f-

19-20

3 Sc Y La Ac

. 21 39 57 89

. 44.956 88.906 138.905 [227]

. . 3d14s2 4d15s2 5d16s2 6d17s2

R(.), 164 181 187 203

I1, 6.54 6.38 5.58 5.17

I2, 12.80 12.24 11.06 12.13

I3, 24.74 20.52 19.18 19.70

(A-R) 1.20 1.11 1.08 1.00C.O. 3 3 3 3

Sc Y La Ac

.., 1539 1522 920 1050

.., 2831 3260 3420 3300

d, /3 3.02 4.47 6.12 10.06

E0(M3+/M0), 2.03 2.37 2.25 2.13

-Sc -Sc-Y -Y-La -La -La

1336 oC

1480 oC

260 oC 880 oC

-Sc, -Y, -La: Mg-Sc, -Y, -La, Ac: Cu

-La: -Fe

1.

2Sc + 6HCl = 2ScCl3 + 3H22Y + 3H2SO4 = Y2(SO4)3 + 3H2

2. Sc

2Sc + 6NaOH + 6H2O = 2Na3[Sc(OH)6] + 3H23. La, Ac

2La + 6H2O = 2La(OH)3 + 3H24. , , ,

2Sc + 3Cl2 = 2ScCl3 Y + P = YP

2La + N2 = 2LaN 2La + 3S = La2S3

E0(Sc3+/Sc0) = 2.03

Sc, Y, La, Ac

1. M2O3 M(OH)32.

3.

Sc(OH)3 Y(OH)3 La(OH)3 Ac(OH)3

4.

Sc2O3 + 6HNO3 = 2Sc(NO3)3 + 3H2O

Y(OH)3 + 3HCl = YCl3 + 3H2O

La(OH)3pKb = 3.3

Sc, Y, La, Ac

5.

[Sc(H2O)6]Cl3 [Sc(OH)(H2O)5]Cl2 + HCl6. +3

-

Y(NO3)3 + 3NaF = YF3+ 3NaNO37. , , ,

, , , . .

8. ..

ScCl3 + Sc = Sc2Cl3 10Sc2Cl3 + Sc = 3Sc7Cl10

Sc

1. 3

2. ,

Sc(NO3)3 + 6KOH = K3[Sc(OH)6] + 3KNO33.

2ScCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + H2O = 2Sc(OH)CO3 + CO2 + 6NaClSc(OH)CO3 + 3Na2CO3 = Na5[Sc(CO3)4] + NaOH

4. : Sc2(C2O4)3

Sc2(C2O4)3 + 6HCl + 6NaF = 2ScF3 + 6NaCl + 3H2C2O42ScF3 + 3Ca = 2Sc + 3CaF2

f-

4f-

5f-

f-

1. f- n2

2. : +3 , Ce+4, Eu2+

3. : La Lu ( )

4. : , .. +2 +7

5. , Pm

6. f-

f-

LnM M0 M3+ ..Ln [Xe]5d16s2 [Xe] 3Ce [Xe]4f15d16s2 [Xe]4f1 3, 4Pr [Xe]4f36s2 [Xe]4f2 3, 4Nd [Xe]4f46s2 [Xe]4f3 2, 3Pm [Xe]4f56s2 [Xe]4f4 3Sm [Xe]4f66s2 [Xe]4f5 2, 3Eu [Xe]4f76s2 [Xe]4f6 2, 3Gd [Xe]4f75d16s2 [Xe]4f7 3Tb [Xe]4f96s2 [Xe]4f8 3, 4Dy [Xe]4f106s2 [Xe]4f9 3Ho [Xe]4f116s2 [Xe]4f10 3Er [Xe]4f126s2 [Xe]4f11 3Tm [Xe]4f136s2 [Xe]4f12 2, 3Yb [Xe]4f146s2 [Xe]4f13 2, 3Lu [Xe]4f145d16s2 [Xe]4f14 3

100120140160180200

Ln0

Ln3+

R,

La Pr Pm Eu Tb Ho Tm Lu Ce Nd Sm Gd Dy Er Yb

Ln

Ln

-2,4

-2,3

-2,2

-2,1

-2,0

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Ln

Ln

E(M3+/M0),

T.., 0

Eu

Eu Yb

Yb

Ln1. LaLu2.

2Ho + 3H2SO4 = Ho2(SO4)3 + 3H23.

Nd + 3H2O = Nd(OH)3 + 3H24.

4Gd + 3O2 = 2Gd2O3Ce + O2 = CeO212Pr + 11O2 = 2Pr6O118Tb + 7O2 = 2Tb4O7

CeO2

Lu(OH)3

Ln5.

Ce + 2F2 = CeF42Er + 3Cl2 = 2ErCl3

6. , , , , ,

2Tb + 3Se = Tb2Se3 Nd + 5P = NdP52Gd + 3H2 = 2GdH3 La + 2C = LaC2Yb + H2 = YbH2

7. 2Sm + 2NH3 = 2SmN + 3H2

8. Pr + 18NH3 () = [Pr(NH3)6]2+ + 2[e(NH3)6]

NdCl3

Ln

1. Ln2O3 Ln(OH)3

2. La(OH)3 Lu(OH)33. , , .

4Nd(NO3)3 = 2Nd2O3 + 12NO2 + 3O2 (t0)La2(SO4)3 = La2O(SO4)2 + SO2 + O2 (t0)

4. , , Dy2(CO3)3 = Dy2O2(CO3) + 2CO2 ~500 0CDy2O2(CO)3 = Dy2O3 + CO2 ~800 0C

5. Gd2O3 + 3C + 3H2S = Gd2S3 + 3H2 + 3CO

6. SmCl3 + 3NaC5H5 = Sm(C5H5)3 + 3NaClSm(C5H5)3 + 3FeCl2 = Fe(C5H5)2 + 2SmCl3

7. (

(III)

1. fn

2. M-L

3.

4. LaLu

:

Ce(IV)

1. CeO2.. 2400 0,

2. Ce + O2 = CeO2Ce + 2F2 = CeF44Ce(OH)3 + O2 + 2H2O = 4Ce(OH)4

3. Ce(OH)4 CeO2xH2O Ce(SO4)2 + 4KOH = Ce(OH)4 + 2K2SO4Ce(OH)4 + 2H2SO4 = Ce(SO4)2 + 4H2OCeO2 + 2NaOH = Na2CeO3 + H2O (t0)

4. 2Ce(OH)3 + 3H2O2 = 2Ce(OH)3(OOH) + 2H2O

CeO2

Ce(IV)

5. Ce(IV) 6Ce(SO4)2 + 8H2O = Ce6O4(OH)4(SO4)6 + 6H2SO4

6. Ce(IV) Ce(OH)4 + 4HNO3 + 2NH4NO3 = (NH4)2[Ce(NO3)6]2CeCl3 + Cl2 + 4HCl = 2H2[CeCl6]Ce(OH)4 + 5Na2CO3 = Na6[Ce(CO3)5] + 4NaOH

7. Ce(IV) 2Ce(SO4)2 + 2KI = Ce2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + I2

8. E0(Ce4+/Ce3+) = 1.72 1M HClO4E0(Ce4+/Ce3+) = 1.61 1M HNO3E0(Ce4+/Ce3+) = 1.44 1M H2SO4 [Ce(CO3)5]6

Eu(II)1.

Eu2(SO4)3 + Zn = 2EuSO4 + ZnSO4 -2EuCl3 + 3H2 = 2EuCl2 + 6HCl (t0)

2. EuO .. 1980 0, NaCl

Eu2O3 + Eu = 3EuO (t0)Eu2O3 + H2 = 2EuO + H2O (t0)

EuO + H2O = Eu(OH)2

3. : E0(Eu3+/Eu2+) = 0.35 2EuSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 = Eu2(SO4)3 + 2FeSO4

4. Eu(II) Ca(II), Sr(II), Ba(II)

EuSO4

EuCl2

(II)

E

0

(

M

3

+

/

M

2

+

)

,

R

(

M

2

+

)

8

,

Nd

Sm

Eu

Dy

Tm

Yb

f14

f13f10

f7

f6

f4

-3

-2

-1

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

Ln(II), Eu(II) Yb(II)

:1. Ce(IV)2. Eu(II)3.

YAG

La/Ce Nd-

SrAl2O4:EuEu-Y-

Sc, Y, Ln

Z

Ac 89 227Ac 22 1899Th 90 232Th 1010 1828Pa 91 231Pa 30000 1917U 92 238U 4.5109 1789

Np 93 237Np 2106 1940Pu 94 244Pu 8107 1940Am 95 243Am 7000 1944Cm 96 247Cm 1.5107 1944Bk 97 247Bk 1400 1949Cf 98 251Cf 890 1950Es 99 252Es 471 1954Fm 100 257Fm 101 1954Md 101 258Md 56 1955No 102 259No 58 1958Lr 103 262Lr 3 1961

0 [Rn] M3+[Rn]

.. 0 [Rn] M3+[Rn]

..

Ac 6d17s2 5f0 3

Th 6d27s2 5f1 (2),3,4 Bk 5f97s2 5f8 (2),3,4

Pa 5f26d17s2 5f2 3,4,5 Cf 5f107s2 5f9 2,3,(4)

U 5f36d17s2 5f3 3,4,(5),6 Es 5f117s2 5f10 2,3

Np 5f46d17s2 5f4 (3),4,5,6,7 Fm 5f127s2 5f11 2,3

Pu 5f67s2 5f5 3,4,5,6,7 Md 5f137s2 5f12 2,3

Am 5f77s2 5f6 2,3,4,5,6,(7) No 5f147s2 5f13 2,3

Cm 5f76d17s2 5f7 (2),3,4,(5) Lr 5f146d17s2 5f14 3

An

80100120140160180200

An0

An3+

Ac Pa Np Am Bk Es Md LrTh U Pu Cm Cf Fm No

R,

An

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

..,

, /3

Ac Pa Np Am Bk

Ac Pa Np Am Bk

Th U Pu Cm Cf

Th U Pu Cm Cf

1. f- 5-

2. 5f 6d

3.

4. Th Cm

5. +3

1.

2. 4f- , 5f-

3. d- : ..

Sc Ti

Y Zr

Hf

Th

La

Ac

V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni

Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd

Ta W Re Os Ir Pt

Pa U Np Pu Am (Cm)

1. Cm. Lr .

2. Th U

3. , .

4. .

5. .

6. .

7. . 2Ac + 6H2O = 2Ac(OH)3 + 3H2

8. Pa ,

4Pa + 5O2 = 2Pa2O5 (to) PaV

2Pa + 5Br2 = 2PaBr5 (to) PaV

2Pa + 3H2 = 2PaH3 (to) PaIII

9. .. Np (+7)

3K3[NpVIIO4](OH)2] + K3[Cr(OH)6] = 3K2NpVIO4 + K2CrO4 + 4KOH + 4H2O

PaBr5

1. Th U 2.

:238

92U + 10n = 23993Np + e-

-:253

99Es + 42He = 256101Md + 10n

:238

92U + 126C = 24698Cf + 410n

1912-1999

1913-1990

Th , (0.0001 .%) : (Ln,Th)PO4, Th(SiO4)2

(Ln,Th)PO4 Th(SO4)2 + Ln2(SO4)3

Th(OH)2SO4

Th ThCl4 Th(OH)4

H2SO4, H2O

NH3H2O

1) H2C2O4 2) NaOH

Ca HCl

U 2 , Th

K2O2UO3V2O53H2O U3O8

2U3O8 Na4[UO2(CO3)3]

Na4[UO2(CO3)3] (NH4)2U2O7

(NH4)2U2O7 UO2 UF4

UF4 + 2Mg = 2MgF2 + U (to)

Na2CO3 + O2

1) H2SO4 2) NH3

to HF

U3O8

1.

Th + 4HCl = ThCl4 + 2H2Th + HNO3 ()

2. Th + O2 = ThO2 ThIV

Th + 2Cl2 = ThCl4 ThIV

Th + 2I2 = ThI4 ThIV

Th + H2 = ThH2 ThII

ThO2ThH2

ThCl4

ThBr4

1.

Th(OH)4 = ThO2 + 2H2O .. = 3220

2. ThIV

ThCl4 + 4NH3H2O = Th(OH)4 + 4NH4Cl = 1042

Th(OH)4 + 4HNO3 = Th(NO3)4 + 4H2O

Th(OH)4 + 2H2SO4 = Th(SO4)2 + 4H2O

3. ThIV ,

Th(NO3)4 + 8H2O [Th(H2O)8]4+ + 4NO3Th(OH)4 + CO2 = ThOCO3 + 2H2O

4.

4Th(NO3)4 + 6H2O2 + 2H2O = Th4O14 + 16HNO3

ThF4 ThCl4 ThBr4 ThI4

. . . .., 1070 770 678 566.., 1680 920 880 837fH0298, /

482 285 227 160

..

8 8 8 8

. = 1025

ThF4 () + NH4F (-) = (NH4)3[ThF7] ZrThF4 () + NH4F (-) = (NH4)4[ThF8] HfThCl4 + 2KCl = K2[ThCl6]

.. = 7Th(NO3)4 + 3KNO3 = K3[Th(NO3)7]

.. = 8Th(NO3)4 + 4(NH4)2C2O4 = (NH4)4[Th(C2O4)4] + 4NH4NO3

.. = 92Th(OH)4 + 2H3PO4 + NaH2PO4 = Na[Th2(PO4)3] + 8H2O

.. = 10ThOCO3 + 4Na2CO3 + H2O = Na6[Th(CO3)5] + 2NaOHTh(OH)4 + 5Na2CO3 = Na6[Th(CO3)5] 4NaOH

.. = 20ThCl4 + 4Na(cp) = Th(cp)4 + 4NaCl

[Th2(PO4)3]

(IV)

1.

3ThI4 + Th = 4ThI3 , 700

15ThBr4 + 9Th = 4Th6Br15 , 850

15ThBr4 + 9Th + 4Fe = 4Th6(Fe)Br152.

2Th + 3S = Th2S3

3. ThIV

2Th(SO4)2 + 2HN3 = Th2(SO4)3 + 3N2 + H2SO4 ThIII

Th6(Fe)Br15

1.

3U + 4O2 = U3O8 ..U + 2H2O = UO2 + 2H2 200 2U + 3H2 = 2UH3 (to)

2. U + F2 = UF6 UVI

U + 5/2Cl2 = UCl5 UV U + 2Br2 = UBr4 UIV

U + 3/2I2 = UI3 UIII

3. U + 4HCl = UCl4 + 2H2 UIV

U + 4HNO3 = UO2(NO3)2 + 2NO + 2H2O UVI

UO2Br

UO2(NO3)2

(VI)1. UF6

UF6 + H2O = UOF4 + 2HF

2. UVI

3U3O8 + 20HNO3 () = 9UO2(NO3)2 + 2NO + 10H2O

3U3O8 + 18HCl + 2HNO3 = 9UO2Cl2 + 2NO + 10H2O

3. UVI

UO2(NO3)2 + 2H2O2 = UO2(O2)H2O + 2HNO3

[UO2(H2O)6]2+

d(UO) = 188 , d(UO) = 223

4. UVI

UO2(NO3)2 + 2NaOH = UO2(OH)2 + 2NaNO3 = 1022

UO2(OH)2 = UO3 + H2O 420

UO3 + H2O = UO2(OH)2 , ..2UO2(NO3)2 + 6KOH = K2U2O7 + 4KNO3 + 3H2O

K2U2O7 + 4HCl = 2UO2Cl2 + 2NH4Cl + H2O

(VI)

U2O72- Rb2U2O7

(VI) UVI d-

Rb2U2O7 + 6Rb2CO3 + 3H2O = 2Rb4[UO2(CO3)3] + 6RbOHUO2(CH3COO)2 + Zn(CH3COO)2 = Zn[UO2(CH3COO)3]2

, 3Zn[UO2(CH3COO)3]2 + 2NaCl + 6H2O =

2NaZn[UO2(CH3COO)3]36H2O + ZnCl2

K2U2O7 + 10KNCS + 3H2O = 2K3[UO2(NCS)5] + 6KOH

[UO2(CO3)3]4

[UO2(NCS)5]3

..1. U3O8 + 2CO = 3UO2 + 2CO2 U3O8 + 2H2 = 3UO2 + 2H2O

UO2 -, .. = 2775 2. UIV

UO2 + 4HF = UF4 + 2H2O , = 61022, ..=1309 UO2SO4 + Zn + 2H2SO4 = U(SO4)2 + ZnSO4 + 2H2OU(SO4)2 + 4KOH = U(OH)4 + 2K2SO4 = 1052

U(OH)4 3. UIV

5U(SO4)2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O = 5UO2SO4 + K2SO4 + 2MnSO4+ 2H2SO4

2U(SO4)2 + H2O U2(SO4)3 + O2 + H2SO4a

1. = 0

UO22+ U4+ U3+ U0+0.33 0.61 1.80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6-6-5-4-3-2-1012

2. = 0

Cr

W

U

Mo

nE

n

Red/Ox

1. Pu -,

2Pu + 6HCl = 2PuCl3 + 3H2

Pu3+

2. Pu ..

Pu + 3K2S2O8 + 4H2O = K2PuO4 + 2K2SO4 + 4H2SO4 PuVI

Pu + O2 = PuO2 (to) PuIV

2Pu + 3Cl2 = 2PuCl3 (to) PuIII

Pu + H2 = PuH2 (to) PuII

3. +3 +4

PuCl3

(2011) (1986)

An

f-