hoa lec iii romanesque intro
TRANSCRIPT
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Romanesque
Architecture
Ar. Hena Tiwari
Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat
Ar. Hena Tiwari/2016-2017
Romanesque – means “Roman-like”
It flourished in the 12th century into the Gothic style,
marked by pointed arches.
The Romanesque style in England is traditionally
referred to as Norman architecture.
Romanesque reflects not only Roman characteristics
but also the Hiberno-Saxon linear patterns and even
some Islamic and Byzantine traditions.
It's the first European style. It can be found all around
Europe.
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Typologies
• There are three main architectonical
typologies:
Church Monasteries Castles
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Regional characteristics
Features of Romanesque architecture are seen in different areas
around Europe.
•Small churches are generally aisle- less, with a projecting apse.
•Large churches are basilicas with a nave flanked by aisles and
divided by an arcade.
•Abbey churches and cathedrals often had transepts.
•Round arches in arcades, windows, doors and vaults.
•Massive walls
•Towers
•Piers
•Stout columns
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Groin vaulting
Portals with sculpture and moldings
Decorative arcades as an external feature, and frequently
internal also
Spiral ornament
Cushion capitals
Murals
Some large churches have projecting transepts.
Towers were freestanding and may be circular.
Windows were small.
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Architectural Characteristics They recover the “round arch” used by the
Romans.
The church is covered by stoned vaults,
called barrel vault, which is a succession of
round arches, one after another.
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The structure was very heavy and
as a consequence:
Walls are thick
They need strong buttresses
They use few and small windows
Sensations
Intimate Sensation
Stability
Spiritual Sensation
Symbolism: Latin cross
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Church
It was the main building
It symbolized God’s kingdom
The holiest part was the apse
It had cross shape
Symbolism was important:
Circular parts reflect perfection so they were linked to God
Squared parts are related to the human.
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• Characteristics:
– Monumental, trying to imitate the Roman models in
the Pilgrimage churches.
– Small in country churches.
– They were designed for advertising Catholic church
– They were lasting, made of stone
– Plans could be:
• Latin cross
• Polygonal
• Basilica Latin cross Poligonal Basilica
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Monastery
• It was designed as a microcosm, as the city of God
• They had several dependencies:
– Church
– Cloister
– Chapter room
– Abbot’s house
– Monks/ nuns rooms
– Refectory
– Hospital
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Castle
• Castles were defensive constructions
• They were fortified for providing shelter
• The wall was one of the essential elements
• They tend to be build in stepped areas, easier to defend.
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•The Piazza dei Miracoli (Square of Miracles), formally known as Piazza del
Duomo (Cathedral Square), is a wide walled area located
in Pisa, Tuscany, Italy.
•It is recognized as an important center of European medieval art and one of
the finest architectural complexes in the world.
•Considered a sacred area by its owner, the Catholic Church, the square is
dominated by four great religious edifices:
the Pisa Cathedral,
the Pisa Baptistry,
the Leaning Tower of Pisa,
the Camposanto Monumentale(Monumental Cemetery).
Piazza dei Miracoli
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•The name Piazza dei Miracoli was created by the Italian writer and
poet Gabriele d'Annunzio who, described the square as the "prato
dei Miracoli" or the "meadow of miracles".
•The square is sometimes called the Campo dei Miracoli (Field of
Miracles).
•In 1987 the whole square was declared a UNESCO World
Heritage Site.
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• Its construction began in 1064 by the architect Busketo, and set the
model for the distinctive Pisan Romanesque style of architecture.
• The plan is similar to Basilican Church.
• It has a long row of columns supporting arch, double aisles and
central nave, transepts and a segmental apse at each end.
• The exterior has bands of red and white marble, and the ground
storey is faced with wall relief by tiers of wall passages which rise
one above another right into the gable.
• The elliptical dome over the crossing is of later date.
• The building depends for its interest on its general proportions
and on the delicacy of its ornamental features
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• The mosaics of the interior, as well as the pointed arches,
show a strong Byzantine influence.
• The façade, of grey marble and white stone set with discs
of coloured marble, was built by a master
named Rainaldo, as indicated by an inscription above the
middle door
• The massive bronze main doors were made in the
workshops of Giambologna, replacing the original doors
destroyed in a fire in 1595.
• The original central door was in bronze and made around
1180 by Bonanno Pisano, while the other two were
probably in wood.
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Section
• The coffer ceiling of the nave was replaced after the fire of 1595. The
present gold-decorated ceiling carries the coat of arms of the Medici.
• The elaborately carved pulpit (1302–1310), which also survived the
fire, was made by Giovanni Pisano and is one the masterworks of
medieval sculpture.
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The Baptistery, dedicated to St.
John the Baptist, stands opposite
the west end of the Duomo.
The round Romanesque building
begun in the mid 12th century.
It was built in Romanesque style by
an architect known
as Diotisalvi ("God Save You"),
who worked also in the church of
the Holy Sepulchre in the city.
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It is the largest baptistery in Italy.
Its circumference measures 107.25 m.
Taking into account the statue of St. John the Baptist
(attributed to Turino di Sano) on top of the dome, it is even
a few centimeters higher than the Leaning Tower.
It has notable acoustics also.
The lintel is divided in two tiers.
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The portal, facing the façade of the cathedral, is flanked by
two classical columns, while the inner jambs are executed
in Byzantine style.
The lower one depicts several episodes in the life of St.
John the Baptist, while the upper one shows Christ
between the Madonna and St John the Baptist, flanked by
angels and the evangelists.
The immensity of the interior is overwhelming, but it is
surprisingly plain and lacks decoration.
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The leaning Tower of Pisa is famous
because it leans.
The last of the three major buildings
on the piazza to be built, construction
of the bell tower began in 1173 and
took place in three stages over the
course of 177 years, with the bell-
chamber only added in 1372.
Although it was designed to be
perfectly vertical, it started to lean
during construction.
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However, even without this famous characteristic, this
building would still be one of the most remarkable
architectural structures from medieval Europe.
It stands at 60 metres and until 1990 was leaning at about
a 10 degree angle.
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The leaning Tower of Pisa
was designed as a circular
bell tower that would stand
185 feet high.
It is constructed of white
marble.
The tower has eight storeys,
including the chamber for
the bells.
The bottom story consists of
15 marble arches.
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Each of the next six storeys
contains 30 arches that
surround the tower.
The final storey is the bell
chamber itself, which has 16
arches.
There is a 297-step spiral
staircase inside the tower
leading to the top.
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Construction of the tower occurred in three stages across
199 years.
Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile
began on August 14, 1173, during a period of military
success and prosperity.
This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged
columns with classical Corinthian capitals.
The tower began to sink after construction had progressed
to the second floor in 1178.
Construction
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Construction was subsequently halted for almost a
century, because the Republic of Pisa was almost
continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca,
and Florence.
This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle.
Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have
toppled.
In 1198 clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor
of the unfinished construction.
In 1272 construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone,
architect of the Camposanto.
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In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built
upper floors with one side taller than the other.
Because of this, the tower is actually curved.
Construction was halted again in 1284, when the Pisans
were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria.
The seventh floor was completed in 1319.
• The bell-chamber was finally added in 1372.
• There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical
major scale.
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The Camposanto Monumentale (Monumental Cemetery),
also known as Campo Santo or Camposanto Vecchio (Old
Cemetery), is located at the northern edge of the square.
This walled cemetery—which some believe to be the
most beautiful cemetery in the world—is said to have
been built around a shipload of sacred soil from Calvary,
brought back to Pisa from the Fourth Crusade by Ubaldo
de' Lanfranchi, the archbishop of Pisa in the 12th century.
This is where the name Campo Santo (Holy Field)
originates.
Camposanto Monumentale
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The building itself dates from a century later and was
erected over the earlier burial ground.
The building of this huge, oblong Gothic cloister began in
1278 by the architect Giovanni di Simone.
The cemetery was only completed in 1464.
The outer wall is composed of 43 blind arches.
There are two doorways.
The one on the right is crowned by a gracious Gothic
tabernacle and contains the Virgin Mary with
Child surrounded by four saints.
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Most of the tombs are under the arcades, although a few
are on the central lawn.
The inner court is surrounded by elaborate round arches
with slender mullions and plurilobed tracery.
The Camposanto Monumentale once contained a large
collection of Roman sculptures and sarcophagi, but now
there are only 84 remaining.
• The walls were once covered in frescoes, the first were
applied in 1360, the last about three centuries later.
• The Stories of the Old Testament were situated in the north
gallery.
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The most remarkable fresco is The Triumph of Death, a
realistic work by Buonamico Buffalmacco.
On 27 July 1944, incendiary bombs dropped
by Allied aircraft set the roof of the building on fire and
covered them in molten lead, all but destroying them.
Since 1945, restoration works have been going on and now
the Campo Santo has been brought back to its original
state.