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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES

Volume 2, No 4, 2012

© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380

Submitted on March 2012 published on May 2012 1014

Land Use /Land Cover classification of an urban area- A case study of

Burdwan Municipality, India Srimanta Gupta, Moupriya Roy

Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan

Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This work explains the Land Use/ Land Cover classification of urban area (the Burdwan

municipality, West Bengal, India) using Geographical Information System and Remote

Sensing software. Mapping of the Classification is done with the help of existing Burdwan

municipality ward map and IRS-P6 LISS-IV image of January 7, 2008, having a resolution of

5m × 5m and a hand held Gramin12 Global Positioning System receiver. Supervised Land

Use/Land Cover classification algorithm (Maximum likelihood with null class) is run into

PCI Geomatica V.10.1 software. The classification shows 83.01 % average accuracy and

76.47 % overall accuracy .The output classified map reveals that Burdwan Municipality Area

is divided into 35 no of wards having a total area of 25.29 square kilometres. Depending upon

United States Geological Survey classification system an urban classification scheme is

generated where Burdwan municipality area is divided into 7 major Land Use/ Land Cover

classes and subclasses. Using the software, ward wise area statistic is calculated. The area

statistics of Land Use/ Land Cover classes of an area is very important for future

development.

Keywords: Supervised Classification, LULC Classification, Urban Classification, Area

Statistics, Image Classification, Remote Sensing.

1. Introduction

The urban is a compound system of human and nature. It is also a high-dense geographical

synthesis of population, resources, environment, and social, economic and so on. Land is

most important and basic resource concerning the urban development. Population growth,

unplanned industrialization, urbanization and its consequences adversely affect the regional

environment. Improper land use practice results in an adverse impact on ecosystem. So the

two words “Land cover” and “Land use” have important significance in regard to land. Land

cover implies the physical or natural state of the Earth’s surface. On the other hand a tract of

land is covered by forest or a building or a water body or so but it is quite difficult to say

what purpose a building may be used for as it may be use for residential or commercial

simultaneously. e.g., a multi-complex building often is being used for cinema hall and at the

same time one part of it is being used as commercial area / shopping market. Land use is the

manner in which human beings employ the land and its resources. Thus urban development is

strictly depends upon Land Use/ Land Cover (LULC) of that area.

Several knowledge-based approaches were used by Anderson, 1971, Hutchinson, 1982,

Jenssen et.al., 1992 for LULC classification by utilizing additional geographical data beside

satellite images. The framework of a national land use and land cover classification system

was presented by Anderson, et.al., 1976, for use with remote sensor data.

Land Use /Land Cover Classification of an Urban Area- A Case Study of Burdwan Municipality, India

Srimanta Gupta, Moupriya Roy

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

Volume 2 Issue 4, 2012 1015

Different workers worked even on municipality level using Geographical Information System

(GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS). Recent legal requirements in Colombia require each

municipality to develop land use plans for the next decade (Ministerio del Medio Ambiente

de Colombia, 1997). For municipal-level general land use planning, Rubiano et al., 1997

makes land use restriction recommendations. To support the specific land use planning,

Hyman et.al., 2000 developed spreadsheet programs that run parallel to the GIS to help the

municipal agricultural extension service assess agricultural restrictions for different types of

land units (Rodriguez et al., 1999).

In this work a LULC classification scheme of Burdwan municipality area is generated on the

basis of United States Geological Survey (USGS) classification system, concerning the

existing LULC features of that area i.e., evergreen vegetation is divided into two sub classes,

“surrounding the forest area” and “along with residential area”. Evergreen vegetation along

with residential area is further subdivided into “spar vegetation along with residential area”

and “dense vegetation along with residential area”. Mixed urban or built-up land is divided

into “mixed urban with rice mill area” and “mixed urban with commercial area”. Ponds under

water bodies are also subdivided into many other sub classes (Table1). Map is a graphic

representation or scale model of spatial concepts. In this study the output of LULC

classification of Burdwan municipality area is presented by the maps (Figure 5).

2. Study area

Burdwan district extends from 22056'N to 23

053'N latitudes and from 86

048' to 80

0 26' E

longitudes in West Bengal state of India. The city is situated a little less than 100 km North-

West of Kolkata on the Grand Trunk Road (NH-2) and eastern railway. The chief rivers are

Damodar and Banka Nala and Ajay. The study area of this work is Burdwan Municipality

area, Block ‘Burdwan 2’ of subdivision ‘Burdwan Sadar south’. At present the municipality

has 35 wards. It is situated on the banks of river Banka on the northern side of river Damodar.

Figure 1: Image showing the map of the study area





2.1 Objective of the study

The objective of this work is to produce LULC Classification scheme of Burdwan

municipality area depending upon USGS classification, ward wise LULC area statistics and

LULC map of Burdwan municipality and thematic map (including the following layers: rail,

canal, municipality area boundary, road, river, ward boundary and LULC classes) of

Burdwan Municipality area.

2.2 Major inputs

1. A base map of Burdwan municipality area (Burdwan municipality).

2. Satellite image (IRS-P6 LISS-IV image of January 7, 2008).

3. A hand held GARMIN GPS12 (12 Channels) receiver for collecting ground

control points.

4. PCI Geomatica V.10.1 software.

Figure 2: Image showing base map of Burdwan municipality area





Figure 3: Image showing Satellite image (IRS-P6 LISS-IV image of January 7, 2008)

3. Methodology

The work is constructed on the principle of GIS. There are two kinds of databases;

1) The specific characteristics of a locations and

2) The attribute data, i.e., statistics of written text, tables and so on.

New maps can generated preciously be on the basis of the classification scheme by easily

integrating innumerable layers of data. This can be performed by image processing of digital

data with the help of PCI Geomatica V10.1 software.

Ground Control Points (GCPs) are collected to convert the Base map (Figure 2), containing

the basic information such as road networks, word boundaries of Burdwan municipality area

and the Satellite image (Figure 3), IRS-P6 LISS-IV image of January 7, 2008 into longitude

and latitude map using a hand held GARMIN GPS12 (12 Channels) receiver. Mainly the

road-road intersections, rail-road intersections, bridge-road intersections, famous spots are

selected on the map to collect the GCPs. A standard technique is adopted for georeferencing

the base map using PCI Geomatica V10.1 software. Image to image registration of the

satellite image is made using the georeferenced base map. Then reprojected the maps (base

map and georefferenced satellite image) into UTM projection. UTM projection is done to

minimize the map distortion and to activate the grid option. After Subsetting and Clipping of

the Burdwan municipality area from the total georefferenced satellite image, run supervised

classification algorithm (Maximum likelihood with null class) by the help of developed

LULC classification scheme (Table1). Post Classification Analysis is done by merging

classes and by masking and unmasking methods after each field survey. Digitisation of rail,

river, road, canal and production of thematic map (Figure 6) of Burdwan municipality

including the ward boundary is done by using the software. Digitisation of municipality ward

boundary helps to get the ward wise LULC classes. Then fields are added in the attribute

manager to put important road names, ward numbers. Map output is done to get the LULC





map (Figure 5) and thematic map including the ward boundary layer (Figure 6) layout. The

overall method is given below in figure 4.

Figure 4: Image showing GIS output flow-chart

Satellite image (IRS-

P6 LISS-IV image of

January 7, 2008)

Base map of Burdwan

municipality

Collection of

GCPs using

hand held

GARMIN

GPS12 (12

Channels)

receiver

Georeferencing of base map

using PCI Geomatica

V.10.1 software

Image to image registration of

the satellite image using

georeferenced base map.

Converted into

UTM projection.

Run supervised classification algorithm

(Maximum likelihood with null class)

Subsetting and

Clipping of the

Burdwan

municipality area.

Post classification

analysis by class editing,

masking and clear

masking.

Generation of map

layout

Map output

Converted

into UTM

projection.

GIS creation:

1) Digitisation of

different layers.

2) Addition of attributes.

GIS output flowchart





3.1 Development of modified LULC Classification scheme

LULC classification of an area depends upon the available features of that area. Depending

upon the existing LULC features of Burdwan municipality and based on U.S.G.S

classification system (Anderson’s classification, 1971), the municipality area of Burdwan has

been divided into the following LULC classes (Table 1).

Table 1: Table showing LULC Classification of Burdwan Municipality area depending upon

U.S.G.S classification system

1. Urban or built-up

land

1.1 Residential

1.2 Commercial,

services &

institutional

1.3 Mixed urban or

built-up land

1.4 Rice-mill cluster

1.5 Other urban built-

up land

1.21 Hospital

1.22 Commercial

area

1.23 Services

1.24 Institutional

area

1.31. Mixed urban

with rice mill

1.32. Mixed urban

with commercial

area

1.51. Playground

2. Agricultural area

2.1 cropland

2.2 Nurseries

3. Range land 3.1 Herbaceous

rangeland

4. Forest land &

Vegetation

4.1 Mixed Forest

4.2 Evergreen

Vegetation

4.21 Surrounding

the forest area

4.22 Along with

residential area

4.221 Spar

vegetation along

with residential

area

4.222 Dense

vegetation along

with residential

area

5. Water bodies

5.1. Stream & canals

5.2 Ponds

5.21 Perennial

5.22 Ephemeral

5.211 Fishing

pond

5.212 Non-fishing

pond

6. Wet land 6.1 Non-forested wet

land

7. Barren land 7.1 sandy area other

than beaches

7.2 Bare, Exposed

rocks





4. Results and discussions

The growth of industrial sector and urban centre of all scale and categories have made drastic

changes in LULC all over the Burdwan Municipality area. The cultivated land has been

converted into settlement areas and many ponds are being filled up for the purpose of multi-

storeyed apartments in Burdwan Municipality area. Whether it is industrialization or

urbanization, the face of the land is altered. Based on the ground information collected and

LULC classification scheme, LULC scenario of total Burdwan Municipality and ward wise

LULC scenario are represented in the following tables and figures (Table 2, Table 3 and

Figure 5, Figure 6). Burdwan Municipality Area is divided into 35 no of wards having a total

area of 25.29 square kilometres. The main land use of the municipality is dominated by

Residential area (36.88%). In a similar work, Haider, 2008, analysed that in 2005, residential

was the main function followed by education, recreation, and commercial of Isa town. It is

also reveals in this work that different wards of Burdwan municipality are dominated by

residential density.

Figure 5: Image showing LULC Map of Burdwan Municipality Area

Ward wise LULC recommendation (Haider, 2008 made such recommendations in his work

for the municipal-level general land use planning) for future LULC management are given in

Table 3. Though it is a municipality area, but agriculture is still practiced in few wards.

However crop land became dominated land use in those wards (Ward no. 1, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25

and 26) which are near the gram panchayets. Banka nala, canal are the main sources to supply

water in most of these areas.





Rice mill is the major industry of this municipality. Overall 2.51% and 2.59% area of

Burdwan municipality (Table 2) is covered by rice mill cluster and mixed urban with mill

areas but rice mill cluster is the major land use in ward no. 17, 18, 22, 23 (Table 3). In ward

no. 15 (1.96%), 16(3.45%), 19(1.92%), 21(0.04%), 35 (5.65%) mills remain associated with

residential areas. Overall 2.95% and 2.70% area of this municipality is covered by

commercial areas and mixed urban with commercial areas respectively which seems that

more commercialization is necessary for future development related to residential area. It is

clear from the Table 3 and Figure 6 that highly commercialized area is mainly restricted in

the ward no. 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 and 34. So in this aspect Burdwan municipality has future

scope of growth for commercialization to meet the need of people of the municipality. From

the above discussion it is clear that range land plays an important role for future urbanization

and commercialization. So from the Table 3 it can be stated that ward no. 2, 10, 12, 14, 18,

27, 35 have sufficient range land which can be use for development of urban or built-up

areas.

Figure 6: Image showing Thematic Map of Burdwan Municipality including ward boundary.

Table 2: Table showing LULC scenario of Burdwan Municipality area

LULC Classes LULC scenario of Burdwan

Municipality area (%)

Evergreen Vegetation Surrounding the forest area 2.00

Spar evergreen Vegetation Along with Residential

area 11.83

Crop Land 8.35

Residential area 36.88

Commercial area 2.95

Mixed urban with commercial area 2.70

Ephemeral Ponds 0.25

Barren land 1.97





Nonforested Wet land 0.72

Mixed Forest 1.03

Streams & Canals 1.17

Perennial Fishing ponds 6.08

Sandy area other than beaches 1.03

Perennial Nonfishing ponds 0.62

Rice mill clusters 2.51

Mixed urban with mill areas 2.59

Herbaceous Range Land 4.47

Play Ground 0.45

Institutions 0.29

Hospital 0.04

Services Area 0.19

Nurseries 0.03

Dense Evergreen Vegetation Along with residential

area 11.85

Table 3: Table showing Ward wise LULC scenario of Burdwan municipality

(Ward number 1-15)

WARD WISE % OF AREA LULC

Classes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Evergreen

Vegetation

Surrounding

the forest

area 1.7 0.8 0.4 0.20 0.30 0.1 0.08 0.0 0.10 0.21 0.02

Spar

evergreen

Vegetation

Along with

Residential

area 31 21.3 22. 24. 19.3 6.34 12. 16.8 20 21.0 0.28 6.48 7.83 2. 22

Crop Land 10 0.5 2.3 2.25 1.56 0.1 0.10 7.22 1.60 3.76

Residential

area 4. 50.4 50. 44. 37.9 47.8 51. 53.1 49. 44.1 33.8 40.1 32.5 52. 60.1

Commercial

area 5.5 10. 5.3 0.35 3.03 18.8 0.18 5.4 3.06 0.54 1.11 1.31 2.3 1.58

Mixed

urban with

commercial

area 1.69 1.04 3.9 17. 1.25 4.26 4.8 1.61 4.1 0.03 0.07 0.05 1.96 0.0

Ephemeral

Ponds 0.10 0.08 0.2 0.1 0.13 0.00 0.26 0.0 0.23 0.27 0.13 0.22


Classes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Nonforested

Wet land 4.55 1.3 0.18 4.36 7.9

Streams &

Canals 1.79 2.0 1.48 1.11

Perennial

Fishing

ponds 0.8 6.83 6.1 3.2 10.0 7.16 1.5 6.47 5.7 3.98 3.38 3.39 0.08 6.6 10.

Perennial

Nonfishing

ponds 1.44 0.20 0.14 0.6 0.39 0.5 0.88 0.65 0.21 0.5





Mixed

urban with

mill areas 1.9

Herbaceous

Range Land 3.1 10.6 4.67 0.48 2.50 2.89 0.26 0.92 2.31 11.42 4.25 15.62 4.27 8.89 2.46

Play

Ground 1.83 0.86 1.18 0.01 2.05

Institutions 1.32 0.47 0.08 1.12

Services

Area 0.38 0.24 6.19

Dense

Evergreen

Vegetation

Along with

residential

area 24.34 21.88 17.13 11.93 48.14 30.39 43.63 0.08

Table 4: Table showing Ward wise LULC scenario of Burdwan municipality (Ward number

16-30)


Classes 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Evergreen

Vegetation

Surrounding

the forest

area 0.62 0.04 0.17 0.00 0.31 1.36 3.27 9.58 12.9 10.1 0.01 0.16

Spar

evergreen

Vegetation

Along with

Residential

area 11.5 4.97 5.51 12.3 15.6 20.9 5.99 19.5 0.01 17.2 7.59 16.2 7.65 13.3 4.48

Crop Land 11.7 2.39 0.02 0.02 2.05 13.5 12.9 30.0 16.0 21.9 0.03

Residential

area 38.6 37.3 28.7 70.3 51.9 58.3 19.7 27.1 13.5 33.8 21.7 32.6 28.5 45.6 44.2

Commercial

area 1.38 0.55 0.02 0.53 17.1 0.31 1.07 1.43 0.12 0.61 0.47 2.01 0.02 5.67 10.28

Mixed

urban with

commercial

area 2.61 1.65 0.09 0.14 0.40 6.64 4.00 0.01 2.02 0.40 0.92 0.01 12.3 8.60

Ephemeral

Ponds 0.27 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.76 0.93 0.34 0.21 0.20 0.79 0.49 0.59 0.68 0.05

Barren land 1.14 1.71 2.12 2.37 8.01 6.66 3.29 5.97 1.26 3.82 4.54 0.50 1.12 2.66 0.26

Nonforested

Wet land 0.44 4.00 4.77

Mixed

Forest 3.47 13.5 11.0


Classes 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Perennial

Fishing

ponds 4.04 2.84 0.64 3.05 3.27 2.93 2.48 5.70 4.90 13.3 2.44 13.9 9.96 24.5

Sandy area

other than

beaches 12.5

Rice mill

clusters 9.92 0.04 30.2 17.6





Mixed

urban with

mill areas 3.40 33.6 48.0 1.92 0.04 8.94 0.03

Herbaceous

Range Land 2.85 4.48 11.6 3.22 0.12 1.89 3.90 0.01 6.72 1.35 1.33 14.0 1.84 0.80 3.14

Play

Ground 1.62 0.07 3.91 3.36

Institutions 0.44 0.10 0.34 0.07 1.27 0.73 0.22 0.23

Hospital 3.01

Services

Area 0.26 2.21

Nurseries 0.85

Dense

Evergreen

Vegetation

Along with

residential

area 5.02 3.44 38.0 12.0 12.91

Table 5: Table showing Ward wise LULC scenario of Burdwan municipality (Ward number

31-35)

WARD WISE % OF AREA LULC Classes

31 32 33 34 35

Evergreen Vegetation Surrounding the forest area 0.2 0.92 0.13

Spar evergreen Vegetation Along with Residential area 12.5 8.4 5.35 15.03 10.6

Crop Land 0.01

Residential area 53.5 68.3 57.06 54

Commercial area 23.7 23.31 11.7 17.15 2.33

Mixed urban with commercial area 7.61 57.85 4.56 0.88 0.01

Ephemeral Ponds 0.34 0.18 0.24

Barren land 2.61 2.22 3.88 2.77 2.35

Streams & Canals 0.81 2.21

Perennial Fishing ponds 5.93 3.86 1.81 8.59

Perennial Nonfishing ponds 0.45 1.04 1.89 1.02

Mixed urban with mill areas 5.65

Herbaceous Range Land 0.11 8.61

Play Ground 1.99 4.21

Institutions 1.65 0.3 0.22

Acknowledgement

Authors would like to express gratitude to the department of environmental science, the

University of Burdwan for providing GIS laboratory facilities and also like to express sincere

gratitude to Prof. Jayanta Kumar Dutta, Dr Apurba Ratan Ghosh and Dr. Naba Kumar

Mondal for their constant moral support and valuable comments.





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