lec 1+2 primary element

7/27/2019 Lec 1+2 Primary Element

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PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN



INTRODUCTION

- Architecture Commenced during people built uptheir protection area/living area, using/ modify cavesto protect themselves from lives challenge (raining,

hot sun, animals disturbance.



History of architecture are parallel with themovement of world history. By the history wecould trace how much we had achieved/ the

progress of technology that had beenimproved.

Result shows lots of improvement had beenmade within 100 years ago. These we couldread/ see from the materials used on building,method, technic.



However, basic principles of architecture whichhad been used in the present, century ago are

still important. One of them are theconstruction of retaining wall, frame structure.



Mostly old Egypt had used these kinds of construction especially post and beam.

Old Greek people also using the same methodto produce different type of building formswith their famous principle of Doric, Ionic,danCorinthian.



Later this famous principles had been modify byRoman people and introduced the other 2principle : Composite and Tuscan.



East country also not exempted from using thesemethod. Since the materials used are light

(timber),so the east architecture do have their owntechnique, which the used of structure could beextend/added.



Other technique used in entire world are theused of Roman Arch. This system is different

compared to post and beam because thestructure design are not limited by thesupporter.

This system call vault system where they usedthe rhythm of arch.



This system call vault system where they usedthe rhythm of arch.

Dome is the improvement and innovation afterthe arch



Gothic era used lots of arch while Byzantineera and Islamic Architecture used domes astheir main structure to their building. Roman

people think domes gives feeling of strengthand been implement to religious building andadmin building.



After people used to get through process of improvement/progress of technology,methods and techniques of built up building

also had been improve. So now we manage todocumenting and built up bigger structure,lighter structure, safe structure and more

functionale (multi purpose function).



For an example, incase of people in 18 centurycould afford to have big pieces of glass, theymight couldn`t use.. Why??



Conclusion, designing a structure is one of thechallenge to the architects which require them tofollow/ to improve the progress of technology.

They also have to familiar with behavior, needs,activity, and human being practice.

Architect also should be capable to meet forms,

materials, colors, scale and proportion, textureand rhythm, into their design for goodinterpretation and appropriate structure design.



BASIC ELEMENTS IN ARCHITECTUREBasic elements ( points, line, plane, volume)

As the prime generator of form, the

• Point indicates a position in space.

A point extended becomes a

• Line with properties of:

• • length • • direction • • position

A line extended becomes a

• Plane with properties of:

• • length and width • • shape • • surface • • orientation

• • position

A plane extended becomes a

• Volume with properties of:

• • length, width, and depth • • form and space • • surface • • orientation • • position



A point marks a position in space. Conceptually, it has nolength, width, or depth, and is therefore static, centralized,and directionless.As the prime element in the vocabulary of form, a point canserve to mark:• the two ends of a line • the intersection of two lines • the meeting of lines at the corner of a plane or volume • the centre of a field

BASIC ELEMENT 1: P O I N T



As the prime element in the vocabulary of form, a

point can

serve to mark:

• • the two ends of a line

• • the intersection of two lines

•• the meeting of lines at the corner of a planeor volume

• • the centre of a field



Although a point theoretically has neither shape nor form,it begins to make its presence felt when placed within a visualfield. At the center of its environment, a point is stable andat rest, organizing surrounding elements about itself and

dominating its field.

When the point is moved off-center, however, its field becomesmore aggressive and begins to compete for visual supremacy.Visual tension is created between the point and its field.



A point has no dimension. To visibly mark a position in space or on theground plane, a point must be projected vertically into a linear form, asa column, obelisk, or tower.



Any such columnar element is seen in plan as a point andtherefore retains the visual characteristics of a point. Otherpoint-generated forms that share these same visual attributes

are the:

Tholos of Polycleitos, Epidauros,

Greece, c. 350 B.C.

Baptistery at Pisa, Italy,1153 –1265, Dioti Salvi

Cenotaph for Sir Isaac Newton,Project, 1784, Étienne-Louis Boulée

CIRCLE

CYLINDER

SPHERE



Two points describe a line that connectsthem. Although the points give thisline finite length, the line can also beconsidered a segment of an infinitely

longer path.

Two points further suggest an axisperpendicular to the line they describeand about which they are symmetrical.Because this axis may be infinite inlength, it can be at times more dominantthan the described line.

In both cases, however, the described lineand the perpendicular axis are

optically more dominant than the infinitenumber of lines that may passthrough each of the individual points.



Two points established in space bycolumnar elements or centralizedforms can define an axis, an orderingdevice used throughout history

to organize building forms and spaces.

In plan, two points can denote agateway signifying passage from oneplace to another. Extended vertically,the two points define both a plane of entry and an approach perpendicularto it.



BASIC ELEMENT 2: L I N E

A point extended becomes a line. Conceptually, a

line has length, but no width or depth. Whereasa point is by nature static, a line, in describing thepath of a point in motion, is capable of visuallyexpressing direction, movement, and growth.

It can serve to:• join, link, support,

surround, orintersect other visualelements• describe the edges of

and give shape to planes• articulate the surfaces of

planes



Even the simple repetition of like orsimilar elements, if continuous enough,can be regarded as a line. This type of line

has significant textural qualities.

Although a line theoretically has only onedimension,it must have some degree of thickness to becomevisible. It is seen as a line simply because its

length dominates its width. The character of a line,whether taut or limp, bold or tentative, gracefulor ragged, is determined by our perception of itslength –width ratio, its contour, and its degree of continuity.



The orientation of a lineaffects its role in a visualconstruction. While avertical line can express

a state of equilibrium withthe force of gravity,symbolize the humancondition, or mark apositionin space, a horizontal linecan represent stability,the ground plane, thehorizon, or a body at rest.



An oblique line is a deviation fromthe vertical or horizontal.It may be seen as a

vertical line falling or ahorizontal line rising. In eithercase, whether it is falling toward apoint on the ground plane or rising to aplace in the sky, it is dynamic and visuallyactive in its unbalanced state.



Vertical linear elements, such as columns,obelisks, and towers, have beenused throughout history to commemoratesignificant events and establish

particular points in space.

Menhir, Column of Marcus Aurelius Obelisk of Luxor,

Vertical linear elements can also define a

transparent volume of space. In the example illustrated to theleft, four minaret towersoutline a spatial field from which thedome of the Selim Mosque

rises in splendor.



Linear members that possess thenecessary materialstrength can perform structural functions.In these threeexamples, linear elements:• express movement across space • provide support for an overhead plane • form a three-dimensional structuralframe

for architectural space



A line can be an imagined element rather than a visible one in

architecture. An example is the axis, a regulating line establishedby two distant points in space and about which elements aresymmetrically arranged.

Although architectural space exists in three dimensions, it can belinear in form to accommodate the path of movement through a

building and link its spaces to one another.



Buildings also can be linear in form, particularlywhen they consist of repetitive spaces organizedalong a circulation path.

As illustrated here, linearbuilding forms have the ability to enclose exteriorspaces as well as adapt to the environmentalconditions of a site.



At a smaller scale, lines articulate the edges and surfaces

of planes and volumes. These lines can be expressed by joints within or between building materials, by framesaround window or door openings, or by a structural gridof columns and beams.How these linear elements affect the texture of asurface will depend on their visual weight, spacing, and

direction.



FROM LINE TO PLANE



A. Two parallel lines have the ability tovisually describe a plane. A transparentspatial membrane can be stretched

between them to acknowledge theirvisual relationship. The closer these linesare to each other, the stronger will be thesense of plane they convey.

B. A series of parallel lines, through theirrepetitiveness, reinforces ourperception of the plane they describe. Asthese lines extend themselves along

the plane they describe, the implied planebecomes real and the original voidsbetween the lines revert to being mereinterruptions of the planar surface.

A.

B.

C

D



C. The diagrams illustrate thetransformation of a row of round columns,initially

supporting a portion of a wall, thenevolving into square piers which are anintegral part of the wall plane, and finallybecoming pilasters—remnants of the original columns occurring as a relief along the surface of the wall.

D. “The column is a certain strengthened

part of a wall, carried up perpendicularfrom the foundation to the top … A row of

columns is indeed nothing but a

wall, open and discontinued in severalplaces.” Leon Battista Alberti

C.

D.



A row of columns supporting an entablature—a colonnade—is often used to define the public face or facade of abuilding, especially one that fronts on a major civic space.

A colonnaded facade can be penetrated easily for entry,offers a degree of shelter from the elements, and forms asemi-transparent screen that unifies individual buildingforms behind it.



In addition to the structuralrole columns play in supportingan overhead floor or roof plane, they can articulate thepenetrable boundaries of

spatial zones which mesh easilywith adjacent spaces.



The linear members of trellises andpergolas can provide a moderate degreeof definition and enclosure for outdoorspaces while allowing filtered sunlight and

breezes to penetrate.



BASIC ELEMENT 3: P L A N EA line extended in adirection other than itsintrinsic direction becomes aplane.

Conceptually, a plane haslength and width, butno depth.

Shape is the primary identifying characteristicof a plane. It is determined by the contour of the line forming theedges of a plane.Because our perception of shape can be distorted byPerspective foreshortening, we see the true

shape of a plane only when we view it frontally.



The supplementary properties of aplane—its surface color, pattern, andtexture—affect its visual weight andstability.

In the composition of a visualconstruction, a plane serves to

define the limits or boundariesof a volume.

If architecture as a visual artdeals specifically with theformation of three dimensional

volumes of mass and space,then the plane should beregarded as a key element inthe vocabulary of architecturaldesign.



Planes in architecture define three-dimensional volumes of massand space.

The properties of eachplane—size, shape, color, texture —as well as their spatialrelationship to one another ultimately determine the visualattributes of the form they define and the qualities of the space theyenclose.

O h d Pl



Overhead PlaneThe overhead plane can be either the roof plane thatspans and shelters the interior spaces of a buildingfrom the climatic elements, or the ceiling plane that

forms the upper enclosing surface of a room.

Wall PlaneThe wall plane, because of its vertical orientation,is active in our normal field of vision and vital to theshaping and enclosure of architectural space.

Base PlaneThe base plane can be either the ground plane thatserves as the physical foundation and visual base forbuilding forms, or the floor plane that forms the lower

enclosing surface of a room upon which we walk.



PLANAR ELEMENTS

The ground plane ultimately supports allarchitectural construction.

Along with climate and otherenvironmental conditions of a site, the

topographical character of the groundplane influences the form of the buildingthat rises from it.

The building can merge with the ground

plane, rest firmly on it, orbe elevated above it. Scala de Spagna (Spanish Steps), Rome, 1721-25.



The floor plane is the horizontalelement that sustains the force of gravity aswe move around and place objectsfor our use on it. It may be a durablecoveringof the ground plane or a moreartificial, elevated plane spanning thespace

between its supports. In either case,the texture and density of theflooringmaterial influences both theacoustical quality of a space and how

we feel as wewalk across its surface.



The floor plane is the horizontal element that sustains theforce of gravity as we move around and place objects forour use on it. It may be a durable covering of the groundplane or a more artificial, elevated plane spanning the

space between its supports. In either case, the texture anddensity of the flooring material influences both theacoustical quality of a space and how we feel as wewalkacross its surface.

Like the ground plane, the form of a floor plane can be stepped orterraced to break the scale of a space down to human dimensions andcreate platforms forsitting, viewing, or performing. It can be elevated to define a sacred or

honorific



Exterior wall planes isolate a portion of

space to create a controlled interiorenvironment. Their construction providesboth privacy and protection from theclimatic elements for the interior spacesof a building, while openings within or

between their boundaries reestablish aconnection with the exteriorenvironment.As exterior walls mold interior space, theysimultaneously shape exteriorspace and describe the form, massing,and image of a building in space.



As a design element, the plane of an exterior wall can be

articulated as the front or primary facade of a building. Inurban situations, these facades serve as walls that definecourtyards, streets, and such public gathering places assquares and marketplaces.



A compelling way to use the vertical wallplane is as a supporting element in thebearing-wall structural system. When

arranged in a parallel series to supportan overhead floor or roof plane, bearingwalls define linear slots of space withstrong directional qualities. These spacescan be related to one another only by

interrupting the bearing walls to createperpendicular zones of space.



Interior wall planes govern the size and shape of the internalspaces or rooms within a building. Their visual properties, theirrelationship to one another, and the size and distribution of openings within their boundaries determine both the quality of the spaces they define and the degree to which adjoining spacesrelate to one another.



While walls provide privacy forinterior spaces and serve asbarriers that limitour movement, doorways andwindows reestablish continuitywith neighboringspaces and allow the passage of

light, heat, and sound.

As they increase in size, theseopenings begin to erode the naturalsense of enclosure walls provide.

Views seen through the openingsbecome part of the spatialexperience.



While we walk on a floor and have physical contact with walls, the ceilingplane is usually out of our reach and is almost always a purely visualevent in a space.

It may be the underside of an overhead floor or roof plane and expressthe form of its structure as it spans the space between its supports, or itmay be suspended as the upper enclosing surface of a room or hall.



As a detached lining, the ceiling plane can symbolize the sky vault or bethe primary sheltering element that unifies the different parts of aspace. It can serve as a repository for frescoes and other means of artistic expression or be treated simply as a passive or receding

surface. It can be raised or lowered to alter the scale of a space or todefine spatial zones within a room. Its form can be manipulated tocontrol the quality of light or sound within a space.



The roof plane is the essential sheltering element that protectsthe interior of a building from the climatic elements. The formand geometry of its structure is established by the manner inwhich it spans across space to bear on its supports and slopes toshed rain and melting snow. As a design element, the roof planeis significant because of the impact it can have on the form andsilhouette of a building within its setting.



A roof plane can extend outward to form overhangs thatshield

door and window openings from sun or rain, or continuedownward further still to relate itself more closely to theground plane. In warm climates, it can be elevated to allowcooling breezes to flow across and through the interiorspaces of a building.

BASIC ELEMENT 2 VOLUME



BASIC ELEMENT 2: VOLUME

A plane extended in a direction other than

its intrinsic direction becomes a volume.Conceptually, a volume has threedimensions: length, width, and depth.

Form is the primary identifyingcharacteristic of a volume. It is establishedby the shapes and interrelationships of the planes that describe the boundaries of the volume.



In architecture, a volume can be seen tobe either a portion of space contained

and defined by wall, floor, and ceiling orroof planes, or a quantity of spacedisplaced by the mass of a building. It isimportant to perceive this duality,especially when reading orthographic

plans, elevations, and sections.



THE END

lec 1+2 primary element

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