land use and land cover dynamics in the …

International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG)

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ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 3, Issue 5, Sept. 2014 1

LAND USE AND LAND COVER DYNAMICS IN THE

STUDY AREA OF KALYANDURG, BRAHMASAMUDRAM

AND SETTURU MANDALS OF ANANTAPUR DISTRICT,

AP, INDIA: USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

TECHNIQUES

K. Rghuveer Naidu1 R.Nagaraja2 Y.V.Ramanaiah3.

Email:[email protected], Department of Geography, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh-

515003, NRSC, Hyderabad

Abstract The present study area comprising three Mandals Namely

Kalyandurg, Brahmasamudram and Setturu Mandals of

Ananthapur district of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in the

middle of the peninsular region and is confined to southwes-

tern part of Andhra Pradesh and it is located in the drought

prone area of Rayalaseema region; the total geographical area of the study area is 1101.25 Sq Km. The present paper

examines the Land use and Land cover changes from 2000

to 2012 period in the study area of kalyandurg. The land use

pattern in the study area has undergone considerable changes

in the last 12 years i.e. from 2000 to 2012. The land use

Maps for the period April 2000 and the Feb 2012 were pre-

pared based on Resolution merged data of LISS-III and PAN

(2000), LISS-IV and Cartosat-1 (2012).The area under the

built-up land increased from 1468.90 ha (1.33%) to 1510.47

ha (1.37%), 41.57 ha increased, The area under agricultural

crop land slightly decreased from 83617.17 ha (75.93 %) to 83524.32 ha (75.85 %), 92.85 ha increased, Agriculture

Plantation slightly increase from 1274.48 ha. to 1514.69 ha.,

wastelands increased from 14588.53 ha (13.25 %) to

14646.20 ha (13.30 %) 57.67 ha of the area has been de-

creased and water bodies increased from 3297.96 ha (2.99%)

to 3291.66 ha (2.99 %) 6.3 ha of the area has been decreased

from April 2000 to Feb 2012 period.

Key Words: Land Use/Land Cover, Remote Sensing, GIS,

Dynamics, Study Area.

Introduction

Land is the most important natural endowment on

which all the human activities are based. Water and other

resources culminate in the development of land use. A se-

quential development of land use with time results in differ-

ent land utilization patterns and trends. Among the major

resources available in the country, the most important is land

comprising soil, water and associated plant and animals in-volving the total eco-system. The community‟s demand for

food, energy and many other needs has to depend on the

preservation and improvement of the productivity of this

natural resource.

The concept of land use has been defined in various

ways by many geographers. Sauer (1919, p.47) defined land

use as “the use to which the entire land surface is put”.

Stamp (1962,p.426) stated that „the land as a whole must be

so used as to satisfy as many as possible of the needs and

legitimate desires of the people, the nation as a whole”. Vink

(1975, p.1) explained land use as “any kind of permanent or

cyclic human intervention to satisfy human needs, either material or spiritual or both, from the complex of natural or

artificial resources which together are called land….its use is

the result of a continuous field of tension created between

available resources and human needs and acted upon by hu-

man efforts”. The form and function of land use is a human

enterprise, while the development of landscape is the conti-

nuous efforts of man for his needs and sustenance under

every possible combinations of climatic, vegetative and soil

conditions.“Land use data are needed in the analysis of envi-

ronmental processes and problems that must be understood

if living conditions and standards are to be improved or maintained at current levels” ( Anderson et al 1971)

Objectives of the Study

For providing a comprehensive micro-plan to de-

velop land and water resource base of the region, it is imper-ative to gain insights into various aspects of the research

theme. To be more explicit, the present theme includes. To

classify the land use/ cover, for two points of time, namely

2000 and 2012 and evaluate the stock of land resources base

of the region and examine the spatial patterns and differenc-

es and to analyze the dynamics of land use/ cover during the

period of 2000 and 2012.

Study Area

The present Study area of Kalyandurg, consisting

of Kalyandurg, Brahmasamudram and Setturu Mandals of


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Ananthapur district of Andhra Pradesh, India, Lies between

140 17' and 140 40' North Latitude and 760 50' and 770 24' East Longitude. It is located in the middle of the peninsular

region and is confined to southwestern part of Andhra Pra-

desh. It is bounded by Gummagatta, Beluguppa, Atmakur,

Kanaganapalli and Kambadur Kundurphi mandals of the same district and western side bounded by Karnataka state.

The total geographical area of the study area is 1101.25 Sq

Km. According to 2011 census the total population is 1,

76,297 of which urban population is 32,335 (18 %), with

literacy rate of 60.92 % and the sex ratio of total population

is 964.The Hagiri River flowing in Northern side and Penna

River flowing in Eastern side of the study area of Kalyan-

durg, Bhairavanitippa Reservoir constructed across the Hagi-

ri river in Brahmasamudram Mandal. Soil cover in the study

area is predominantly red loamy soils followed by black

soils and alluvial soils. Natural vegetation is very thin and

scanty and mostly thorn scrub jungle type. The terrain is largely undulating and closely disclosing the characteristic

feature of plateau topography.

Fig.1. Location Map of the Study Area of Kalyandurg in-

cluded Base features.

Database and Methodology In the present study on Application of

Geospatial Technologies likes Remote Sensing and GIS

techniques is vigorous for evaluation of land resources in the

present study Area. ERDAS Imagine 9.6 and Arc GIS 10.1

Software were used for the preparation of all thematic layers

and Maps.

Satellite data: Satellite data is which is available in a raster

form need to be geo-referenced to a map coordinate system

so as to generate spatial information and subsequent use in a

GIS environment. The processes of Ortho rectification in-volves assigning a coordinate system and transform the ras-

ter to the input coordinate system that enable viewing, que-

rying and analyzing the geographic data. For better interpre-

tation, high resolution capability of PAN data and multi-

spectral advantage of LISS-III for 2000 and Cartosat-1 and

LISS-IV data for 2012 were fused using ERDAS imagine

and Bilinear Interpolation resampling algorithm to generate

the merged image. This merged image was used for interpre-

tation/ analysis with a band combination of 3, 2 & 1 on

1:10,000 scales as shown in Fig.2 Fig.2 Different Satellite data used for Land Use and Land

Cover Analysis of the Study Area of Kalyandurg.

Topographic maps: Survey of India Topographic

maps on 1: 50000 scales has been used for preparation of

base features such as Settlements, Transportation, Forest

boundaries Drainage features and other Resource maps. The

drainage, Canal and Water body layers were initially derived

from SOI top sheet and subsequently updated using IRS

FCC data. The study area falls under Survey of India topo

sheet No D43 K14, K15, L2, L3, L6 and L7 of 1: 50,000 scale (latest series).

Land Use Land Cover Interpretation Satellite remote sensing techniques and geotechnic-

al elements such as tone, texture, size, shape, association,

pattern, drainage, erosion etc. are used to map the structure

and dynamics of land use /land cover on 1:10,000 scale.

1. Using the interpretation key prepared, land use

land cover classes have to be delineated by using onscreen

interpretation procedure.

2. Relevant satellite image(s) has to be displayed on

the computer screen at 1:10,000 scales.

3. Shape file has been generated and used for a con-

tinuous interpretation. 4. Onscreen interpretation has to be carried out in a

separate layer (in shape file format) after opening the grid

tiles onto the image. Conventional method of interpretation

in vector format (line format) requires rigorous and time

taking editing to eliminate dangles, label errors etc. Shape

files are easier in use for interpretation and it eliminates the

post interpretation editing work. Further this can be used


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with most GIS / image processing suites available and it also

complies to OGIS (white paper on shape file) specifications.

5. Land Use / Land Cover class codes has been

used for labeling using the specific codes (Table 1 ) Textual

errors while manually entering in label would require addi-

tional but avoidable effort to rectify them. Preferably, a tool may be a customized GUI having drop down list of the la-

bels which may appear along with text. Such tool may be

incorporated as add-in in to commercial suites available.

6. Integration of layers such as base, village and

watershed has to be carried out.

Ground Truthing: Ground truth/ field verification is

an important component in mapping and its validation exer-

cise. Utmost care and planning is required for collecting

ground data and verification. To facilitate a good ground

truthing exercise the following steps need to be followed:

a. Identify and list all the doubtful areas for the

ground verification and refer all such areas with respect to the top sheet to know their geographical location and acces-

sibility on the ground.

b. Prepare field traverse plan to cover maximum

doubtful areas in the field. Ensure that each traverse covers,

as many land use / land cover classes as possible, apart from

the doubtful areas.

Results and Discussions The spatial distribution of different land Use and

Land Cover for April 2000 and Feb.2012 were interpreted

based on Resolution merged data of Cartosat -1 and LISS IV

(Multispectral) data and shown in figure: 2.

Total 19 land use classes are identified in kalyandurg,

Brahmasamudram and Setturu mandals of the study area, accordingly Level-1 classification 5 classes are identified

namely Built-up Land occupied about 1.33 percent in 2000

and 1.37 percent in 2012, Agricultural lands occupied about

75.93 percent in 2000 75.85 percent in 2012. Forest lands

occupy 6.49 percent in both periods, wastelands occupied

13.33 to 13.35 percent in 2000 and 2012 and water bodies

are also not changed. Different type of land use/cover

classes existing in the area are briefly discussed here in their

dimension over space and time Followed.

It is defined as „an area of human habitation developed due

to intensive non-agricultural use, where much of the land is covered by the infrastructures of residential, transportation,

institutional, Industrial, recreational and other utilities in

association with water, drainage and vegetation punctuated

by vacant lands. The built up land in the study area has been

sub divided into the following sub classes, they are:

a. Built up land-Rural: This is associated with the Village‟s

of the study area. Settlements are low density compared to

urban. It covers about 1245.72 ha. (1.13 %) for April 2000

and it is increased to 1251.46 ha. (1.14 %) in Feb 2012.

0.01% of the area has been increased from 2000 to 2012

period.

Fig.2. Land Use and Land Cover Map of the Study

area of Kalyandurg for 2000 and 2012

Built up land Urban: This is associated with the Kalyan-

durg Town of the study area. Settlements are high density

Compared to rural areas of the study area. It covers about

111.41 ha (0.10 %) in April 2000 and it is increased to

137.29 ha (0.12%) in February, 0.02 % of the area has been

increased from 2000 to 2012 as shown in the figure 3 and 4 (Urban Sprawl map).

Built-up Land-Mine/ Quarry: It is described as an area of

Quarry, it covered about 111.76 ha (0.10 %) in April 2000

and it is increased to 121.72 ha. (0.11%) in February 2012,

0.01 % of the area only increased from 2000 to 2012 period.

Mining area shown in the Fig.5 mine and quarry observed

near Buradkunta village in southern part of Kalyandurg

mandal.


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Table: 1. Area under different Land Use and Land Cover categories in the Study area-2000-2012

S.No Land Use/ Cover

Category

April-2000

Area

hectares

Area

Percentage

Feb-2012

Area hectares

Area

Percentage

LULC

Changes

Between

2000 to 2012

1 Built-up Land-Rural 1245.72 1.13 1251.46 1.14 +0.01

2 Built-up Land-Urban 111.41 0.10 137.29 0.12 +0.02

3 Built-up Land-Mine/Quarry 111.76 0.10 121.72 0.11 +0.01

4 Single Crop 71572.77 64.99 71395.76 64.83 -0.16

5 Double Crop 10528.90 0.56 10366.28 9.41 -0.15

6 Agricultural Plantation 1274.48 1.16 1514.69 1.38 +0.22

7 Fallow Land 241.03 0.22 247.59 0.22 +0.01

8 Forest-Deciduous (Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Open 1488.91 1.35 1235.66 1.12 0.23

9 Forest-Scrub Forest 4776.08 4.34 5269.14 4.78 +0.45

10 Forest-Forest Blank 887.30 0.81 647.40 0.59 -0.22

11 Wastelands-Barren Rocky/Stony waste 2149.17 1.95 2198.18 2.00 +0.04

12 Wastelands-Dense scrub 498.68 0.45 469 0.43 +0.03

13 Wastelands-Open scrub 6314.05 5.73 6517.94 5.92 +0.19

14 Wastelands-Salt affected land 2094.91 1.90 2042.65 1.85 +0.05

15 Wastelands-Sandy area 2022.26 1.84 2120.94 1.93 +0.09

16 Wastelands-Sandy area-Riverine 1509.45 1.37 1297.49 1.18 -0.19

17 Water bodies Lake/Reservoir/Tank/Pond 2563.60 2.33 2563.58 2.33 -0.002

18 Water bodies-River/Canal/Drain/Creek 734.36 0.67 728.08 0.66 0

Total 110124.84 100 110124.84 100 0

Table.2. Level-1 Classification

Category April-2000

Area

hectares

Area

Percentage

Feb-2012

Area hectares

Area

Percentage

Built-up Land 1468.90 1.33 1510.47 1.37

Agricultural land 83617.17 75.93 83524.32 75.85

Forest land 7152.28 6.49 7152.28 6.49

Wasteland 14588.53 13.25 14646.20 13.30

Water bodies 3297.96 2.99 3291.66 2.99

Total 110124.84 100 110124.84 100


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Fig.3 Built-up Land Urban (Kalyandurg town) in the Study

Area

Agricultural land: It is described as the land used for produc-

tion of farm commodities, lands used for both food and

commercial crops, irrigated and un-irrigated crops, fallow

lands; plantation crops are included in this category. This

category is sub divided into the following sub classes

Agriculture Land-Single crop: This category comprises of

those lands where the crops such as groundnut, Jower, other

pulses etc. are being cultivated as dry crops in the study area.

Since the imagery belongs to late Rabi season most of the dry crops has been harvested and remains fallow. It covers

71572.77 ha (64.99 %) in April 2000 and it is decreased to

71395.77 ha. (64.83 %) in Feb 2012, only 0.16 % of the area

has been decreased from 2000 to 2012 period.

Agricultural Land-Double crop: This category comprises of

those lands with standing crops as on the date of the im-

agery, where the crops are grown by the artificial distribu-

tion and application of water to the land to stimulate, or

make possible. It includes standing cropped areas under re-

servoir (Bhairavanitippa project), tanks, dug wells, bore wells etc. Paddy Ground nut, jower and Ragi are the major

crops and Vegetables, fodder grass are also grown in this

land. It covers 10528.90 ha (9.56%) in April 2000 and it is

decreased to 10366.28 ha. (9.41 %) in Feb 2012, 0.15% of

the area has been decreased from 2000 to 2012 period. The

paddy cultivation at Nagireddy palli area Brahmasamudram

madal is shown in figure 6.

Agricultural Land-Plantation: Lands being used for crops of

longer duration for the purpose of large scale production of

cash crops like Mango, Citrus, Banana, flowers and other plantations. It covers 1274.48 ha (1.16%) in April 2000 and

it is increased to 1514.69 ha (1.38 %) in Feb 2012, from

2000 to 2012 period 02 % of the area has been increased.

Different types of Plantations are observed in the study area

and shown in the fig.7.

Fig.4 Urban sprawl Map of the Kalyandurg town in the

study area.

Fig.5 Mine/Quarry in the study area.

Agricultural Land –Fallow land: These lands are associated

both irrigated and unirrigated agricultural lands or cropped

areas which are allowed to rest un-cropped for one or more

seasons. It covers 241.03 ha (0.22%) in April 2000 and it is

increased to 247.59 ha. (0.22, only 0.01 % of the area has

been increased from 2000 to 2012 period. Decreasing

Groundwater and dryness of the surface water bodies due to

lack of Rainfall is main caused for increasing fallow land in

the mandals of the study area.

Forest land: The term „forest‟ in India is defined as any land

classified or administered as a forest under any legal enact-ment. Forests form distinct ecosystems and the character and


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type of vegetation in a forest is the product of climatic and

topographical conditions as well as human interference.

Fig.6. Paddy cultivation in the study area

About 721.28 ha. Which accounts of 6.49 % the total geo-

graphical area of the study area under the control of forest

department? The notified forest land has been classified un-

der these sub class.

Forest Deciduous (Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Open: this is asso-

ciated at least more than 40 % of canopy land occupied by

trees capable of producing timber or other wood products. It

covers 1488.91 ha (1.35%) in April 2000 and it is decreased

to 1235.66 ha (1.12 %) in Feb 2012.

Scrub forest: Lands as notified under forest act and those lands with vegetation cover is less than 10 % to 40% percent

of canopy covers are classified as scrub forest. It covers

4776.08 ha (4.34%) in April 2000 and it is increased to

5269.14 (4.78%) in Feb 2012, about 0.45 % of the area has

been increased from 2000 to 2012 period. The scrub forest is

associated partly due to precipitation – temperature regime

and biotic interference. Most of the denudation hills of grey

granitic/pink granitic and eastern part and south western part

of Hornblende – biotitic gneiss, hornblende – gneiss and

Migmatite. Scrub forest is observed near kalyandurg town as

shown in fig. 8.

Forest Blank: These are the openings amidst forest areas,

devoid of tree cover, observed as openings of assorted size

and shapes as manifested on the imagery. This land is asso-

ciated less than 10 % of the canopy covers lands. It covers

887.30 ha (0.81%) in April 2000 and it is decreased to

647.40 ha. (0.59 %) in Feb 2012.

Fig.7 Agricultural Plantation in the study area

Fig.8 Scrub Forest in the Study Area

Wastelands: Wasteland is defined as that land which is de-

graded and is presently lying unutilized due to different con-

straints. The lands are further sub divided into the following

sub classes based on the type of constraint existing in that

land.

Wastelands-Barren Rocky/Stony waste: it is described as the

rock exposures, often barren and devoid of soil cover and

vegetation. It covers 2149.17 ha (1.95%) in April 2000 and it

is increased to 2198.18 ha. (2.0 %) in Feb 2012. 0.04 % of the area has been increased from 2000 to 2012 period. Bar-

ren rocky hills observed near Kalyandurg as shown in Fig.9.


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Fig.9 Barren rocky stony waste in the study area.

Wastelands-Open scrub: this is the major wasteland category covering 6314.05 ha (5.73%) in April 2000 and it is

increased to 6517.94 ha (5.92 %) in Feb 2012. 0.19 % of the

area has been increased from 2000 to 2012 period. Kalyan-

durg mandal cover maximum area under this category than

the Brahmasamudram and Setturu mandals.

Wastelands-Dense scrub: this is another wasteland category,

it covers 498.68 ha (0.45%) in April 2000 and it is decreased

to 469 ha. (0.43 %) in Feb 2012.

Wastelands-Salt affected land: the salt affected land is gen-

erally characterized as the land that has adverse effects on

the growth of most of the plants due to the action or pres-

ence of excess soluble or excess exchangeable sodium. It covers 2094.91 ha (1.90%) in April 2000 and it is decreased

to 2042.65 ha (1.85 %). The most salt affected area observed

in along the Hagiri River as shown in Fig 10.

Wastelands-Sandy area: These are the areas that have stabi-

lized accumulation of sand, in coastal, Riverine or inland

areas, that can be either desertic or coastal. It covers 2022.26

ha (1.84%) in April 2000 and it is increased to 2120.94 ha.

(1.93 %) in Feb 2012.

Wastelands-Sandy area-Riverine: Riverine sands are those

that are accumulated in the floodplain of the river as sheets,

or sandbars. It also includes inland sand which was accumu-lated along the abandoned river courses or by reworking of

sand deposits by wind action leading to long stretches of

sand dunes or sand cover areas. It covers 1509.45 ha (1.37

%) in April 2000 and it is decreased to 1297.49 ha.(1.18 %).

Water bodies: This category includes all Reservoirs, Tanks,

Ponds, Rivers, Canals, Drains and Creeks of the study area.

It covers 3297.96 ha (3.0 %) in April 2000 and it is de-

creased to 3291.66 ha. (2.99 %) in Feb 2012.

Fig.10 Salt affected land near Kannepalli in Brahmasamu-

dram mandal.

Conclusion The present analysis shows irrigated and unirrigated crop

land was decreased due to decreasing rainfall, ground water

and Reservoirs storage, Tanks could not full, example Bhai-

ravanithippa project (BT Project). Kalyandurg area is the

most drought prone area of the Rayalaseema region, Hagiri

valley is the second lowest rainfall recorded place in India

after Jaisalmir in Rajasthan.The spatial distribution of differ-

ent land use/cover classes and the changes in land use, both

positive and negative during the 12 years period i.e. 2000

and 2012, were identified and the causes for the same were

also analyzed in this paper. It was noticed that the Agricul-

tural crop land decreased from 83617.17 ha to 83524.32 ha during the 12 years period, Agricultural Plantation has been

increased from 1274.48 ha to 1514.69 ha. Due to decreasing

and uneven distribution of rainfall, farmers shift the crop-

ping pattern towards plantations like Banana, Mango, Sweet

lime and pomegranate using drip irrigation system. Reason

for slight increase in fallow land is some of the farmers of

Kalyandurg area leaves the agricultural crop land and mi-

grated to nearest city Bangalore, Hyderabad and Anantapur

for betterment life, because of low income in the agriculture

field. The area under wasteland has been increased from

14588.53 ha to 14646.20 ha. As per the satellite data about 75 % of the study area under cultivation (both irrigated and

unirrigated). Built-up land urban has been increased from

111.41 ha to 137.29 ha due to fast growing Kalyandurg

town.


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References

[1] Anderson, J.R and et al (1971) A Land use and Land

Cover Classification System for use with Remote

Sensor Data. Professional Paper 964, USGS, Reston,

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[2] [4] Ramanaiah. Y.V. (1984): Pattern of land use and

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using Remote Sensing data Indian Experience, IAPRS

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[8] National Land Use Land Cover Mapping using Multi-

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Hyderabad [9] Manual National Land Use Land Cover Mapping

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[10] SOI (Survey of India), Uppal, Hyderabad: 1:50,000

Topographical Maps.

[11] www. isro.gov.in

[12] www.nrsc.gov.in

[13] http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in

[14] http://www.anantapur.gov.in

[15] www.apdes.gov.in

[16] http://www.apsgwd.gov.in [17] http://irrigation.cgg.gov.in

[18] http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in

Biographies

1. K. Raghuveer Naidu ,Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Sri Krishnadevaraya University

(SKU), Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India-515003

Mobile No/+919491873196, Email id: [email protected]

2. Dr.R.Nagaraja, Group Director,

NDC, NRSC (National Remote Sensing Centre)

Hyderabad-Telangana. Phone No-04023884422

3. Prof.Y.V.Ramanaiah, Department of Geography

Sri Krishnadevaraya University (SKU), Anantapur,

Andhra Pradesh, India.

http://www.anantapur.gov.in/

mailto:[email protected]

land use and land cover dynamics in the …

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