ld diesels in u.s. marketplace - energy.gov · ftp hwy 49 0.01 0.02 0.7 0.027 us06 32 0.01 0.03 1.8...
TRANSCRIPT
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LD Diesels in U.S. MarketplaceTechnical Progress Will Lead to Cost-Effective Business Cases
Charles L. Gray, Jr., DirectorAdvanced Technology Division
Office of Transportation and Air QualityU.S. Environmental Protection Agency
2005 DEER ConferenceAugust 24, 2005
Clean Automotive Technologieswww.epa.gov/otaq/technologies
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The Drivers for Increasing LD Diesels in US Marketplace
1. Expected higher costs of petroleum
2. Expected higher costs of petroleum
3. Expected higher costs of petroleum
4. Expected higher costs of petroleum
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100 2125
Mbb
l/da
Proven Reserves
Double ProvenReserves
Triple ProvenReserves
EIA ConsumptionProjections
Projections for World Crude Oil Production
You are here!
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Transportation in the Pre-Oil Era
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Transportation in the Post-Oil Era
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AlternativeFuelNeed
Impact of “Aggressive” ConservationAmount of
“alternative fuels”required by the
World to continue at this level as oil is depleted if only the US adopts this
“aggressive”technology
strategy
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AlternativeFuelNeed
Impact of “Aggressive” ConservationAmount of
“alternative fuels”required by the
World to continue at this level as oil is depleted if only the US adopts this
“aggressive”technology
strategy
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Logical Conclusions…
1. We need fuel conservation - ASAP
2. Diesels are the technology which could be implemented quickly and broadly (diesel hybrids, waste heat recovery, further improvements to aero and rolling resistance, weight reductions… will follow)
3. Plans for fuel transition should begin - ASAP
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State of Clean Diesel Solutions -Making Technical Progress…
NOx Adsorber AftertreatmentViable approach (primary path for compliance)
SCR AftertreatmentInfrastructure, cost, significant compliance and enforcement concerns – engine manufacturers responsible for in-use compliance
Clean Diesel CombustionControl NOx Engine-out & Smoke/PM/HC with Conventional Aftertreatment
Diesel Options to Meet LD Tier 2 or HD2010 On-Road Emissions Levels
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Clean Diesel Combustion
What Is It?
Initial Results
Challenges / Opportunities
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Basic NOx Production versus Combustion Temperature
0
10
20
30
1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800
Temperature (k)
Rel
ativ
eN
O L
evel
5 msec 1 msec
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EPA’s Approach to Clean Diesel Combustion NOx Control
0.00.20.40.60.81.0
1.21.41.61.82.0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Intake O2 [%]
NO
x [g
/bhp
-h]
0.00.20.40.60.81.0
1.21.41.61.82.0
NO
x [g
/bhp
-h]
1 bar5 bar7.5 bar10 bar15 bar
If you keep intake oxygen concentration between 11% and 14%,then combustion temperature will be below 2000 Deg K.
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Good Efficiency with Low Engine-Out NOx
Engine Brake Efficiency (%) Brake Specific NOx (g/hp-hr)
42%
40-41%
Pexhaust = Pinput + .1 Bar NOx below .2 everywhere
1.9L 4-cyl
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Engine Test Fuel Economy (mpg) HC(g/mi) CO NOx PM
Stock FTP city 32 0.05 0.10 0.8 0.028
FTP hwy 49 0.01 0.02 0.7 0.027
US06 32 0.01 0.03 1.8 0.069
Tier 2 Bin 5 (120k mi) 0.09 4.20 0.07 0.010 CDC FTP city 30 0.23 1.12 0.06 0.001
FTP hwy 47 0.10 0.18 0.05 0.0004
US06 26 0.20 0.07 0.14 0.008
VEHICLE: ~ 4,200 lb test weight
a larger-wagon or mini-van
Update on Clean Diesel Combustion
Initial Vehicle Test Results
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Continuing to Improve Performance & Reduce PM
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Smok
e N
umbe
r
Mid-2004 CDC Combustion
Improved CDC results
CDC asreported Nov 2002
Highe
r Loa
d -
Mediu
m Sp
eed
Today’s CDC Combustion
Mediu
m Lo
ad -
Cruis
e Spe
ed
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Infrared Combustion AnalysisEquipment/Setup
Sapphire Insert & Assembled bowditch piston
Camera Merlin MIDManufacturer FLIRDetector Type InSbDetector Cooling Integral SterlingSpectral Range 1.5-5 μmTemperature Range 0-2000 °CThermal Sensitivity 0.025 °C *Accuracy ± 2 °C, ± 2 % *Array Format 320 x 256 FPAImage Frequency 60 HzIntegration Time 10, 20 μs
Camera Information
* Dependent on emissivity
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Study of Fuel Injection As it Occurs Just Before Combustion Event
IR Images10deg After SOI
High Speed Imaging-10kfps10deg After SOI
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2160 2260 2360 2460 2560 2660 2760 2860
Crank Angle
Pres
sure
[psi
]
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Volta
ge
gas phase vs. liquid phasefor normal diesel injection
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Normal Diesel Combustion andClean Diesel Combustion
Normal Diesel Combustion10deg After SOI
Clean Diesel Combustion10deg After SOI
Set Temperature Scale: 272-775 F
Optimized Temperature Scale
IR Images IR Images
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Clean Diesel Combustionis COOLER Combustion (~550 °C)
Temp range: 940-3842 F, Exp time: 20 μs, Inj time: 25 BTDC, 108F Intake temp: 13.5% Int O2
Clean Diesel Combustion @ 3 BTDC
Temp range: 940-3842 F, Exp time: 20 μs, Inj time: 17 BTDC, 20.8% Int O2
Normal Diesel Combustion @ 5-3 BTDC
Combustion Mode
Engine Load BMEP [Bar]
Boost [Bar-Abs]
Intake O2 [%]
Speed [RPM]
Commanded Start of Inj BOI
[°BTDC]
Fueling Rate
[kg/hr]
Injection Duration
[ms]
Hydraulic Injection
Pressure [psi]Peak Cylinder
Press [Bar]Clean Diesel 10 1.8 13.5 2000* 17.5 1.7 1.02 3000 135
Normal Diesel 10 1.5 20.9 2000* 17.5 1.7 1.02 3000
* Actual test speed was 1500 RPM
Engine Firing Conditions
LD Diesels in U.S. MarketplaceTechnical Progress Will Lead to Cost-Effective Business CasesThe Drivers for Increasing �LD Diesels in US MarketplaceProjections for World Crude Oil ProductionTransportation in the Pre-Oil EraTransportation in the Post-Oil EraImpact of "Aggressive" ConservationImpact of "Aggressive" ConservationLogical Conclusions…State of Clean Diesel Solutions -�Making Technical Progress…Clean Diesel CombustionBasic NOx Production versus Combustion TemperatureEPA’s Approach to Clean Diesel Combustion NOx ControlGood Efficiency with �Low Engine-Out NOx Update on Clean Diesel CombustionContinuing to Improve Performance & Reduce PM Infrared Combustion Analysis�Equipment/SetupStudy of Fuel Injection As it Occurs Just Before Combustion EventNormal Diesel Combustion and�Clean Diesel CombustionClean Diesel Combustion�is COOLER Combustion (~550 °C)