313 Unit 9

Brown vs. Board

Of Education

314

Dr. Martin Luther

King, Jr. (1929-1968)

313 In 1954, the Supreme

Court outlawed racial

segregation in public

schools with this

landmark case that

reversed the Plessy v.

Ferguson (1896)

decision of “separate

but equal.”

314 A noted leader and clergyman;

one of several African-

Americans concerned with

reforming American society and

gaining equal rights by using

civil disobedience or non-

violent action.

315

Civil Rights Act

Of 1964

316

Civil Rights

Movement

315

This act made racial,

religious, and sex

discrimination by

employers illegal and

gave the government the

power to enforce all

laws governing civil

rights, including

desegregation of schools

and public places.

316

African Americans

sought equality before the

law and protection of

their rights. Black

activists often affiliated

with church groups,

offered passive resistance

to unjust civil laws.

317

Little Rock 9 – 1957

318 Miranda vs. Arizona

317

First African-American

students to attend all white

high school in Little Rock,

Ark. President Eisenhower

sent the U.S. Army to

enforce federal law that said

States must abide by the

1954 Supreme Court ruling

in Brown v. Board of

Education which overturned

the “separate but equal”

ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson

of 1896.

318 Established Miranda

Rights…right to remain silent,

right to an attorney.

319

Gideon vs

Wainwright

320

Cesar Chavez

319 (1963), is a landmark case in

United States Supreme Court

history. In it the Supreme Court

unanimously ruled that state

courts are required under the

Fourteenth Amendment to the

U.S. Constitution to provide

counsel in criminal cases to

represent defendants who are

unable to afford to pay their

own attorneys

320 One of the principal leaders

of the Latino Rights migrant

worker movement. He

helped found the United

Farm Workers that

boycotted grapes for 5 years.

He used hunger strikes as a

strategy

321

Black Panther Party

322

Civil Rights Act of 1957

321 A group founded in 1966

that demanded equal rights

for African Americans and

was prepared to take violent

action if necessary. This was

a contrast to MLK’s civil

disobedience strategy.

322 Democratic Senator Strom

Thurmond of South Carolina, an ardent segregationist, sustained

the longest one-person filibuster in history in an

attempt to keep the bill from becoming law. Primarily a voting

rights bill, Congress's show of

support for the Supreme Court's Brown decisions

323

George Wallace

324

Orval Faubus

323 A former Governor of

Alabama and noted

segregationist. He ran for

President in the 1968

election but lost to Nixon.

324 Former Arkansas

Governor who called in

the Nat’l Guard to

prevent the Little Rock 9

from entering Central

High school. He closed

all Little Rock schools to avoid integration.

325

Lester Maddox

326

Congressional bloc of southern Democrats

325

Former Governor of

Georgia who refused

to serve blacks in his

restaurant in defiance

of the Civil Rights

Act

326

refers to a coalition of southern Democratic representatives and

senators who united with Republicans to advance shared legislative interests, principally to

prevent federal involvement in race relations in the U.S.

Wanted to show that many people in

the south opposed African

Americans having Equal rights

327

Voting Rights Act of

1965

328 Hernandez v. Texas

327

This Act outlawed

literacy tests and

other tactics used to

deny African

Americans the right

to vote

328 Court case that

decided that Mexican Americans and all other

racial groups in the United States had

equal protection under the 14th Amendment of

the U.S. Constitution.

329 Edgewood I.S.D. v. Kirby

330 Nat’l Rainbow Coalition

329

On May 23, 1984, in Travis County on behalf of the Edgewood Independent School District, San Antonio, citing discrimination against students in poor school districts. Supreme Court delivered a unanimous 9–0 decision that sided with the Edgewood plaintiffs and ordered the state legislature to implement an equitable financial system by the 1990–91 school year.

330 A political organization

that advocated social

progress and equal rights

for people of color,

women and gays

331

Affirmative Action

332

24th Amendment

331

A policy that calls on

employees to seek to

increase in numbers the

minorities in their

workforce.

332

Amendment to the

Constitution in 1964

that eliminated the

poll tax as a

prerequisite to vote

in national elections.

333

Executive Order

9981

334

Montgomery Bus

Boycott

333

Issued by President

Truman in 1948 ending

segregation in the military

334 A 1955 bus boycott that

resulted in the integration

of Montgomery’s bus

system. It started after the

arrest of Rosa Parks who

refused to give up her seat

to a white person. It was

the first time America

heard of MLK.

335

Jackie Robinson

335

The first African

American in

Professional baseball.

He played for the

Dodgers.

336

Malcolm X

36

A trade policy

promoted by the U.S.

in 1899 that stated

that all nations would

have equal trading

rights in China.

336 A civil rights leader and

member of the Nation of

Islam. Early on he

preached Black

Nationalism which is

complete separation from

the white race. He

believed use force against

force

38

Political Machines

337

Equal Rights Amendment

[ERA]

338

United Farm

Workers

38 Informal groups led by a

“boss” that controlled

formal processes of

government through

bribery and force.

“Friends” were

rewarded with contracts

or jobs in the

government in a process

called the “spoils

system.”

337 A proposed but unratified

constitutional amendment

first introduced in 1923

by Alice Paul for the

purpose of guaranteeing

equal rights for women. It

has never been ratified

and usually opposed by

conservatives

338

[UFW] Formed by Dolores

Huerta and Cesar Chavez

is a small union for migrant

workers. It successfully

signed a contract with an agricultural corporation

339

NOW

340 Sweatt v. Painter

339

Nat’l Organization

for Women was

started by Betty

Friedan. They pledged

to bring women into

the mainstream of

American society. It

focused on legal

reforms and workforce

discrimination.

340 The case involved a black man, Heman

Marion Sweatt, who was refused admission to the School of Law of

the University of Texas, whose president was Theophilus Painter, on the grounds

that the Texas State Constitution prohibited integrated education. While

awaiting trial date the State created a law school only for black students, which it

established in Houston, Texas, rather than in Austin. Court ruled that the separate

School failed to qualify due to quantitative differences in facilities and intangible

factors, such as its isolation from most of the future lawyers with whom its graduates

would interact

341

Kerner Commission

342

Regents of the

University of

California v. Bakke

341 The National Advisory

Commission on civil

disorders that concluded that

white racism was the main

factors in riots across the

country [Watts Riot]

342 In 1978, the Supreme Court

ruled that Allan Bakke was

a victim of reverse

discrimination. The court

did not overturn

“affirmative action,”

preferring to take

discrimination questions on

a case-by-case basis.

343

De Facto / De Jure

Segregation

344

Gerrymandering

343 De Facto = was established

by practice and custom

rather than law

De Jure = segregation by

law which occurred mostly

in the south

344 Was a political method of

discriminating against black

voters to render their votes

meaningless. It’s the

redrawing of lines of a

district to give one political

party an advantage

345

CORE

346

Woolworth Sit-in

345

Congress of Racial

Equality founded in

1942 by a group of

college students. It

was committed to

nonviolent direct

action as a means of

change

346 In 1960 4 black college students

sat down at a lunch counter and

refused to move until they got

served. They were denied

service, food was thrown at

them and people threaten them

with violence. This sparked a

series of Sit-in movements

throughout the south

347

SNCC

348

Freedom Rides

347 Student Nonviolent

Coordinating Committee

a organization made up of

students that preached

justice, peace and

nonviolence through civil

disobedience.

348 In 1961 CORE organized bus

rides to test if southern states

were complying with the S.C

ruling on interstate transport.

They soon turned violent and

CORE abandoned them but the

SNCC continued them

95

349

March on Washington

350

Civil Rights 1968

95

One of the nation’s Founding

349

In 1963 over 250,000 people

of all races marched on

Washington D.C. to listen to

musicians and hear civil

rights leaders speak. MLK

gave his famous “I have a

dream Speech” at this

event.

350

It banned racial

discrimination in

housing, it included a

fair housing component

that outlawed

discrimination in

housing sales and

rentals. Lawsuits would

be filed against

violaters.

97

351

Swann v Charlotte

Mecklenburg

352

AIM

97

351 In 1972 the S.C ruled that

busing is an acceptable way

to achieve school integration

352

The American Indian

Movement formed by

Indian activists that

monitored police

interactions with Indians

due to a high % of

Indians being in jail. In

one year of monitoring,

the number of Indians

arrested dropped by 60%.

99

353

JACL

354 End Unit 9

ADA

353 Japanese-American

Citizens League formed in

1929 but in 1978 wanted

compensation for the

suffering in the Internment

Camps. Congress officially

apologized and paid $20,000

to each survivor.

354 Americans with

Disabilities Act signed in

1990 called for better public

access for people with

disabilities. It also called for

Braille signs on elevators. It

called for improved

education for children with

disabilities

355

Unit 10

26th Amendment

356

Gulf of Tonkin

Resolution

355

Amendment to the

Constitution (1971) that

lowered the voting age to

18 thereby allowing a

greater percentage of U.S.

citizens to participate in

the process of

government.

356 Prompted by reports of

North Vietnamese

aggression against an

American warship,

Congress authorized

President Johnson to

increase American

military involvement in

Vietnam.

357

Reynolds v. Sims

1964

1

358

Vietnam

357 The Supreme Court

ruled that the House of

Representatives and all

state and local bodies

had to be apportioned

on a “one-man to one-

vote” principle, further

supporting equal

representation in

American government.

358

In the 1950's, the United States

began to send troops to this

southeastern Asian country. In

the following 25-years, the

ensuing war would create some

of the strongest tensions in US

history. In total, it is estimated

that over 2.5 million people on

both sides were killed.

359

Tinker vs. Des

Moines

359

The Supreme Court

ruled that students did not

lose their 1st Amendment

rights when they entered

school property as long as

it did not interfere with

the learning environment.

360 Cuban Missile Crisis

360

Soviets started building

missile sites in Cuba, in

response the U.S.

quarantined Cuba. The two

sides agreed to remove their

missile sites in Cuba and

Turkey

362

TET Offensive

3

6

2

(

1

8

3

361

Domino Theory

62

Clarence

Darrow (1857-1938)

62

The most renowned

defense attorney of his

time; he defended John

Scopes who was

charged by religious

fundamentalists for

violating a Tennessee

statute against teaching

evolution in schools.

361

The belief that if Vietnam fell to

communism its neighboring

countries would also fall.

64 A Scottish immigrant at

age 12; he founded steel

mills in Pittsburg & used

the Bessemer process. He

sold the mills becoming

the world’s richest man in

1901. He gave most of his

wealth to worthy causes

aiding education,

international peace,

libraries, culture centers,

research and publications.

362 A major offensive in 1968

by the Viet-cong and NVA

that surprised the Americans

which resulted in the loss of

several cities.

364

Credibility Gap

363

Vietnamization

3

6

6 G

e

o

r

g

e

H

.

W

.

B

u

s

h

(

1

9

2

4

66 Commissioned at Corpus

Christi, TX, he was the

youngest (18) Navy pilot in

WWII & served aboard the

aircraft carrier USS San

Jacinto. A TX congressman

(1966-70), Envoy to China,

Ambassador to the United

Nations, CIA Director, Vice-

president (1981-89) he

became the 41st President

(1988-92).

363

A policy of the Richard Nixon

administration during the

Vietnam War to end the U.S.'

involvement in the war and

"expand, equip, and train South

Vietnam's forces and assign to

them an ever-increasing combat

role, at the same time steadily

reducing the number of U.S.

combat troops

364

The difference

between the reality of

the Vietnam War as

opposed to LBJ’s

positive portrayal.

366

OPEC

365 The Silent Majority

365 Americans who did not join in

the large demonstrations against

the Vietnam War at the time,

who did not join in the

counterculture, and who did

not participate in public

discourse. Nixon along with

many others saw this group of

Middle Americans as being

overshadowed in the media by

the more vocal minority.

366

Formed in 1960 a

group of nations that

depend on the sale of

oil for their national

income.

368

Bay of Pigs

Invasion

367

My Lai Massacre

367 The Vietnam War mass murder

of between 347 and 504

unarmed civilians in South

Vietnam. Victims included

men, women, children, and

infants.

368

A failed invasion of

Cuba in 1961. It was

authorized by JFK to

overthrew Castro it

was organized by the

CIA and Cuban

exiles.

370

Ho Chi Minh

369

Ngo Dinh Diem

369

Leader of South Vietnam

who was anti-communist

and placed into power by

the U.S. he was hated

among the people for his

ruthless tactics. He was

later assassinated.

370

Leader of communist

North Vietnam. He

renamed Saigon after

himself. He fought the

French for the

Vietnamese

independence.

372

War Strategies

371

Vietcong

371

Communist insurgents

in South Vietnam.

They were nicknamed

“Charley”

372 War of attrition = to wear

down the enemy by inflicting

heavy losses

Operation Rolling Thunder =

intensive bombing of the ho chi

minh trail to cut off supplies

374

KENT STATE

373

War Hawks / Doves

373

HAWKS = were for

war in Vietnam and

against appeasement

they consisted of LBJ’s

political advisors

DOVES = were for

peace in Vietnam

374

On May 4th 1970 the

National Guard opened

fire on students protest

the war, killing four

students and wounding

nine more.

376

Pentagon Papers

375

War Powers Act

375 Passed by Congress in

1973, it required the

President to inform

Congress within two

days of any use of

American troops in a

foreign country and to

withdraw the troops

within 60 days if

Congress did not support

the deployment.

376 A top-secret study leaked in

the New York Times. This

document confirmed that

previous administrations lied

to Congress and the

American people about the

war

378

Paris Peace Accords

377 General Westmoreland

377

He served as

Commander of U.S.

forces in Vietnam

under LBJ. He felt

the war was mistake

and said we betrayed

an ally. He blamed

the loss on several

factors

378

The treaty ended the

war in Vietnam. It

established a cease fire,

kept the dividing line at

the 17th parallel and

the withdrawal of

American troops

379

Camelot

380

Counterculture

379

Refers to the tenure

of President JFK in

the white house. It

was a brief tenure

due to his

assassination.

380

A group with ideas and

behaviors very

different than those o

mainstream culture. It

was very popular in the

1960s expressed

through the Hippie

Movement.

381

JFK

382

NASA

381

Youngest man ever

elected President [35th] in

1961. He was the first

catholic president. He

was one of the most

popular presidents in

history. He challenged

Americans to do more for

their country. He was

assassinated in Dallas, Tx

on November 22, 1963

382

National Aeronautics Space

Administration started in

1958 under President

Eisenhower in response to

Sputnik. They were

challenged by JFK to go to

the moon and did on July 20,

1969

383

Peace Corps

384

The Great Society

383

It was created by an

executive order under

JFK. It sent

thousands of men and

women to developing

nations to support

local communities.

384

An ideal society as

envisioned by President

LBJ. It would be

equality for all, to rid

society of poverty, to

help better educate

society and man can

renew contact with

nature.

385

Medicare & Medicaid

386

Economic Opportunity Act

385

It was established in 1965

under LBJ. Medicare is a

federal health insurance

program that pays for

citizens 65 or older.

Medicaid is a health

insurance funded by

federal and state

governments.

386

Passed by Congress in

1964 it created dozens

of federal antipoverty

programs. These

included VISTA,

HEADSTART and

HUD

387

Engel v Vitale

388

Miranda vs. Arizona

387 A 1962 case involving

school prayer. The S.C.

ruled that the prayer was a

violation of the

Establishment Clause of

the 1st amendment

388 Established Miranda

Rights…right to remain silent,

right to an attorney.

389 End Unit 10

Gideon vs

Wainwright

390

Unit 11

Watergate

389 (1963), is a landmark case in

United States Supreme Court

history. In it the Supreme Court

unanimously ruled that state

courts are required under the

Fourteenth Amendment to the

U.S. Constitution to provide

counsel in criminal cases to

represent defendants who are

unable to afford to pay their

own attorneys

390

It was a scandal involving

the President Nixon’s

administration that ended

in Nixon’s resignation in

1974. The scandal

involved a break-in at the

Democratic National

Committee office at this

Washington, D.C. office

complex.

93

391

Detente

392

PING PONG DIPLOMACY

93

391

The relaxation of

Cold War tensions

between the U.S.,

USSR and China. It

started with Nixon’s

Presidency

392

Refers to the exchange of table tennis (ping-pong) players between the United

States and People's Republic of China (PRC) in the early 1970s. The event marked a

thaw in U.S. and China relations that paved the way

to a visit to Beijing by President Richard Nixon.

95

393

New Federalism

394

SALT 1

393

.

To reduce the size and

power of the Federal

Government, Nixon

used this plan to reach

out to Conservatives.

394

A 5 year agreement

that limited the

Soviet’s to 1600

[icbm] missiles and

the U.S. to 1000

missiles. Signed by

President Nixon.

95

395

EPA

396

Nixon Doctrine

95

One of the nation’s Founding

395

Environmental

Protection Agency

established under

Nixon to protect

human health and to

safeguard the

environment.

396

The U.S. could no longer

bear the burden of defending

the free world, U.S. would

continue to protect allies

from communist countries

nuclear attacks, and he sent

aid to Iran and Saudi Arabia

so they can keep the area

peaceful and stable.

97

397

Gerald Ford

398

Earth Day

97

397 38th POTUS, He replaced

Nixon after his

resignation and pardoned

Nixon which caused him

to lose favor with the

American public. This

caused him to lose his re-

election bid.

398

Started in 1970, is

when people from

around the world come

together to show their

concern for a healthy

environment. April

22nd

3993366

385

Medicare / Medicaid

399

1973 it was designed to protect critically imperiled

species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate

concern and conservation.

99

The Endangered Species Act

399

The Endangered Species Act

400 Equal Rights Amendment

[ERA]

399

1973 it was designed to

protect critically imperiled species from extinction as

a "consequence of economic growth and

development untempered by adequate concern

and conservation.

400

A proposed but unratified

constitutional amendment

first introduced in 1923

by Alice Paul for the

purpose of guaranteeing

equal rights for women

401

TITLE IX

402 Nat’l Women’s Political

Caucus

[NWPC]

401

A portion of the Education Amendments of 1972. No

person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation

in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to

discrimination under any education program or activity

receiving federal financial assistance.

402 Encouraged political

activism among women

and funded women who

were elected to office

403

Comparable Worth / Glass Ceiling

404

Nat’l Energy Act

403 Comparable Worth is a belief

that women and men who are

equally qualified should be paid

the same rate.

Glass Ceiling is an invisible

barrier that keeps women from

obtaining positions of power

within the workplace.

404

1978 Congress tried

to reduce the U.S.

dependence on

imported oil. It

offered incentives for

conserving energy.

405

Iran Hostage Crisis

406

Camp David

Accords

405

1979 occurred when the

Shaw was allowed medical

treatment in the U.S. the

rebels angry, took revenge

by taking 66 American

hostages and keeping them

for over 400 days. They

were released upon election

of Reagan

406

Is when Israeli and Egyptian

leaders under the guide of

President Carter met for 13

days to work on a peace

treaty between the two

nations. Israel agreed to give

back the Sinai Peninsula

407

Jimmy Carter

408 Phyllis Schlafly

407

He was elected 39th

POTUS in 1976. His

tenure was full of

tumultuous events such as

3 mile island, Iran

Hostage Crisis and the

Soviet invasion of

Afghanistan.

408

A conservative, she is

known for her opposition

to modern feminism and

for her campaign against

the proposed Equal

Rights Amendment.

409

Lebanon

410

INF TREATY

409 A conflict between the

PLO and Israeli army.

This caused Syria to

condemn the Israeli

invasion and forced

Reagan to send troops

as peace keepers. This

provoked terrorist

attacks vs the U.S.

410 Agreement to remove and

destroy all missiles within

a range of 300 to 3400

miles.1st treaty that

required both sides to

destroy missiles. Signed

by Reagan and

Gorbachev.

411

The Heritage

Foundation

412 IRAN CONTRA AFFAIR

411 An American conservative think tank. Heritage's stated mission is to "formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense". Influenced Reagan in the 80s

412 The U.S. was secretly

selling arms to Iran to

gain release of U.S.

hostages. The money was

then sent to the Contras

in Nicaragua. Reagan

denied involvement

413 Strategic Defense Initiative

[Star Wars]

414 REAGANOMICS

413

It was proposed by U.S.

President Ronald Reagan on March 23,

1983,to use ground-based and space-based systems

to protect the United States from attack by

ballistic strategic nuclear weapons

414

To cut taxes and promote

private enterprises by

deregulating in order to

stimulate the economy

415

Sandra Day O’

Connor

416 Supply-Side Economics

415

Is a retired United States

Supreme Court justice. She

served as an Associate Justice

from her appointment in 1981

by Ronald Reagan until her

retirement from the Court in

2006. She was the first woman

to be appointed to the Supreme

Court

416 Economic growth

depends on increasing the

supply of goods and

services. The way to

increase supply is to cut

taxes. This theory was

used by President Reagan

in the 80s. Critics called

this Voodoo economics

417

Block Grants

418

Deregulation

417 Are lump sum payments

from the Federal

Treasury. States could use

the funds on social

programs. This gave

States more flexibility in

spending

418 The reduction or removal of

Gov’t control on businesses

In order to promote

economic efficiency and

stimulate Free Enterprise.

419

Moral Majority

420

SPIRO AGNEW

419 It was formed in 1979

by Reverend Jerry

Falwell. The goal was

to train Christian

activists to become

politically active. It

would eventually

become the Christian

Coalition

420

He served as the 39th Vice President

of the United States. He was investigated by the United States

Attorney for the District of Maryland on charges of extortion, tax fraud, bribery, and conspiracy. He was charged with having accepted bribes totaling more than $100,000, allowed to plead no

contest to a single charge that he had failed to report $29,500 of income

received in 1967, with the condition that he resign the office of Vice

President

421

APPLE 2

422

PLO

421 An 8-bit home computer,

one of the first highly successful mass-

produced microcomputer products for home and

school

422

A group fighting for

Palestinian homeland

in Israel

423

Silent Spring

424

CLEMENCY

423 The book documented the detrimental effects on the

environment was met with fierce opposition by chemical

companies, but it spurred a reversal in national pesticide

policy, led to a nationwide ban on DDT

424

Gerald Ford offered conditional

amnesty today to thousands of

Vietnam era draft evaders and military

deserters who agree to work for up to

two years in public service jobs

425

PLUMBERS

426

DEEP THROAT

425

Nixon’s covert White

House Special Investigations Unit,

established July 24, 1971. Its task was to stop

the leaking of classified information, such as the Pentagon Papers, and perform wire taps on

enemies

426

The pseudonym given to the secret informant who

provided information to Bob Woodward and Carl

Bernstein of The Washington Post in 1972 about the involvement of United

States President Richard Nixon's administration in what came to be known as the Watergate scandal.

427

AARP

428

PONG

427 It is a membership organization for people age 50 and over. AARP operates as a non-profit advocate for its members and is one of the most powerful lobbying groups in the United State

428 One of the earliest arcade video games, Pong was one of the first

video games to reach mainstream popularity. The aim is

to defeat an opponent in a simulated table-tennis game by

earning a higher score. The game was originally manufactured

by Atari

429

BATTLE OF THE SEXES

429

A nationally televised match between Riggs and Billie Jean King, over the best of five sets.

Riggs taunted all female tennis players, prompting King to accept a lucrative financial offer to play Riggs in a nationally televised

match that the promoters dubbed the "Battle of the Sexes".

King defeated him: 6–4, 6–3, 6–3