landscape elements

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS

Water bodies Pools Fountains cascades

Plants

Rocks

Paving

Lighting

UNIT II

INTERIOR LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS

Water bodiesWATER as DESIGN ELELMENT

Elements of Visual DesignThe particular characters of

• Line• Form• Color• Texture &• Sound


Water bodies

Line:

The character of line formed by the Water Land Interface has a major impact upon the images water evokes in the mind of the beholder.

Soft textured line – unbridled nature

Controlled Sinuous Line – Controlled or Symbolic Nature

Water as vertical line in rhythmic pattern

Angular Line – confers Energy

The edge can be obscured with aquatic plants for a sense of mystery or can be crisp and decisively bulk-headed leaving little to imagination.

Water surface can also be expressed as a line for example:

Influence of wind creating Rhythmic Horizontal Lines on the water surface.

Water falling over the edge creates Series Of Vertical Lines forming a striated veil.

Rhythmic silhouette


Water bodies


Water bodiesForm:

The form of the water feature can be to

• Accentuate The Flow Of Water• Convey A Sense Of Centrality• A Sense Of Arrival

The form can be a complex combination of differing characters, thereby bringing together disparate elements.

The form can be simple and uniform to convey a more unified sense

Colour:

Good quality water is relatively clear.Takes on the colour imparted by reflections carried upon its surface, and also the colour of the container.

White and Mirrored Container:Express transparency and hence creates an illusion of shallowness.

Light Blue Container:Impart clarity, cleanliness and purity of water.

Dark Blue & Black Container:Maximize reflections and hence create illusion of shadowy depth.


Water bodies


Water bodiesTexture:Texture into flowing water can be brought about by turbulence. Constriction to water flow or protrusion into flowing water causes turbulence.

The Surface of moving water is determined by depth and flow characteristics and by the shape and texture of its containers.

Thinner the layer of water becomes, even a minor difference in container alignment can cause surface texture.

When a thin sheet of water moves down a vertical surface, minor ripples in the surface can impart interesting textures and aeration to the water.

Smooth surface yields glassy sheet flow

Overlap produces horizontal frothy rhythm

Stair steps create myriad of droplets, each reflecting light source.

Sensual Quality:

A sensual quality of the space, enrichment can result from consistency of character and meaning or from counterpoint.

Horizontal ribs create agitated frothy surface

Cascades & Waterfalls

WATER as DESIGN ELELMENT

Naturalized Cascade

Cast pools & Waterfalls


Water bodies


Water bodies

Cascades & Waterfalls


Step Related Cascade

Falling water is animated and produces musical sound.

Fountain & Cascade


Water bodies

Fountains & Jets


Pedestals, Jets & Basins

Inlets can be designed to bring the desired effect.Wall Fountains


Water bodiesWATER as DESIGN ELELMENT

Pools A quiet reflecting basin of any size or shape can be constructed of varied materials as Metal, Concrete, Brick, Granite sets or Wood.

Pool as reflecting basin:

Plant MaterialsPLANT as DESIGN ELELMENT


Elements of Visual DesignThe particular characters of

• Line• Form• Color• Texture &• Plant Masses


INTRODUCTION :

Pavements are generally classified by their intended use within a particular landscapeor design context. Pavement types and structural characteristics are modified by application loading i.e.

• Heavy, • Medium, Or• Light Duty

Other criteria to be considered are:

• Sub-grade bearing capacity, • climate, • installation, and • maintenance costs.

PAVING

PAVING

INTRODUCTION :

Paving includes the movement of

• Pedestrian And • Vehicular Pavements

This is typically encountered indoor open spaces or outdoor spaces in

• Residential, • Urban, • Institutional, • Commercial and• Site Planning Applications.



PAVINGPAVEMENT COMPOSITION:

Pavements are layered composite structures designed to bear pedestrian and vehicular circulation loads, while providing an even well-drained surface .

The structural layers of pavement commonly consist of a • prepared sub-grade, • an aggregate base, and • a wearing or surface layer.

Sub-grade:

The sub-grade is the soil layer beneath the pavement which bears • the design load,• receives infiltration water, and • is subject to ground water infusion

It may consist of existing site subsoil at the bottom plane of a grading cut, or a controlled structural fill, placed in compacted lifts. In either event, it is commonly referred to as "prepared subgrade,"

In most circumstances, the sub-grade is sloped parallel to the finished pavement surface to insure proper drainage .


PAVING

Aggregate Base & Sub-base:

The base layer consists of a graded aggregate foundation that transfers the pavement load to the sub-grade in a controlled radiating manner.

Light duty pavements typically require a single layer of sand or stone dust to serve both as a setting bed, as well as a structural base.

Heavy-duty pavements or weak sub-grades, usually require an additional layer of base material, called a ‘Sub-base’, which also consists of a clean but coarser-graded aggregate layer.

Both aggregate base and sub-base typically extend beyond the pavement edge to provide lateral support, and to prevent uneven sub-grade loading .


PAVING

Paving Detail –

Subjected to Light Load

Flexible unit pavement applications may range from:

• Cobblestone Service Roads To

• Light-duty Flagstone Garden Patios,

Flexible unit paving typically require edge restraints to prevent lateral creeping over time.

These pavements by virtue of their butt joint construction are porous to semi-porous

Flexible Paving


PAVINGPaving Detail – Subjected to Light Load

With dimensions

196mm x 196mm x 85mm concrete pavers with 15mm nub spaces

15mm space filled with 5mm dia stone

25 mm thk, 5mm dia stone setting bed

150 mm thk, Dense grade Agg. Base

Prepared Sub-base


PAVINGPaving Detail – Subjected to Light Load

With dimensions


PAVING

Paving Detail –

Subjected to Heavy Load

Rigid monolithic pavements are typically constructed as cast-in-place reinforced concrete slabs .

Rigid unit pavements require unit pavers to be mortared or glued to a reinforced concrete base .

Rigid Paving


PAVING

Typical Paving Detail

Paving Detail – In Clay Soil


PAVING

Private Garden Pavement

Pavements can function from small and modest scale to perform in heavy duty application circumstances.


PAVING

Roof Garden Pavement

Pavements in this case must be light weight and durable due to extremely variable conditions.


PAVING

Public Plaza Pavement

Pavements are typically subjected to medium to heavy duty loads due to dense pedestrian traffic, service and emergency vehicle access and large scale mechanical maintenance practices


PAVING

Townscape Pavement

Pavements may range from light to heavy duty based upon particular vehicular loading, but are generally rated as light to medium duty.


PAVINGPAVEMENT DESIGN CRITERIA

Load bearing capacity:Heavy, medium, and light duty applications generally refer to the type of vehicular and pedestrian traffic which a pavement must accommodate .

Durability:Pavement design must accommodate sustained pavement loading as well as maintenance methods and natural weathering effects .

Safety:Compiling to the safety standards regarding to

• Texture, • Joinery,• Slope, • Drainage, And • Associated Site Furnishings• Pavement Color And • Pavement Finish are also constrained by reflectivity, glare, and permeability

as they relate to climate setting

Aesthetics:Patterns and textures should be considered in scale with the larger design to avoid inappropriate complexity or blandness. Paving patterns can be achieved with a combination of both flexible and rigid paving systems.


PAVINGPAVEMENT DESIGN CRITERIA PAVINGPAVEMENT DESIGN CRITERIA

Climate:

Hot & Humid:• Drainage is critical to prevent build-up of mosses and algae, and to account for

intense periods of precipitation .• Light colors are often used to avoid heat absorption . • Stable temperatures provide for a wide variety of materials.

Hot & Arid:• A wide variety of materials are available in this climate zone . • Materials are typically light in color to avoid heat absorption, and may include

glazed tiles porous finishes due to low humidity and relatively stable temperature ranges .



Climate:

Temperate:• Darker colors are typical to absorb radiant solar energy. • Heavy snow regions must account for abrasive clearing practices .• Mortared unit pavers require heavy maintenance in extensive applications .

Cold:• Cold areas require similar treatments as the temperate zone, but with more

restrictions. • Flexible pavements are preferred over rigid and mortared unit pavers .


Materials used in paving:

• Brick Masonry Paving

• Tile Paver Pattern

• Textured Concrete Pattern

• Stone Sett Pattern

• Stone Pavers

• Concrete Paver Patterns


PAVINGBrick Masonry Pattern

• Stake Bond

• Quarter Running Bond

• Running Bond

• Basket Weave Bond & Variation

• Herringbone Bond

• Running Bond Stacked


PAVINGTile Paver Pattern

• Concentric Circles

• Hexagonal

• Various size patterns

• Square grid


PAVINGTextured Concrete Pattern

• Square grid

• Hexagon

• Hexagon Variation

• Cobblestone

• Fish-scale

• River Rock


PAVINGStone Sett Pattern

• Running Bond

• Stacked Bond

• Square Grid

• Concentric Circle

• Random Mixed Pattern

• Wood Setts


PAVINGStone Pavers

• Irregular (Fitted)

• Semi Regular

• Random Rectangular

• Rectangular (Limited Size)


PAVINGConcrete Paver Pattern


PAVINGTypes of Paving Materials:

Paving Material Advantages Dis-advantages

In-Situ PavingIn-Situ Paving

Concrete

• Easy to Install

• Several finishes colours and textures are available

• Durable surface

• Long life time

• Low maintenance

• Adaptable to curvilinear form

• Low heat absorbency

• Joints are required

• Could be aesthetically unappealing

• Disintegrate if not installed properly

• Is reflective in nature hence cause glare

• Due to settling can cause cracks.




Asphalt

• Can be porous

• Dust free surface

• Durable surface

• Long life time

• Low maintenance

• Adaptable to curvilinear form

• Can be porous

• Water repellent

• Edges are to be supported

• Can soften in warm weather

• Soluble in gasoline and other petroleum solvents

• Susceptible to freeze if water penetrates into the base

In-situ PavingIn-situ Paving




Brick • Non glare surface

• Non skid surface

• Wide colour range

• Good scale

• Easily repaired

• High installation cost

• Difficult to clean

• Freezing causes disintegration

• Susceptible to different settlement

Tile • Polished indoor and outdoor surface


• Suitable in mild climates only

Unit PavingUnit Paving




Adobe Brick • Fast and easy installation

• Rich colour and texture

• Long life is ensured if base contains asphaltic stabilizer.

• Edges tend to crumble

• Store heat

• Dusty

• Suitable in warm and non-humid condition

• Fragile and requires level foundation

Flagstone • Very durable if properly installed

• Natural weathering qualities


• Suitable in mild climates only






Granite • Hard and Dense

• Durable under extreme conditions

• Supports heavy traffic

• Polished surfaces are easy to clean

• Difficult to work with

• Chemical weathering

• Relatively expensive

Limestone • Easy to work with

• Rich colour and texture

• Susceptible to chemical weathering

Sandstone • Easy to work with

• Durable

• Susceptible to chemical weathering

Slate • Durable

• Slow to weather

• Range of colour

• Relatively expensive

• Can be slippery when wet


PAVINGMaintenance:

The actual cost of a pavement must factor in the annual maintenance cost .

Often, a higher initial installation cost may result in a lower annual maintenance expenditure.

Additionally, the service life of a less expensive installation may be short, requiring replacement in 8-10 months.

It is prudent to invest in proper site preparation and aggregate base installation, due to their critical role in maintaining finish surface integrity.


PAVINGMaintenance:

Annual maintenance for pavements typically requires:

• Periodic Coatings, • Pointing,• Cleaning And Sealing Of Joints, • Repair Of Broken Segments Or Settled Areas, • Re-setting Of Unit Pavers, And • General Sweeping To Remove Accumulated Fines And Debris .

Unit paving typically requires more attention to maintenance of edges and vegetative invasion, but is easily repaired .

Monolithic paving commonly requires less annual maintenance than does flexible unit paving .

LIGHTING



Lighting

The purposes of outdoor lighting include :

• Improving the legibility of critical nodes, landmarks, and circulation and activity zones in the landscape ;

• Facilitating the safe movement of pedestrians and vehicles, promoting a more secure environment, and minimizing the potential for personal harm and damage to property; and

• Helping to reveal the salient features of a site at a desired intensity of light in order to encourage nighttime use.

Objective of Lighting:


Lighting

Lumen – A quantitative unit of measurement referring to the total amount of light energy emitted by a light source, without regard to the direction of its distribution .

Lux – The International Standard (SI) measure of incident light. It is equal to one lumen uniformly distributed over an area of one square meter (10.7 Ix = 1 fc)

Candlepower – The unit of intensity of a light source in a specific direction, often referred to as Candela .

Luminance – Luminance is the measurable form of brightness, which is a subjective sensation.

Terminology of Lighting:Illuminance – Incident light, or light striking a surface

Efficacy – A measure of how efficiently a lamp converts electric power (watts) into light energy (lumens) without regard to the effectiveness of its illumination.

Light depriciation – Lamp output (lumens) will depreciate over its effective life.

Glare – A point or surface of luminance that is above one's current state of adaptation.


Lighting

Colour –

Two measures used to describe the color characteristics of lamps are • the apparent color and • the color rendering index.


Lighting

Categories of Outdoor Light Fixtures


LightingCategories of Landscape Light Fixtures


Lighting

Lamp Characteristics and Distribution


Lighting

General Design Consideration:

Lighting in the night is important as the designer can decide on:

• Parts of the landscape to be emphasized and

• Parts of the landscape to be hidden.

The desired effect for the designed space can be achieved by means of a combination of:

• Colour of light

• Mounting height of the fixture

• Direction of the lighting and

• character of the luminaries


LightingGeneral Design Principles:

Attaining high levels of illumination along circulation routes does not have to be a prime consideration in outdoor lighting. If a clear and consistent system is provided, low levels may be adequate for safe circulation.

Clear Lighting Pattern:

A staggered layout of road and pathway light tends to obscure rather than reinforce the direction of circulation and location of intersection.



Spacing, height, and distribution of luminaires should avoid foliage shadows, provide uniformity, and vertical surface illumination.

Placement of Luminaries



What to light and What not to light

Placement of Luminaries



Glare is a major inhibitor of good visibility and can be produced by any scale of light fixture, henceforth luminaries must be planned to avoid glare.

Glare:



Atmosphere & Character:

A consistency of design expression can be achieved by identifying the common elements in a landscape that give it character and then using the similar approaches to their lighting.

Background:Background spaces should be illuminated as unobtrusively as possible to meet the functional needs of safe circulation and protecting people and property.

Whenever possible, these needs should be accommodated with peripheral lighting from the walkways, signage, entrances, and other elements relevant to the definition of the space .

Foreground:Foreground spaces should utilize local lighting which produces maximum focus, minimum distractions, and no glare .

Foreground spaces or objects may be major elements and should be treated accordingly


Lighting

Illumination of Object:The direction of the light source is important for perception of three-dimensional objects.

Usually, the best way to illuminate standing objects is with a combination of point source lighting & Uniform Lighting, both types of lighting .

One source should accentuate shape and form by contrasting the surface with sharp shadows while the other source provides fill-lighting for details .

Colour Perception:

General Design Principles:


Lighting

Colour Perception:Accurate color rendition will aid recognition and improve the perception of outdoor environments . This is especially important at the pedestrian scale, where the color contrast of paving and landscape materials is often subtle.

As the general illumination level rises in a given situation, preference usually shifts away from a warm appearance toward the cool range.

General Design Principles:


LightingBasic Light Distribution Pattern:

UPLIGHTING

Directional Viewing All Direction Viewing



SILHOUTTE LIGHTING



UP & DOWN LIGHTING

Moonlighting Spot Lighting



SPREADING LIGHTING



PATH - LIGHTING

landscape elements

Documents

water surface

flow of water

water flow

layer of water

sheet of water

flowing water

images water

infiltration water