landscape effects on human health and well-being as...
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Horizon2020No.677622
Landscapeeffectsonhumanhealthandwell-beingaselementsofsocialinnovation
inmarginalizedruralareas:Reflectionsonwhyandhowtoevaluatethem
LauraSecco,DavidePettenella,MariaNinjk,DavidMiller,ElenaPisani,RiccardoDaRe,CatieBurlando,MauroMasiero,
PhoebeKoundouri,AntonioLopolito,DianaTuomasjukka,NicoPolman
«Landscape and human health: Forests, Parks and Green Care» Vienna, 17-19 May 2017
Landscapeandhumanhealth,Forests,ParksandGreenCare,Vienna,17-19May2017
2.Theoreticalbackground
1.Intro:EUH2020SIMRAproject
3.Objectives
4.Methodology
5.Preliminaryresults
6.Finalreflections
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2.Theoreticalbackground
1.Intro:EUH2020SIMRAproject
3.Objectives
4.Methodology
5.Preliminaryresults
6.Finalreflections
Horizon2020No.677622 Landscapeandhumanhealth,Forests,ParksandGreenCare,Vienna,17-19May2017
Horizon2020SIMRAproject
• 4-yearsResearchandInnovationAction(RIA)project• 26partners(coordinator:JamesHuttonInstitute,UK)• Objective:tofillthesignificantknowledgegapinunderstanding
andenhancingSocialInnovationinMarginalizedRuralAreas.• Focuson:- agriculture,forestryandruraldevelopment
- MarginalizedRuralAreas(MRAs)- Mediterraneanregion(includingnon-EU)- Casestudies- InnovationActions
1.Introduction
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Horizon2020No.677622 Landscapeandhumanhealth,Forests,ParksandGreenCare,Vienna,17-19May2017
Horizon2020SIMRAproject:WPs
1.Introduction
SIMRA partners
26 in total (24 funded + 2 with own funds from Switzerland)
Key-partners:
•JHI (UK) è WP1, 8•UNIPD (IT) è WP4•BOKU (Austria) è WP6•PERTHCOLLEGE (UK) è WP3•IFE SAS (Slovak Rep)è WP2•EFI (int.) è WP5•IAMZ-CIHEAM (int.)èWP7•EUROMONTANA (int.)è WP7
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2.Theoreticalbackground
1.Intro:EUH2020SIMRAproject
3.Objectives
4.Methodology
5.Preliminaryresults
6.Finalreflections
Horizon2020No.677622 Landscapeandhumanhealth,Forests,ParksandGreenCare,Vienna,17-19May2017
SIasakeyissueforEurope
https://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/innovation/policy/social_en
2.Theoreticalbackground
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SocialInnovation(SI)definitionManydefinitionsforsocialinnovation:•“thosechangesinagendas,agencyandinstitutionsthatleadtoabetterinclusionofexcludedgroupsandindividualsinvariousspheresofsocietyatvariousspatialscales”(Moulaertetal.,2005,1978)•“innovativeactivitiesandservicesthataremotivatedbythegoalofmeetingasocialneedandthatarepredominantlydevelopedanddiffusedthroughorganisationswhoseprimarypurposesaresocial” (Mulgan,2007,8)• “changesinthecultural,normativeorregulativestructures[orclasses]ofthesocietywhichenhanceitscollectivepowerresourcesandimproveitseconomicandsocialperformance” (HämäläinenandHeiskala,2007,74)• SIisthecapacitytocreateandimplementnewideasthatarelikelytodelivervalue(thusmeetingindividualeconomicinterests),contemporarilyrespondingtosocialdemands(thusmeetingsocietalneeds),thataretraditionallynotaddressedbymarketsorexistinginstitutions(e.g.BEPA,2011;Andersonetal.,2015).
Landscapeandhumanhealth,Forests,ParksandGreenCare,Vienna,17-19May2017
2.Theoretical background
Horizon2020No.677622
PreliminarySIMRAdefinition:Thereconfiguringofsocialpracticesinresponsetochallengesassociatedwithsociety,economyorenvironmentbasedonnovelideasandvalues.Thesenewpracticesincludethecreationofnewinstitutions,networksandgovernancearrangements,andseektoenhancesocietaloutcomes,especiallybutnotexclusivelyfordisadvantagedgroupsandrecognizingthelikelihoodoftrade-offsamongcompetinginterestsandoutcomes.Thesepracticesnecessarilyincludethevoluntaryengagementofcivilsocietyactors.
Landscapeandhumanhealth,Forests,ParksandGreenCare,Vienna,17-19May2017
Our SIdefinitionSeveraldefinitionsinliterature:another“fuzzy” word- riskofmisleading
2.Theoretical background
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Emergingandincreasingsocialneedsandsocietalchallenges:- generalizedeffectson(anincreasing)urbanpopulation:“confusing
environments(suchascrowdedurbanones)…mentalfatigue” (KaplanandKaplan,1989)
- increasingandnewvulnerablegroups:- Peoplewithhealthproblemsconnectedtostressrelatedillnesses,mental
problemsandcardiovascularhealthproblems(e.g.HealthCounciloftheNetherlands,2004;Bowleretal.,2010;Tsunetsuguetal.,2013;GPH,2014,9)
- disabled,(e.g.BEPA,2011).- elders (ageing)andyouth (toointensiveITconnection),- women (employment-familystressmanagement),- unemployed (socialexclusion)andpoorpersons (socialexclusion),- immigrants,refugeesandprisoners(socialexclusion,unemployment)
Landscapeandhumanhealth,Forests,ParksandGreenCare,Vienna,17-19May2017
Societalchallenges
2.Theoreticalbackground
Horizon2020No.677622
“Thenaturalenvironmentseemstohavesomespecialrelationshiptoeachofthefactorsimportanttoarestorativeenvironment”(KaplanandKaplan,1989)
• Ingeneral:exposuretonaturalenvironmentsenhancesabilitytocopewithandrecoverfromstress(e.g.HealthCounciloftheNetherlands,2004;Bowleretal.,2010;Tsunetsugu etal.,2013;GPH,2014,9)
• Emotional andphyscological health (Bodin andHartig,2003;Hug etal.,2009)
• Physical health andprevention• Socialwellbeing
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Landscapebenefits
2.Theoreticalbackground
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2.Theoreticalbackground
1.Intro:EUH2020SIMRAproject
3.Objectives
4.Methodology
5.Preliminaryresults
6.Finalreflections
Horizon2020No.677622
1Identifywhetherand
howexistingmethods,
approachesandtoolscanbeusedoradapted to
evaluateSIandtheimpactsofnew
socialusesofforestsandMRAs.
2
Whatapproachesandindicators
wouldbestcapturethemultifacetedaspectsofnewsocialusesofforestsand
landscapes,withafocusonthe
specificitiesofhealthandhumanwell-
beinginmarginalizedruralarea?
3.Reflectonwhether
andhowevaluationofSIcansupportmoreeffectivepoliciespromotingnew
socialusesofforestsandMRAs.
Landscapeandhumanhealth,Forests,ParksandGreenCare,Vienna,17-19May2017
Ourobjectivesinrelationtothisconference
3.Objectives
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• Needevidenceonwhatworks– Limitedbudgetandbadpoliciescouldhurt
• Improvepolicy/programmeimplementation– Design(eligibility,benefits)– Operations(efficiencyandtargeting)
• Informationiskeytosustainability– Budgetnegotiations– Informingbeliefsandthepress
Landscapeandhumanhealth,Forests,ParksandGreenCare,Vienna,17-19May2017
Whydoweevaluate?
2.Theoreticalbackground
Horizon2020No.677622 Landscapeandhumanhealth,Forests,ParksandGreenCare,Vienna,17-19May2017
Evaluationandimpactevaluation
• Evaluation isa periodic,objectiveassessmentofanongoingorcompletedproject,programmeorpolicy,whichasksspecificquestionsregardingimplementation,managementandresults.
• Impactevaluationisanassessmentofthecausaleffectofaproject,programmeorpolicyonbeneficiaries.Itanswersthequestions:- “Whatwastheeffectoftheprogramonoutcomes?”- “Howmuchbetteroffarethebeneficiariesbecauseoftheprogram/policy?”- “Howwouldoutcomeschangeifchangedprogramdesign?”- “Istheprogramcost-effective?”
Inourcase,theprojecttobeevaluatedcanbeasocialinnovationinitiativeinanaturalenvironment,whichtakesadvantageoflandscapebenefitsforacertainsocialneed(e.g.agroupofpersonwithmentalhealthproblems).
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2.Theoreticalbackground
1.Intro:EUH2020SIMRAproject
3.Objectives
4.Methodology
5.Preliminaryresults
6.Finalreflections
Horizon2020No.677622
• Stakeholdersconsultation(discussedissuesonmethods:qualitativevs.quantitative,processvs.outcome-oriented,participatoryvs.expert-based,primaryvs.secondarydata)
• Identificationandanalysis(basedonastandardizedapproach)ofexistingmethodstobeusedoradaptedforassessingSIanditsimpacts
– UNIPD(Italy):coordination– ICRE8(Greece):economicaspects– UNIFG(Italy):socialaspects– EFI(Finland):environmentalaspects– DLO(TheNetherland):governance/institutionalaspects– BOKU(Austria):policyimplications(outofscopeofthispresentation)
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4.Methodology
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2.Theoreticalbackground
1.Intro:EUH2020SIMRAproject
3.Objectives
4.Methodology
5.Preliminaryresults
6.Finalreflections
Horizon2020No.677622
Reference Method Variables
DiIacovoetal.(2014).Transitionmanagementandsocialinnovationinruralareas:lessonsfromsocialfarming
Investigateroleofsocialservicesinruraldevelopmentthroughcollectivelearning
Public-privatepartnershipsNewrulesandattitudes
Sladeetal.(2013).Evaluatingtheimpactofforestschools:Acollaborationbetweenauniversityandaprimaryschool
Interviews CharacteristicsofEffectiveLearning’ (EarlyEducation,2012)
Tsunetsugu,etal.(2013). Physiologicalandpsychologicaleffectsofviewingurbanforestlandscapesassessedbymultiplemeasurements
Experimental,48maleparticipants;testandphysiologicaltesting
ProfileofMoodStatesquestionnaireHeartbeatandsystolicanddiastolicbloodpressure
Iwataetal.(2016).Thepsychologicalandphysicalimpactsofspendingtimeinforests:acasestudyoftwoforestsinIreland
Questionnaireto179visitorstobroadleafandconiferousforests
Physological well-being(mentalrelaxation,enjoymentandfun)MoodLevelofphysicalactivity
Examplesofstudiesonevaluationoflandscapeeffects
5.Preliminaryresults
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ExperiencesinSIevaluation:generalcharacteristics• 103frameworks/approaches/methods+200toolscollectedandfullyanalysed(governance/institutionalapproachesmissing)• 33%inEurope• 28%inruralareas
• 23%specifictoassesssocialinnovationissues• 42.3%proposeaparticipatoryapproachesassessmentinvolvingmulti-stakeholders:beneficiaries,policymakers,citizens,experts,communityrepresentatives,farmers,decisionmakers,NGOs,companies,suppliers,publicoperators,households,etc.• Atleast54.6%ofmethodsneedsanexternalevaluators,while24%ofmethodscanbeusedforself-assessment
• 63%useindicators(ofdifferenttypes:outcome,impact,etc.)
SIMRAGeneralAssembly,Barcelona,Spain,16-18May2017
5.Preliminaryresults
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• 60.6%mention“framework” and“approach”,67.3%“method”,and58.7%“tool”
• 27.9%considertheuseofcounterfactualanalysis• Fewmethodsadoptspecificevaluationcriteria:
– Relevance44.2%– Efficiency35.6%– Effectiveness48.1%– Impact58.7%– Others:equity,capacity,sustainability
• 33.7%needtheuseofspecificsoftware (formodelling,SNA,mapping,etc.)
SIMRAGeneralAssembly,Barcelona,Spain,16-18May2017
ExperiencesinSIevaluation:useofastructuredmethodology
5.Preliminaryresults
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Horizon2020No.677622 SIMRAGeneralAssembly,Barcelona,Spain,16-18May2017
ExperiencesinSIevaluation:generalcharacteristics
5.Preliminaryresults
Horizon2020No.677622
Evaluationcharacteristics
SIMRAGeneralAssembly,Barcelona,Spain,16-18May2017
5.Preliminaryresults
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Slade,M.,Lowery,C.,&Bland,K.(2013).Evaluatingtheimpactofforestschools:Acollaborationbetweenauniversityandaprimaryschool.SupportforLearning,28(2),66-72.
Frameworkadaptedfromthe‘CharacteristicsofEffectiveLearning’ (EarlyEducation,2012)
Anexampleindetarils
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Evaluationcharacteristics• 66.3%explicitlyuseindicators• Amongthem:
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Featuresofthetools• Wecollectedandanalysed200tools
• Only11.2%includethetextofquestions
SIMRAGeneralAssembly,Barcelona,Spain,16-18May2017
2.Theoreticalbackground
1.Intro:EUH2020SIMRAproject
3.Objectives
4.Methodology
5.Preliminaryresults
6.Finalreflections
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• Itisnoteasytofindaclearcause-effectchain(theoryofchange)
• Averyfewcasesofexistingmethodsandtoolsspecificallyfocusedonimpactsoflandscapebenefits!
• Mainresultspresentedintheliteratureareonimmediateeffectsonsmallgroupsofbeneficiaries
• Findingtheoverallimpactsonwellbeingoverthelongtermandgeneralisethemismuchmorecomplex!
Landscapeandhumanhealth,Forests,ParksandGreenCare,Vienna,17-19May2017
6.Finalreflections
Socialandsocietalneed
•Studentsspendverylittletimeoutdoors,withconsequencesontheirmentalandphysicalhealth
IDEA•Promotecoursesforteacherstospendmoretimeoutdoors,byfollowingthemodelofForestSchools
Activity
•Teacher trainingcourses developed forForest Schools
Output•Teacherstrained innewmethods (SUPPLYSIDE)
Outcome
•Newmethods used (DEMANDSIDE)•Increased completion rates
Impact
•Increased testscores•Decreased impactofADHD•Decreasedstresslevels
Finalreflections:theresult-chainaskeytool
Horizon2020No.677622 Landscapeandhumanhealth,Forests,ParksandGreenCare,Vienna,17-19May2017
Atthebasisofanycause-effectevaluation,thetheoryofchangeprovidesadescriptionofhowaninterventiondeliversthedesiredresults.
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• Communityvolunteering (e.g.treeplanting)• Naturetherapy:Wildernesstherapy(e.g.“Montagnaterapia.it”,Horticulturaltherapy,Animalassistedtherapy)
• Workintegrationà Socialfarmsfocusonthehealthofspecificpopulationgroups
• Diverseformsofaccess(e.g.physicalexercise,contemplation)
• ...
Landscapeandhumanhealth,Forests,ParksandGreenCare,Vienna,17-19May2017
SIisinterlinkedwithseverallandscapebenefits!SIinitiativespromotenewusesofforests,andthusprovideoptionsforlandscapebenefits:
6.Finalreflections
Horizon2020No.677622
• Weneedtoimproveourunderstandingofwhattypesofeffectsofnewsocialusesofforestsandrurallandscapesshouldbeevaluatedandhow(e.g.findnew,morecomprehensiveandeasy-to-detectindicators– orarethosealreadyexistingenough?)
• Weneedtomeasurethereal,longtermandbroaderimpactsonthesocietytobetterguidepolicymakersandpractitioners
àWorkinprogressforSIMRA!
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6.Finalreflections
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Horizon2020No.677622 Landscapeandhumanhealth,Forests,ParksandGreenCare,Vienna,17-19May2017
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