteration

Onomatopoeia


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5. Practicaland theoretical

significance of phonetics.


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Vocal component Stress

Pace

Intonation

Volume

Pauses

Voice Techniques Rhetoricaldevices


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The longest recorded pause- England would have her neck wrung

like a chicken

- Some chicken... Some neck. [Pause.]

Winston Churchills address to the

Canadian Parliament in 1941


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Plan:


2. A definition ofPhonetics & its subject matter.

3. Types of Phonetics and methods of investigation.

4. The place ofPhonetics among other branches of

Linguistics.

5. Practicaland theoretical significance ofPhonetics.


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Seminar 1 Question List

1. What role does sound play in communication?

2. How does a single act of communication

happen?3. What is the subject-matter of phonetics?

4. How is Phonetics connected with othersciences?

5. What are the branches ofPhonetics?6. What is the practicaland theoretical significance

ofPhonetics?


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Recommend

ed

Literature

A Theoretical Course of English Phonetics

by S.F. Leontyeva

Encyclopaedia of the English Language

by D. Crystal

lecture 1.1 theory

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