land use, land cover changes detection in rasht city using arc … · 2016-03-25 · (elementary,...

Global Journal of Current Research Garrousi and Chandrashekara Vol. 1 No. 1 ISSN: 2320-2920

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Global Journal of Current Research Vol. 1 No. 1. 2013. Pp. 16-26 ©Copyright by CRDEEP. All Rights Reserved.

Full Length Research Paper

Land use, land cover changes detection in Rasht city using Arc GIS and ERDAS Roya Jafar Garrousi1 and Chandrashekara. B2

1Research Scholar, Department of Studies in Geography, University of Mysore, 570006, India. 2DOS in Geography, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, 570 006, Mysore, India

*Corresponding Author: Roya Jafar Garrousi Abstract In this study, at first using a library and documentary study, physical expansion and population trends of Rasht city in different periods of history were identified. Then land use map between 1990 and 2010 in Arcgis 9.3 based to the existing data in the first comprehensive city plan, field studies of the first comprehensive city plan was rebuilt as possible. By coding each of the applicable and transfer shapefiles (maps folder) to ERDAS software medium and converted vector layers to raster and application of orthogonal tables, three periods of land use were compared. By creating similar tables for the entire city, percentage of land use changes in all three periods were specified and by evaluation of the rate of each changes separately by structured land use and non-structured land use, the trend of their range and its quality and quantity were determined. Keywords: Land use, land cover changes, Arc GIS, ERDAS, Rasht city (Iran). Introduction Due to increase in changes of land use, mostly by human activities, monitoring changes in vegetation, the assessment of their process and their environmental impact for future planning and resource management is essential. So that detection of changes including the use of multiple time series data to determine the areas that land use and land cover have been changed at different dates of imaging. These changes may result from short-term changes in coverage like changes in applications such as urban development and convert to other applications. So that selecting the methods and algorithms for the retrieval and discovery of these changes using satellite images had significant effect in the results obtained and their interpretation and analysis. The use of geographic information systems (GIS) and data from remote sensing can be effective in situations in which the landscape over time in processes such as urban areas growth etc., rapidly changing and finding diversity of spatial patterns, analysis of changes reason, evaluation and predict the effects of these changes and modeling them. Many researchers had been studied are discussed with the methods for monitoring land use changes using satellite imagery and remote sensing methods. (Bahraini, 1998; Pourmohammadi, 2003; Ziyari, 2005; Asgari, 2002; Saeednia, 2003; Singh, 1989). Materials and Methods In order to investigate the climate of this city, understanding of climatic elements, is necessary. So we studied its climatic parameters. The following discussion will be addressed. In this study, long-term and reliable statistics of the meteorological stations was required that it be used for the analysis of climatic elements. For this purpose, the website

www.irimet.net was to visit. And due to availability of long-term statistics, synoptic data from Rasht stations were used. Methods in the present study included the following steps: - Radio metric correction - geometric correction - image Regression - principal component analysis - Difference Vegetation Index - Tasseled cap - post- classification comparison methods - evaluation of accuracy - post- classification comparison. Results The overall level of the proposed land use approved for the city of Rasht in the year 2000 Based on using levels of proposed land use that is calculated for detailed plan of Rasht in 2000 years, Rasht with its radial expansion will be an area of approximately 41.6 square kilometers and if we take it account of the airport surface and the external network; this level will be amount to 68.84 square kilometers. And compared with the status quo, including River, marsh, etc., with an area ofabout 64.44 square kilometers will extend about 10.26 square kilometers in about 10 years that is shown in the amount of 18.93 percent of land growth (6). Gross density of Rasht in structured level (city level regardless of all privacy, the swamps and rivers) was determined 104 people per hectare after approval of city land per capita. Gross density of urban multi-level structured in order to the most usage of allocated residential areas were determined as 153 people per hectare. Gross density in multiple urban areas also has been approved 381 people per hectare. For more information on this field, table (1 ), shows how to use the proposed land approved in Rasht in 2000.



Table (1 ) How to use the proposed land approved in Rasht in the Master Plan Source: Housing and Urban Development, 1990. The comparison of second approved and detailed master plan of Rasht city with the present land situation shows that the second approved plan of the city also is not fully realized and has created various problems in the city. Table (2 ) shows the

differences and inconsistencies rate of existing allocated to different land use levels in the city with different land use in the city along with per capita levels and their approved levels in master and detailed plan in Rasht.

Table (2 ) Comparison of the per capita of present land use of Rasht with approved detailed plan (2000)

Difference Capitation (m2)

Land use Present (2005) Detailed plan proposal (2000) 21.63 31.88 53.51 Residential

-1.66 8.08 6.42 Green space

-7.04 8.74 1.7 Educatioal

4.05 5.05 9.1 Post graduate

-1.62 3.61 1.99 Commercial

-0.42 1.33 0.91 Melitary service

-2 2.01 1.01 Clinical

-0.22 0.28 0.06 Cultural

-0.12 0.3 0.18 Religious

-1.24 1.84 0.6 Sport

-0.62 0.7 0.08 Tourism

-0.31 0.84 0.53 Urban equipment & installations

1.72 5.44 7.16 Industrial

Land use Agreed suggestion Area (m2) Capitation (m2) Percentage / Total

Residential 13731800 26.93 21.3 Educatioal 4930200 9.67 7.6 Clinical 815800 1.6 1.3 Urban equipment & installations 830000 1.63 1.3 Commercial 1616300 3.17 2.5 Sport 642400 1.26 1 Green Space 4122400 8.08 6.4 Administerial 1213500 2.38 1.9 Industrial 2896100 5.68 4.5 Melitary service 198900 0.39 0.3 Religious 152600 0.3 0.2 Cultural 244700 0.48 0.4 Tourism 359100 0.7 0.5 Cemetry 980700 1.92 1.5 Transport 14329100 28.10 22.2 Services 1813000 3.56 2.8 Gardans 1665200 3.27 2.6 Frontage of river, electro, road& wetland 14001100 27.46 21.7 Total 62911200 126.58 100



0.78 2.38 3.16 Administerial

-20.82 25.68 4.86 Frontage of river

-4.98 7.72 2.74 Transport Source: Housing and Urban Development, 2006 .

Comparison of Land Use formed within the city with proposed land use of master and detailed plan implying to lack of project goals. The above table shows that per capita of frontage of river 20.82m2, per capita educational 7.04m2, Per capita green space 1.66m2, sporting 1.24m2 and Per capita health is less than 2m2 from detailed plan proposal. The table (3) contravention of the detailed plan shows 1102 cases of contravention including area or segment that instead of proposed land use of detailed plan another land use is constructed. The study of contravention on the separation of land use show that most of the variance is related to green space (including privacies, parks, etc.) with 259 cases and 4761816 m2. Overall, 29 percent of all non-realized land use is

related to green space followed by educational land use (elementary, junior, high school, and conservatory) with the area of 2062881 m2 and allocated 338 case of variance. 12.5 percent of non-realized land use is related to educational land use followed by sports, parking, municipal facilities and equipment land uses with 486512, 378827 and 334551 m2 respectively form the most variances (6). As in Table (3 ) observed, the residential land use with the realization of per capita equal to 21.63 square meters per capita additional to the proposed amount and with per capita equal to the 53.51 square meters had been most share in the lacking realization of non-profit land use such as green space.

Table (3 ) Detailed design of land inconsistent with the status quo

Land use Numbers Area ( m2 )

Urban equipment & installations 59 334551

Transport 13 642814

Gardans 9 115748

Industrial 42 2101191

Melitary service 116 378827

Clinical 32 173264

Religious 12 7796

Bounds 115 2203737

Elementary school 176 881346

Middle school 109 481105

High school 37 409379

School of art 16 291051

University 6 639309

Health 6 14373

Repair shop 12 422366

Cultural 32 237757

Sport 49 486512

Cemetry 2 714598

Green space 259 4761816

Total 1102 15297540 Source: Housing and Urban Development, 2006.



Detailed design of the proposed greenbelt land, which is now located on agricultural land, including privacies, parks and other green spaces are not account as contradiction. The situation of activities and City land uses performance in terms of performance and radius of access (in which divided into local, area, regional and urban groups) are evaluated. Neighborhood services will be considered for the population of about five thousand people and encompass some land uses such as neighborhood parks, open space for children, schools and kindergartens, injections, retail, small catering, mosques, telephone booth , post and power. Similarly, increasing the coverage population and long radius to access, the role and function of activities will also increase. For example, schools, clinics, cinemas in larger scale and more services to its population and regional performance. Identification of land and space use Zoning in Rasht city consists of the following components: 1 – The function of the adjoining streets land use has been shown with their color differentiation and is divided into seven group and zones: - Manufacturing and industrial zones: That encompasses land around Tehran road, Lacan roads, the Anzali Road and part of Lahijan Road that of course the latter case is beyond the plan studied area but to be considered in planning. - Workshop and shop zones and sales with urban and meta urban performance: That encompass The Khorramshahr highway, Shaheed Gholipour boulevard, and in the South West part of town, part of Shaheed Beheshti highways, Eftekhari Boulevard and Valiasr Boulevard and Imam Reza Boulevard. Parts around these streets mainly allocated to workshops, repair shops, sales of heavy and light vehicles, sales materials, storage, and the like. - Workshop, and warehouse zones with urban and residence performance and residence: The areas are in the functional axis leading to surrounding villages such as old

road of Tehran, Pirbazar and also part of the Shahid Gholipour boulevard and includes the workshop and workshop-style activities and warehouse that of course their residence role is not completely destroyed. - Linear Zone (straight) of urban-profit services: This zone, mainly encompass central areas and strong functional axis to provide profit service. Market area, the Takhti, Saadi, Gholsar, Motahari, Shariati, Imam Khomeini, Azadi streets, Shahid Beheshti Highway, Hafez Ave, all are axis with activities having first-class urban functions. Most of the activities surrounding the cited passages are shop - administrative mixed. - Second-class urban profit service area: These areas also encompass the activity around the streets like Pirsara, Sardar jangal Avenue, the Islamabad and Baqerabad Street. - A linear area-profit service Zone: activities with area function have been deployed surrounding them. - Area of neighborhood services: Those passages in which the activity around them is community profit and non-profit service. 2 - Major and big land use in city surface such as hospitals, parks, big offices, industries and the like, were considered as a zone and their use is clearly marked on the map. 3- Wasteland and building land are low area have been brought within the residential zone. It is noteworthy that residential area and its related services, marked in yellow in passages. Of course, in the proposed map, anywhere the color of crossing was white, means access and residential streets. 4- Although historical context of market had been under detailed understanding, but it is shown as a zone until the total value of land within this area is maintained and operated under the terms of the relevant scheme. 5- Educational nonprofit, cultural, religious, health and green services, although sometimes is associated with residence in terms of the neighborhood and services function, but since the manner of local services distribution that was brought in the preceding sections separately and individually their radius function and the distribution way and location were examined ( map 1 & 2).



Map (1 ) Existing land use

Map (2 ) City lands zoning (status quo)



Currently, changes without land use planning have become a major problem. Most land use changes is done without a clear and rational planning due to less attention to their environmental effects. Because of changes in land levels is extensive and widespread, therefore, remote sensing technology is a necessary and valuable tool to monitor the changes. In this study, after geometric and radio-metric corrections applied on Landsat images (TM) and Landsat (ETM +) in 1990, 2000 and 2010, five methods of monitoring change including image regression, NDVI difference, principal component analysis, Tasseled cap and post- classification comparison have been used in Rasht. In all these methods, after standardization of maps, the changes of direction have been determined. In this study, based on the results from post- classification comparison method and kappa coefficient, the accuracy of other methods have been studied carefully. The results revealed that after post- classification comparison method, difference NDVI method and pc2 difference, respectively with 0.667 and 0.659 kappa coefficient have the most accuracy in the monitoring changes in land use of the study area, despite the different methods of monitoring their own characteristics and any method alone is not appropriate and applicable for all cases. It is better in practice that several methods used to monitor changes and then compared their results and best practice to be determined by qualitative or quantitative assessing.

Detect changes include the aapplication of multiple time series data to determine areas that their land use and ground cover had changes in different imaging dates. So, the use of geographic information systems GIS and remote sensing data can be effective in situations in which prospects over time from processes such as growth in the urban areas and ... is rapidly changing and in finding spatial patterns diversity, changes analysis, evaluation and forecasting and modeling the effects of these changes. In all methods used in this study, negative deviation from the mean indicates an area that, during the period studied, where coverage is reduced or lost and positive deviation from the mean indicated areas that, during the period studied, coverage is increased. In the classification of satellite images, land use classes are divided into four groups such as woodland, green surface , barren land and farm class and open space including water, asphalt, or structure was determined and then, training samples of the surface area using 1:20000 aerial photos, Google Earth software were collected. Next, using the image features, land cover classes were entered in the studied area and resolution classes were calculated. After identifying the resolution classes, supervised classification with maximum likelihood classification method was attempted. In this way, the land cover map of 1990, 2000 and 2010, respectively obtained (map 3 , 4 and 5 ).

Table (4 ) The level of resolution for classes derived land cover map in 1990 Row Subject (land use type) Area (Hectare)

1 City of Rasht surface 19242 2 Woodland 4719 3 Green surface 11078 4 Open space 3445

Map (3 ) land use in Rasht in 1990



Table (5) The level of resolution for classes derived land cover map in 2000

Row Subject (land use type) Area (Hectare) 1 City of Rasht surface 19242 2 Woodland 2070 3 Green surface 3075 4 Barren land and farm 9448 5 Open space 4649

Map (4 ) land use in Rasht in 2000

Table (6 ) The level of resolution for classes derived land cover map in 2010

Row Subject (land use type) Area (Hectare) 1 City of Rasht surface 19242 2 Woodland 309 3 Green surface 4330 4 Barren land and farm 9220 5 Open space 5383



Map (5) land use in Rasht in 2010

Map (6 ) Map to monitor change - the difference between two classified map for 1990 and 2000 Land use changes: Given the proper care of classified plans at three time difference, these three maps were used to determine changes

in land use. The results of this study were suitable to identify changed and unchanged areas and are considered as a basis for evaluation.



Map (7) Map to monitor change - the difference between two classified map for 2000 and 2010 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Many researchers have found that the NDVI is a good indicator of crop growth and change monitoring. The advantage of this method is that it is confirmed that the differences in spectral data of different complications and reduces topographic, rain and wind effects, but creating the

random spectral similarity such as spectral similarity of grass cover in rangelands with dry land in agriculture is its disadvantage. The method could show well occurred changes in the study area. Kappa coefficient obtained from the results of this method of compliance with the GD map classified was 0.67.



Map (8 ) Map of monitoring change, Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)

Discussion The results of this research can be stated as follows. Urban expansion and development of urbanization is one problem of human civilization. Indiscriminate destruction of agricultural land, forests, pastures and converts it into residential areas is not just limited to Iran. But the extent of this change is very noticeable in Iran. In this regard and due to the results of this research for three decades, approximately 1,938 acres of agricultural land around the city of Rasht has been converted to residential areas. On average, each year 67 hectares of land have been destroyed that is noteworthy in terms of sustainable development. The rapid growth in urbanization and population growth in Rasht led to significant changes in some meteorological quantities. Without a doubt, accurate, rapid and economical estimate of these changes is impossible without a modern technologies and environmental studies. In this regard, remote sensing and GIS have important roles. It is recommended that further studies be conducted in this area. Time is a very important and decisive factor in the detection of changes that are often overlooked. This factor is influenced on atmospheric correction, radiometric, selecting training sample and either in classification or detection and also evaluates the results.

In the change detection, one can not just rely on one method of categorization and other methods can be used to check the result. The practice seems to be accurate enough to detect changes can refer to Unmixing and SAM Algorithms, especially for areas classified as having mixed pixels. It is better to use other classification algorithms such as artificial neural networks and different satellite data such as the IRS satellite data and digital elevation model DEM to improve the accuracy of land use and land cover productive map. Also, assessment of error and uncertainty is the necessary process to detect change that shows the reliability of changes map and will help to users in the various areas of management and planning to accurate, exact use and forecasting the results of different project. Many researchers mentioned the Land use, land cover changes detection in their studies (Campbell, 2002; Colwell, 1983; Curran, 1980; Hall et al., 1991; Lillesand and Kiefer, 2000) . Conclusion Rasht city in recent years due to land use changes resulting from increased population and lack of proper planning and urban management by the authorities, has been suffered from numerous problems, including flooding in passages and rising temperatures etc., from climate change in recent years and this factor has been caused to lacking comfort among the



urban resident in most of the seasons. So, the study of land use changes and its impact on Rasht climate is important. References 1 – Askari, H. classification of morphological limited in urban development using DEM satellite and GIS. Journal of Geography Space. IAU – Ahar . Vol. 10 . No . 29. 2 – Bahreini, H. (1998) The processing of urban planning . ministry of MHUD . Iran. 3- Campbell, J.B. ( 2002) Introduction to Remote Sensing. Guilford Press. New York. N.Y. p. 546. 4- Colwell, R.N. (editor). (1983) Manual of Remote Sensing, Second Edition, American Society of Photogrammetry. Falls Church. Virginia. p. 2440. 5- Curran, P. (1980) Multispectral remote sensing of vegetation amount. Progress in Physical Geography. 4. 315–341. 6 – Gilan Housing and urban department. (1990) . 7- Hall, F.G. Strebel, D.E. Nickeson,J.E. and Goetz,S.J. (1991) Radiometric rectification: Toward a common radiometric response among. 8 - Lillesand, T.M. and . Kiefer, R.W. (2000) Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Third Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York. N.Y. p.724. 9 – Pourmohamadi, M. (2003) land use urban planning . SMAT publication. Iran.

10 – Saeed- nia , A. The guid of municipalities. The central of studies and researches of urbanization and architect, ministry of MHUD , Iran. Vol . 2 & 4. 11 – Singh , A. (1989) Digital change detection techniques using remotely sensed data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 10, 989–1003. 12 – Ziyari , K. (2005). urbanization and urban planning . 1 st edition. Ganj – e – Honar Tehran publication.

land use, land cover changes detection in rasht city using arc … · 2016-03-25 · (elementary,...

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