APRESENTATION

ON

“LEADERSHIP”

Leadership:

“The ability to exert interpersonal influence by means of communication towards the achievement of goal.”

- Koontz & O'Donnell

Types of leadership style:

Autocratic style Democratic or participative style Free-rein style

Autocratic style:

Autocratic leader centralizes authority and decision making in himself.

One way communication, gives order only.

S1 S2L

S3 S4

Democratic style:

Leader consult the sub-ordinates before arriving at decision.

Two way communication. Participative leadership.

S1 S2L

S3 S4

Free-rein style:

Giving complete freedom to subordinates to communicate to each other.

There is very little control over group members.

S1 S2L

S3 S4

Theories of leadership

Trait Theory Behavior Theory Situational Theory

TRAIT THEORY

Trait theory explains that a leader is success due to his own personal characteristics.

These characteristics may be:

physical feature intelligence human relation etc.

BEHAVIORAL THEORY

Success of leader depends upon the behavior of the leader.

The behavior theory includes-i) Likert system of managementii) Ohio state studiesiii) Managerial gridiv) Michigan studies

i) Likert system of management:

In 1961, Rensis Likert published the result of his research. He felt that leadership pattern can categorized into four styles.

a) System 1, exploitative:

communication is mostly downward. Employees are not involved in decision making. Fear is used as motive.

b) System 2:

communication is slightly better.

c) System 3, consultative:

The goals are set after discussion with subordinates.

d) System 4, participative:

It is based on total participation.

Productivity is excellent.

High degree of trust.

ii) Ohio state studies:

The Ohio state university has identified two independent dimensions of leader behavior.

a) Initiating structure: it is mainly focused on the productivity.

b) Consideration: The actions by a leader that concern with the welfare of subordinate and maintain positive relationship with them.

iii) Managerial grid: Leadership consist of two factors:Task oriented and relation oriented

behavior.The managerial grid identified 5

leadership style, based upon these factors.

iv) Michigan leadership studies:

The university of Michigan conducted various studies as a result to distinct styles of leadership were identified.

a) Employee centered: concern with the welfare of employees.

b) Production centered: focuses on the production.

SITUATIONAL THEORY

This theory states that the leadership is based on the situation.

It is categorizes into two distinct theories-

i) Fielder’s contingency theoryii) Life cycle theory

i) Fielder’s contingency theory:

It was developed by FRED FIELDER. Acc. to him the effectiveness of leadership is based on the ability to act in different situations.

The performance of the group members is depend upon three organizational variables-

a) Leader’s position & powerb) Task structurec) Leader- member relation

ii) Life cycle/Hersey Blanchard theory: This theory was given by PAUL HERSEY and

KENNETH BLANCHARD. They feel that- The leader has to match his style according

to need & maturity of employees.

This is based on the interplay among-a) Relationship behaviorb) Task managerc) Maturity of followers

PARTICIPATING

SELLING

DELEGATING

TELLING

a) Participating: high relationship & low task. Leader and followers share decision making.

b) Delegating: low task & low relationship. Subordinates have the ability to perform. They need little direction.

c) Selling: high relationship & high task. The leader provides both directive as well as supportive behavior

d) Telling: low relationship & high task. The leader will tell what to do, how to do and when to do it.

THANKS…