Objectives

Illustrate, through the Brazilian experience, that

developing countries can reach food security while

promoting more sustainable ways to access and

use their natural resource base;

Illustrate, through the Brazilian experience, that

developing countries can reach food security while

promoting more sustainable ways to access and

use their natural resource base;

Describe the Brazilian experience of combining

public policies, institutional and human

development and a science-based strategy to

promote agricultural innovation.

Describe the Brazilian experience of combining

public policies, institutional and human

development and a science-based strategy to

promote agricultural innovation.2010 by Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply.

Before the 1970´s Brazil was

not a food secure country.

• Low agricultural production and low yields;

Tropical ForestTropical Forest

SemiSemi--AridArid

Challenges to Agricultural Development in Brazil

• Production concentrated in the South and Southeast Regions;

• Constant food supply crisis and rural poverty;

• Lack of specific knowledge in Tropical Agriculture;

• Lack of adequate agricultural development policies;

• Brazil known as coffee and sugar producer.

SavannahSavannah

Evolution of Agriculture in Brazil

Agricultural Expansion in Brazil

From the 1960´s to the 1990´s

9

Area/ main crops m ha

1- Flooded rice 0.952- Soybean 3.30

Corn 1.30Wheat 0.60

3- Soybean 3.20Corn 2.40Wheat 0.90

4- Soybean 1.20

The Country Developed a Diverse Agrifood System

1

2

3

45

6

78

9

1011

12

13

4- Soybean 1.20Pasture 11.00

5- Sugarcane 2.50Coffee 0.30Citrus 0.70

6- Coffee 1.007- Soybean 1.80

Corn 0.80Cotton 0.10Dry beans 0.20Pasture 9.00

8- Soybean 3.30Cotton 0.50Corn 0.40Pasture 12.00

9- Pasture 10.0010- Tropical fruits 0.0711- Sugarcane 0.9012- Coffee 0.6013- Drybeans 0.70

Soybean 0.90

Rising Agricultural ProductivityYield increases (1975 to 2009): from 60% to over 200%

SOJA

110

130

150

170

190

CAFÉ (em grão)

50

100

150

200

250

19

75

19

77

19

79

19

81

19

83

19

85

19

87

19

89

19

91

19

93

19

95

19

97

19

99

20

01

20

03

20

05

Fonte: IBGE

TOMATE

150

200

250

300

CEBOLA

80

130

180

230

280

330

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Fonte: IBGE

ARROZ

50

100

150

200

250

300

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Fonte: IBGE

FEIJÃO

110

130

150

170

100

110

120

130

80

90

1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001

Slaughter rate = 25 %

140

170

200

Rice Onions Coffee Beef cattle

Dairy cattleSoybeansTomatoesBeans

50

70

90

110

19

75

19

77

19

79

19

81

19

83

19

85

19

87

19

89

19

91

19

93

19

95

19

97

19

99

20

01

20

03

20

05

Fonte: IBGE

BATATA

50

100

150

200

250

300

19

75

19

77

19

79

19

81

19

83

19

85

19

87

19

89

19

91

19

93

19

95

19

97

19

99

20

01

20

03

20

05

Fonte: IBGE

LARANJA

90

110

130

150

170

190

19

75

19

77

19

79

19

81

19

83

19

85

19

87

19

89

19

91

19

93

19

95

19

97

19

99

20

01

20

03

20

05

Fonte: IBGE

50

100

150

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Fonte: IBGE

Milho

50

100

150

200

250

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Fonte: IBGE

50

70

90

197

5

197

7

197

9

198

1

198

3

198

5

198

7

198

9

199

1

199

3

199

5

199

7

199

9

200

1

200

3

200

5

Fonte: IBGE

1975 1980 1985 199550

80

110

1975=100

Milk / head = 70 %

1970 2009

Days to slaughter 50 39

Weight kg 1.8 2.2

Food conversion (wtwt) 1.4 1.7

Corn Potatoes Oranges Poultry

Brazil Became a Food Secure Country

Source: Martha Jr., data from Dieese (2010)

2009 Ranking: Brazilian Production and Exports

Brazil Became an Important Food Exporter

Source: MAPA, 2010

Around 79% of the Brazilian food production is consumed domestically and 21% is shipped to over 180 foreign markets

Brazil Developed a Clean Energy Matrix

Natural GasCoal4,8%

Other renewable sources

3,8% Uranium1,4%

Brazilian Agriculture: Food, Feed, Fiber and Fuel

Petroleum and derivatives

37,9%

Sugarcane18,1%

Hydroelectricity15,2%

Wood and other biomass

10,1%

Natural Gas8,8%

4,8%

Source: BEN (2010). Elaboration: UNICA

Agriculture Supporting Development

Brazilian Agricultural Exports (US$ billions) – From 2001 to 2011

Source: MAPA, 2012 - with data from Secex* Expected

Increase agricultural modernization and food production capacity in record time

How was it possible?

Evolution of Agriculture in Brazil

Key Drivers for Development of an Advanced

Tropical Agriculture in Brazil

Key Drivers for Development of an Advanced

Tropical Agriculture in Brazil

Government commitment and public policies (macro/agro);

Development of science-based tropical agriculture;

Availability of basic infrastructure;

Key Drivers of Agricultural Innovation in Brazil

Agricultural Expansion in BrazilFrom the 1960´s to the 1990´s

Large extension of arable land and adequate climatic conditions;

Landscape suitable for mechanization;

Availability of mineral resources (limestone and phosphate);

Entrepreneurship of our farmers.

Changes in Relative Rate of Assistance - RRABrazil, China, Ghana, and Indonesia

The RRA is a ratio of the

nominal assistance to

agriculture to the nominal

assistance to non-agricultural

sectors.

If both are equally assisted, the

Source: The World Bank

If both are equally assisted, the

RRA is zero.

By 1996, Brazil had removed

the negative barriers to

agricultural development and

was supporting agriculture at

least equal to other sectors.

Creation of a Comprehensive Agricultural Research & TT System

The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation47 Embrapa Centers Dedicated to Technology Development

17 State Ag Research CentersLarge network of experimental stations

Federal Network ofProfessional Education

From Traditional to Science-based Agriculture

Private SectorBrazil has also an active and growing private sector, which supplies technologies and technical assistance mainly in farm inputs and food processing

70 Agricultural Universities > 100 Agro Technical High Schools

Embrapa Embrapa SoybeanSoybean CenterCenter

Institutional Building and StrengtheningThe country has built one of the largest ag research systems in the world

State-of-the-art infrastructure + strong training and capacity building

Source: Embrapa Soybean

Advanced Production SystemsAdvanced Production Systems

Contributions of Embrapa and Partners

From Traditional to Science-based Agriculture

EnvironmentEnvironment

AgroindustryAgroindustry

Regional DevelopmentRegional Development

A Comprehensive Portfolio

Inbred LinesInbred Lines

VarietiesVarieties

HybridsHybrids

GermplasmGermplasm

BioinsecticidesBioinsecticides

OGMsOGMs

Agricultural MachineryAgricultural Machinery

Cultivar Evaluation NetworksCultivar Evaluation Networks

Traceability and CertificationTraceability and Certification

Forecasting and Future AnalysisForecasting and Future Analysis

Biological Security NetworksBiological Security Networks

Gene and Biological FunctionGene and Biological Function

SystemSystem´́s Automations Automation

Monitoring Monitoring –– IPMIPM

From Traditional to Science-based Agriculture

Germplasm ExchangeGermplasm Exchange

Quarentine AnalysisQuarentine Analysis

Information NetworksInformation Networks

FranchisingFranchising

Quality ControlQuality Control

ConsultancyConsultancy

TrainingTraining

Business IncubationBusiness Incubation

Agricultural MachineryAgricultural Machinery

EquipamentsEquipaments

Kits for diagnosticsKits for diagnostics

VaccinesVaccines Crop Management SystemsCrop Management Systems

Crop Adaptation ProcessesCrop Adaptation Processes

Food Processing MethodologyFood Processing Methodology

Plant & Animal TransformationPlant & Animal Transformation

Gene Prospection MethodologyGene Prospection Methodology

Integrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest Management

Fingerprinting Fingerprinting

Agroecological ZoningAgroecological Zoning

Traceability & Certification Traceability & Certification

Monitoring Monitoring –– Environmental QualityEnvironmental Quality

Monitoring Monitoring –– Food ChainsFood Chains

OGMs & BiosafetyOGMs & Biosafety

Evolution of Agriculture in Brazil

Moving Towards SustainabilityMoving Towards Sustainability

Changes in Grain Production and Area - 1991 to 2010*Changes in Grain Production and Area - 1991 to 2010*

Moving Towards Sustainability

Source: MAPA, 2010

Increasing agricultural modernization and food production capacity with great emphasis to environmental protection

Moving Towards Sustainability

Source: http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/geo5/GEO5_report_full_en.pdf

Brazil has one of the largest area of protected land in the world

Moving Towards Sustainability

Source: http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/geo5/GEO5_report_full_en.pdf

Agroecological Zoning of

Sugarcane for ethanol production

Brazil is using Zoning Technology to

Manage Agricultural Expansion

Sustainable Expansion of Agriculture in BrazilUse of advanced geo-technologies, zoning and management on territory basis

87% of sugarcane

production

Source: UNICA.http://www.cnps.embrapa.br/zoneamento_cana_de_acucar/ZonCana.pdf

Strong Emphasis in Conservation Agriculture

million ha

Brazil's agriculture has been significantly impacted by the transformation of farming from the old intensive tillage systems to new no-till systems.

Cultivated area under no-till systems in Brazil

Growing Seasonscurrent

Sources: Emater-RS, Epagri-SC, Emater-PR, Cati-SP, Fundação MS, Apdc (cerrado) / Bigma Consultoria

(http://www.bigma.com.br/artigos.asp?id=96)

Brazilian farmers have been the pioneers in no-till farming, maximizing the productivity benefits from Embrapa and other organizations´ R&D.

Strong Emphasis in Conservation Agriculture

Rotating annual crops such as maize, soybean and rice with no tillage allows intensification of land use, increased productivity per hectare, and reduced need for clearing more land for agriculture.

Integrating crops and livestock with zero tillage allows reduced use of energy and leaching herbicides, lower fertilizer use and lower greenhouse gas emissions.

Source: Landers 2007

http://www.agorams.com.br/jornal/2012/01/manejo-de-solo-adequado-aumento-da-

produtividade-e-ganhos-economicos/

http://www.agrolink.com.br/noticias/itaipu-e-embrapa-buscam-

ampliar-uso-do-biogas-e-do-plantio-direto_144538.html

In the past: intensive tillage systems leading to severe soil compaction and erosion

Before Conservation Agriculture

Source: Modified from Oliveira and Trecenti, 2009

Conservation Agriculture in BrazilMassive conversion of intensive tillage systems to no-till systems

Harnessing ecosystem services on-farm and on large landscape level

Agriculture is becoming a “producer” of clean water

Conservation Agriculture in BrazilKey component of Brazil´s low carbon emission program for agriculture

Contributions of CA towards a low carbon agriculture:

Facilitating carbon sequestration – Reducing green house gas emissions; Minimizing soil degradation, including erosion and chemical pollution; and

Responding to constraints such as high energy, input costs and resource scarcity.

Public policies are in place to support CA-based production systems

New Frontiers in Conservation Agriculture in Brazil

Intensification of land use with integrated crop-livestock-forest systemsSupported by Brazil´s low carbon emission program for agriculture

Source: MAPA, 2010 – Photos by Votorantin Metais

Intensification of land use with integrated crop-livestock-forest

systems

New Frontiers in Conservation Agriculture in Brazil

Source: Embrapa Cerrados

Target: 60+ million ha of degradedpastures – the new agricultural frontier

- System´s View and Complexity -Combination of 90+ different

technologies

Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems

Corn being harvested and pasture is ready to receive cattle

Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems

Source: Embrapa Cerrados

Structuring Projects in Africa

BrazilBrazil

13º S

Lichinga

Pro-Savannah Project - Mozambique

Sharing Knowledge – Gaining Time

NacalaNacala corridorcorridor

17º S

Nampula

� Similar biomes

� Similar challenges

� New learning opportunities

� A common vision for the future

Evolution of Agriculture in Brazil

ChallengesChallenges

Still a gap to technology use in agriculture

Mais da metade dos estabelecimentos agropecuários do

país utiliza baixo conteúdo tecnológico em sua

produção, informa estudo do Instituto de Pesquisa

Econômica Aplicada (Ipea). Quase 22% dos entrevistados

responderam que usam só sete de 22 métodos de auxílio à

produção.

Inclusion of Small and Family Farmers

http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9467

Esses métodos incluem utilização de fertilizantes, corretivos

de solo, defensivos, tratores, orientação

técnica, financiamento, cooperativismo, controle de

pragas, unidades armazenadoras, entre outros exemplos.

Do total de 5,2 milhões de estabelecimentos rurais no

país, listados no último Censo Agropecuário do

IBGE, apenas 983 mil usavam alta tecnologia, ou seja, mais

de nove dos 22 métodos de produção. O estudo, que fez 22

perguntas a produtores e pecuaristas, dividiu as unidades

de produção em 4,3 milhões da agricultura familiar e 809

mil da empresarial. Do total familiar, 19% usam alta

tecnologia. Na agricultura empresarial, 18% dos

estabelecimentos usam mais de nove métodos, o que os

classifica como usuários de alta tecnologia.

Challenges to Agricultural Development in the Tropics

- Tropical areas are the most challenging to agriculture -Intense biotic (pests) and abiotic (drought, soil acidity, low nutrients, etc) stresses.

All these challenges will be intensified with the global climatic changes.

- Tropical areas are the most challenging to agriculture -Intense biotic (pests) and abiotic (drought, soil acidity, low nutrients, etc) stresses.

All these challenges will be intensified with the global climatic changes.

Source: based on Cline, W. R. 2007. Global Warming and Agriculture: Impact Estimates by Country. Washington D.C.: Peterson Institute

Available at: http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/geo5/GEO5_report_full_en.pdf

Energy Use - GHG Emissions - Food Waste

Source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/an913e/an913e.pdf

Agriculture and Green House Gas Emissions

Agriculture is an important source

of green house gas emissions:

Nitrogen Fertilizers (N20)

Enteric fermentation (CH )

http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2011/04/global-carbon-footprint/

Enteric fermentation (CH4)

Animal waste (CH4 e N20)

Rice cultivation (CH4)

Burning of agricultural waste (…)

Biomass burning (CH4 e N20)

…

Total Global Water WithdrawnIn billions of cubic meters, 2007

Globally, agriculture

accounts for nearly 70

percent of all water

withdrawals.

Source: FAO data from Global Harvest Initiative GAP Report (2011).

Food Security… But Also Nutritional Security!

http://awesome.good.is/transparency/web/0910/world-health/flat.html

Megachange: The World in 2050

by The Economist on May 01, 2012

Food Security… But Also Food Safety!

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0037810

Analysis of the international

food-trade network shows great

vulnerability to the fast spread of

contaminants.

Source: Ercsey-Ravasz M, Toroczkai Z, Lakner Z, Baranyi J (2012) Complexity of the International Agro-Food Trade

Network and Its Impact on Food Safety. PLoS ONE 7(5): e37810. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037810

Evolution of Agriculture in Brazil

ConclusionsConclusions

Conclusions

Governments cannot have a simplistic view of the challenges

involved in achieving food and nutritional security while moving

towards more sustainable agricultural systems…

Governments cannot have a simplistic view of the challenges

involved in achieving food and nutritional security while moving

towards more sustainable agricultural systems…

…especially in tropical areas, where are the poorest countries

and the most challenging environments to agriculture;

…especially in tropical areas, where are the poorest countries

and the most challenging environments to agriculture;

Conclusions

Countries must devise ways of combining public policies

and support to drive:

Countries must devise ways of combining public policies

and support to drive:

Institutional and human development,

Infrastructure investments,

Science-based innovation strategies, and

Entrepreneurship (farmers, PPP, etc).

Institutional and human development,

Infrastructure investments,

Science-based innovation strategies, and

Entrepreneurship (farmers, PPP, etc).

Economic prosperity as a way to improve the environment

Sustainability & Economic Growth must not be seen as substitutes but complements in development

Many Challenges Ahead…

Environment as a new opportunity of economic prosperity

Economy

EnvironmentSynergy

Source: Modified from UNEP, 2010

Communication with Society

Agriculture must not be seen as a problem, but as a solution and key component in the path towards a more

sustainable future.

Many Challenges Ahead…

sustainable future.