Construction Management & Planning

Introduction to Course[Lecture 1]

Course Outline

History of Construction ManagementNature & Characteristics of construction

IndustryGeneral Principles of CMConstruction Project LifecycleOrganization structures• Construction contracts & their

procurement• Project planning & Budgeting

Course Outline contd.

• Project monitoring & Control• Introduction to, definition & factors

affecting construction productivity analysis (on & off site)

• Application of engineering economics in construction management

• ISO standards• Total quality management

Recommended Books

Construction Management JumpStart by Barbara J. JacksonTechniques for construction network scheduling by StevensCPM in Construction management by James J. O’Brien

In this lecture…

What is Construction Management?History of Construction ManagementNature & Characteristics of construction Industry

So, What this course is about?

Construction procedures xConstruction execution x

Use of managerial skills in construction industry for a successful completion of a construction project

Vocabulary

Construction Building or assembling something

Management Act of getting people together to accomplish

desired goals and objectives efficiently and effectively

Planning Look ahead and chart out future course of

operation Formulation of Objectives, Policies, Procedure,

Rules, Programmes and Budgets

Have you heard it before?

Probably noConstruction management as a profession is a relatively new conceptBut it is not new in practice

Construction Industry

What is Construction Industry?

An organized economic activity connected with the construction of a particular product involving a large number of peopleThe product is a Construction Project

Is it just Construction?

Who do you prefer to talk to – a medical doctor, a law practitioner or a general contractor?You remember the designers of skyscrapers, highways, etc but do you remember the contractors who build them?

No, it’s not!

Drawing a pretty picture on paper or calculating a complex engineering formula does not make a building real—construction does, and that takes tremendous creativity, ingenuity, skill, blood, sweat, and tears.

Nature of Construction Industry

Construction industry can be divided into 2 broad categories

General Building Construction

Engineered Construction

General Building Construction

Includes residential, commercial, institutional and industrial buildings Performed by contractors who hire specialty subcontractors as needed; some of this work may be built by owners themselves

Engineered Construction

Designs prepared by engineers rather than architects The provision of facilities usually related to the public infrastructure and thus owned by public-sector entities and funded through bonds, rates or taxes and a high degree of mechanisation and the use of much heavy equipment and plant in the construction process.

Construction Industry Characteristics

Construction is big business, totalling more than $3.9 trillion annually worldwideIncludes a variety of people: Architects, engineers, drafts people, building inspectors, code officials, material & machinery suppliers, etcRoughly 30-35% of employment in Pakistan is affiliated with construction sector

History of Construction

Ancient Era

It is 12000 BC and you need protection from rain, snow and scorching sunlightMud, wood & stone serve as your building materials for making sheltersAfter some time period stronger tools of iron & bronze allowed man to develop his expertise in building tradeSimple dwellings emerged into planned settlements

Egypt and the Pyramids

Egyptians began to use stone as their primary building material Ingenuity of ancient builders conquered

the challenges of moving large stones

No distinction between architecture, engineering, or construction The master builder concept

Greek Influence

Greek master builders started to organize and utilize small groups of skilled stonemasons Level of expertise associated with a

master craftsman

The Roman EmpireMost influential periods of time for architecture, engineering, and building scienceManufacture of stone, glass & road construction are highlighted featuresAround 40 BC, a Roman writer, engineer, and architect named Marcus Vitruvius wrote the first design and construction handbook The master builder was responsible for both the

design and the supervision of the construction

The Appian Way

The Middle Ages

With the downfall of the Roman Empire came a real decline in building activity and technologyRoman Catholic Church revitalized stone constructionCraft training and education became a major focusThree distinct stages of ability were recognized—master, journeyman, and apprentice. Still widely recognized today among the trade

unions.

The Renaissance

Concept of the master builder began to be questioned as the most efficient way to buildInterestingly, there is a real push today to return to the master builder concept collaborative team

The Industrial Revolution

Cast iron and wrought iron became the building materials of choice.New machinery and equipment such as steam shovels, steam hammers, and pile drivers were being invented to support building

The 20th CenturyTime, cost, and quality became critical concerns for those needing new facilitiesBuilding codes, standards, and specifications were established to help regulate and control the quality of materials and methodsNew issues such as the environment, energy conservation, sustainability, safety, and workforce diversity started to add to the complexity of the building process in a way that had never been seen beforeThe ability to measure and monitor progress and economic effectiveness of the construction process became more important

The 20th Century

Although the discipline of engineering had been tapped to provide the management function for years, a new distinction was being drawnNew educational program was developed to merge management principles, methodologies, and techniques with the art, science, and craft of building Program introduced estimating, scheduling,

project controls, and project administration techniques

What does Construction Manager do?

Take a set of written plans and specifications and a raw piece of land Coordinate all of the materials, manpower, and equipment necessary to guarantee the set price, schedule, and quality of the project without any accidents or errors, regardless

of weather conditions, interest rate fluctuations, acts of God, or any other unforeseen conditions

Construction Management Defined

“Construction management (CM) entails the planning, scheduling, evaluation, and controlling of construction tasks or activities to accomplish specific objectives by effectively allocating and utilizing appropriate labor, material, and time resources in a manner that minimizes costs and maximizes customer/owner satisfaction.”

Why Construction Management?

In the most traditional sense, the construction management function is simply provided alongside the actual construction services Contractor’s construction management services

as part of the package

If there are errors or omissions in the plans and specifications that were not discovered prior to construction, the contractor is not liable for any resulting cost overruns or time delays

The Project Players

Primary PlayersOwners The driving & motivating forces behind the

start of any construction project1. Develop program & outline need of end users2. Define scope of work3. Create overall budget including land

acquisition4. Provide funding & periodic payments to

designers & contractors How they achieve all depends upon their

type• Public – Govt, army,etc spend tax money• Private – Developers, individuals Bank, etc

Primary Players

Designers Assisting the owner in program and determining

end user needs Advising the owner regarding the image and

character of the facility and establishing broad design goals

Assisting the owner in selecting products to fit the program and the budget

Advising the owner on special and aesthetic issues and generating graphic solutions to problems

Developing the final building plans, construction details, and specifications

Primary Players

Constructors Interpret the plans and specifications and

prepare cost estimates and time schedules Determine and implement the best construction

practices, means, and methods to satisfy the owner’s requirements for time, cost, and quality.

Oversee and manage all of the construction operations into a single, safe coordinated effort.

General contractors, Specialty contractors, Construction Managers