Name: ______________________ Date: ____________________ Block:_________________

Earth Systems

Study guide Worksheet #1

Pgs 1-7

Read the Introduction and answer the following questions:

1. What is the earth mostly made of?

2. What % of the earth is covered by water?

3. Is the inner core solid or liquid? What about the outer core?

4. What is the inner core mostly made of ?

5. What force is generated by the inner core?

6. What layer is above the core?

7. What layer is on top of #6? What does this layer consist of?

Your Blue Home

8. What 2 things exist on earth that allows us to have life on earth?

9. What are earth’s 4 different layers?

10. As you move toward the core, does the density of the Earth increase or decrease?11. What does the upper mantle consist of?

12. What does the lower mantle consist of?

13. The __________________ is the thin outer layer of the earth. It varies from ___________km thick to around ____________ km thick.

14. What 2 rock are the continental crust made of?

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15. The ______________ layer sits after the crust. It is thicker almost _________________ km deep. The rocks have more __________________ and iron.

16. The ________________ ____________________are called the lithosphere. (we will learn more about this during plate tectonics)

Label the diagram: Outer core, mantle, inner core, crust

What am I ? Words can be used more than once!

Outer core, mantle, inner core, crust

1. I am made up of iron and nickel, but I am under so much pressure, I am solid:________________

2. I am the hottest part of earth: _________________3. I am a thin outer layer made up of rock that is alumina and silica, so its called sial.

__________________________4. I am about 3000 km deep and have a little more magnesium and iron than #3:

______________________5. I am responsible for producing the magnetic field :_____________________

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6. I am composed of continental and oceanic plates:________________ (hint –not in studyguide! Look online)

7. I am the layer of the Earth that makes up the majority of its mass and volume: ______________ (hint! Not in studyguide-look online!)

Read and annotate pages 5-7 and answer the following questions: WOMACK AND LAGRECA

1. Briefly describe the outer core. Indicate what it is made of, how hot it is, and why it is important. (minimum 3 sentences)

2. Briefly describe the inner core. Indicate what it is made of, how hot it is, and why it is important. (minimum 3 sentences)

3. What are some of the main differences between the inner and outer core? Name at least 3.

4. Why is the magnetic field important? (IF you need to look online for more information, do it! )

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Name: ______________________ Date: ____________________ Block:_________________

Earth Systems

Study guide Worksheet #2 (pg 7-16)

Plate tectonics

Read the Introduction and answer the following:

1. The earth sits on a dense, hot, somewhat melted layer of the earth. What do to the movement of the earth’s plates?

2. How do mountains form? List the two that are listed in the introduction.

3. What are some of the world wide geological events that coincide with plate movement?4. Ocean floors are the tops of thin _________________ plates that spread outward from mid-

ocean rift zones.5. What are the 4 wave characteristics as we have learned in physics?

6. What are the 3 types of waves of an earthquake in which energy is released?

The Plates and Mantle:

7. The __________________ is the solid surface layer of the planet. It is a cool crust that surrounds the liquid and solid interior (outer and inner core) of the Earth.

8. The rock plates that float across the surface of the earth are called the ________________ plates. These plates float on the ________________, an area between the core and the crust.

9. Is the mantle liquid or solid? Does the mantle stay in one place, or does it move?

10. How much does the Earth move per year?

11. How many major plates does Earth have?

12. What geological event shows significant movement of plates?

13. Directly under the lithosphere is a layer called the _________________, which is a floating layer of molten rock.

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14. What causes the rock to be molten and for the plates to move?

15. What is it called when floating plates are spreading apart?

16. What is it called when the plates are moving together?

17. What is it called when the plates are forced together?

18. What happens as the plates move down into the asthenosphere?

19. List 7 of the major plates in the Earth as indicated on page 10

20. What are the two types of tectonic plates?

21. The _______________ plates consist of a continental crust called the sial. Sial is made up of _______________ and ____________________.

22. The _______________ plate consists of an oceanic crust called “sima”. Sima is made up of __________________ and _____________________.

23. What are the 3 main types of plate boundaries?

Answer the questions from your answers for #17.

24. A ___________________ boundary is when two tectonic plates push together.

25. When a plate moves under another, this occurs in which type of plate boundary?

26. A ______________boundary occurs when two plates slide past each other.

27. A __________________boundary is one when two plates are getting pushed apart.

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Label the diagram below:

Word bank: subduction, rift, faults

28. In convergent boundaries, the area where a plate gets pushed is called the ______________ zone.

29. The places where transform boundaries slide past each other where earthquakes can occur:___________________.

30. The area where divergent boundaries occur is called a _______________. New land can be formed by magma pushing up from the mantle and cooling as it reaches the surface. This is how many islands are formed.

What happens when two plates meet?

31. ____________ occurs when plates are parallel to each other. These can cause earthquakes

32. ______________ occurs when two pieces of a plate come together and push against each other. It creates ripples. The high point of a ripple is called the ___________, and the low points are called ______________.

33. A ______________slip fault is when two pieces of land change their vertical (up and down) position with each other…this results in one side being higher than the other

34. A _______________ slip fault happens when two pieces of land move horizontally(side to side) to each other. An example is San Andreas Fault in California.

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35. Name the proposed main cause of plate tectonics as listed on page 13, according to Wegener.36. This cause of plates moving we learned in physics when we learned about heat transfer. The

entire cycle of heating and cooling when warm air rises and cool air sinks is called a ___________ ________________.

37. The interaction of plates produces forces that build 3 main geological features. What are they ?(check pg 14)

38. When energy is released as seismic waves when the earth’s crust breaks and moves, what would you feel this as?

39. Mountains that are formed when fault interrupts rock layers and move then out of place are called _______________ mountains.

40. _________________ and mid ocean ridges can form when Earth’s crust separates. Examples are the Great Rift Valley or the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

41. What is formed when continental plates collide, generating forces that cause massive folding and faulting of rock layers?

42. What is formed when an oceanic plates converges with a continental plate, making the denser oceanic plate slide under the continental plate? (hint, magma is released!)

43. Define convergent (use the internet !)

44. Define divergent (use the internet!)

45. Which type of fault is the result of two plates in a transform boundary sliding past each other without converging or diverging? They basically move side to side in opposite directions and sometimes at a different rate from each other. An example is San Andreas Fault.

46. Name 2 interesting facts about plate tectonics.

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Name: ______________________ Date: ____________________ Block:_________________

Earth Systems

Study guide Worksheet # 3(pg 17-23)

EARTHQUAKES

1. Earthquakes are the breaking and cracking of rock in the _________________ plates. 2. True or false: the earthquakes happen when the plates move slowly.

Look at figure 2 on pg 18 and answer the questions:

3. Which fault forms when rocks are sheared?

4. Which type of fault forms when rocks are pulled apart?

5. Which type of fault forms when rocks are compressed?

6. Earthquake waves are called _______________ waves

7. When strain energy is released, it moves outward from the ________________ in the form of seismic waves.

8. The point inside earth where the seismic wave is generated and energy is released is called the _____________ of an earthquake.

9. The point on Earth’s surface located directly above the earthquake is called the _______________ of the earthquake.

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Label the figure below

10. Look at figure 3. Which waves travel in all directions from the focus and can travel through the interior of the earth?

11. Look at figure 3. Which waves travel at shallow depths and along Earth’s surface?

12. What are the 3 types of seismic waves as indicated on page 20?

13. _____________waves are known as P-waves and they travel the fastest through rock material to cause particles in rock to move back and forth.

14. Do the particles in the rock in P-waves move in the same direction or different as the waves?15. _________________ waves are known as S-waves, cause the particles in the rock to move at

right angles to the direction of the wave.

16. Do P and S waves move in the interior or exterior of Earth?

17. Which waves cause the most destruction of all the seismic waves? They are the waves that can move in a rolling motion.

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18. Describe the movement pattern of surface waves

19. The instrument used to obtain a record of seismic waves is called a _____________________.

20. What scale is used to determine the magnitude of an earthquake?

21. Look at Table 1 on page 22. Which Earthquake (location and date) produced the more deaths?

22. What was the magnitude of Earthquake for Question 20?

Richter scale mathFor increase of 1.0 on the Richter scale, the amplitude is 10 times higher. But the energy is 32 times higher. Answer the following:

23. A wave has an amplitude of 100m and a magnitude of 7.5 and releases 100J of energy. What is the wave height and energy of a wave with a magnitude of 8.5?New wave height:________________New energy: _______________________

24. A wave has an amplitude of 50m and a magnitude of 7.5 and releases 50J of energy. What is the wave height and energy of a wave with a magnitude of 8.5?New wave height:________________New energy: _______________________

25. An earthquake that occurs on the ocean floor creates what natural disaster?_____________

26. Why are the wave heights of tsunamis higher when the waves approach land compared to when they are at sea?

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Name: ______________________ Date: ____________________ Block:_________________

Earth Systems

Study guide Worksheet # 4(pg 23-26)

VOLCANOES

1. What is a volcano?

2. What is the hot and molten rock called when it is still below the surface?

3. What is the hot and molten rock called when it is above the surface?

4. Eventually the hot lava on the surface will stop flowing and cool and harden into ________________. They formed from lava cooling and are called __________________ ________________. Some include basalt and granite.

5. A volcano is active if it still currently erupting: ________________. If it hasn’t erupted in a while it is called :_______________. And if it will never erupt again it is called :______________

6. What are the 4 main types of volcanoes?

7. _____________ volcanoes are usually found in the middle of tectonic plates

8. _____________ volcanoes are shaped like a cone. They are usually found in subduction zones and contain pyroclastic rocks

Word bank: asthenosphere, lithosphere, central vent, lateral vent, crater

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9. I am the bottom layer of the rock where the crust is weak and magma is created. This is the layer of molten rock just beneath continental plates___________________-

10. I am the molten rock creates the first passageway called the __________________

11. I am secondary vents formed when magma rises:_________________.

12. I am the layer of the earth where lava flows out and rises: ____________________.

13. What are the three types of lava?

14. Which type of lava has the most silicon dioxide?

15. Which one has the least silicon dioxide?

16. Name 2 interesting facts about volcanoes.

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Name: ______________________ Date: ____________________ Block:_________________

Earth Systems

Study guide Worksheet # 5(pg 26-36)

ROCKS, MINERALS AND SOIL

Read the introduction and answer the following:

1. __________________ start the rock cycle by helping to form magma, the source of igneous rock (rock that melts and hardens beneath the ground)

2. How do minerals form?

3. What the basic component of soil?

4. Name 6 factors that influence the texture, fertility and erosion resistance of soil.

5. What are 5 main properties of soil?

6. Soil is a mixture of what 5 things?

7. How is soil formed?

ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE

8. What is the difference between a rock and a mineral?

9. Name the rock and the mineral! You will need to use the internet to find the answers!a. Graniteb. Quartzc. Ruby

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d. Golde. Basaltf. Diamondg. Sapphireh. Marble

10. What is the source of igneous rock? Choose one: magma/ sediments

11. What is the source of sedimentary and metamorphic rock? Choose one magma/ plate movements

12. A ________________ is a solid made of a bunch of minerals. They do not have specific chemical formulas and are classified by how they were formed.

13. What are the 3 major types of rocks?

14. ___________________ rocks are formed by volcanos. Examples include ___________ and _______________.

15. _______________ rocks are formed by years of sediment compacting together and becoming hard. 2 examples are _________________ and _______________.

16. ___________________ rock are formed by great heat and pressure. They can be made from other types or rock and are usually changed. 2 examples are ______________ and _____________________.

17. What does metamorphosed mean? Look it up!

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18. Label the rock cycle below.

Summarize all 5 steps of the rock cycle below!

19. What are space rocks and what are they mostly made of?

20. Name 2 interesting facts about rocks.

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MINERALS21. What are minerals?

22. True or false: Minerals are only made of a single element23. True or false: Minerals have a specific chemical structure but rocks do not because they are

made of a variety of different minerals24. What are the 4 characteristics of minerals?

25. Do minerals occur in nature, yes or no?

26. Are minerals organic or inorganic?

27. Are minerals biotic or abiotic? Check answer for #26

28. What are the 6 main properties of metals?

29. There are two main groups of minerals. Name them

30. _____________ are minerals that contain silicon and oxygen. Over 90% of the earth’s crust is made of this

31. What are 4 types of non-silicates?

SOIL32. What is soil and what does it contain?

33. How long can it take for an inch of soil to form?

34. How do biotic factors such as living organisms affect the quality of soil? Use the internet to help answer this!

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35. How do abiotic factors such as climate affect the quality of soil? Use the internet to help answer this!

36. Example includes decayed matter that adds nutrients to soil. Made from living things Organic or inorganic (circle one)

37. Not made from living things. Examples include rock. Organic or inorganic (circle one)38. The basic component of soil is _____________________.

39. ________________ is the wearing away of land by forces such as water, wind and ice.

40. What are the 3 main forces that cause #39?

41. Name and describe the 5 reasons why soil is important

42. ______________ is a measure of whether the soil is more like sand, silt or clay

43. Which type of soil holds water better? Sand or clay like soil?

44. What are the layers of soil called?

45. Which layer of soil contains the most nutrients? It contains humus and we often call this layer topsoil. You will find mostly organic layers of matter and minerals.

46. What is humus anyway?

47. This layer is often called subsoil. There is less humus and lots of fine particles of rock that make up clay

48. This layer is the bottom layer (pg 34) and contains large, solid masses of rock49. This layer is where parent material resides which is made up of large rocks.

50. Soil is a mixture of ______________, __________________-, ________________________, _____________________ and air.

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51. How does soil form? ( You know this is important because it is written really large in your study guide )

SOIL AROUND THE WORLD AND DIFFERENT BIOMES

52. List 3 characteristics of soil in a forest

53. List 3 characteristics of soil in a desert

54. List 3 characteristics of soil in grasslands and prairies

55. Name 2 ways as described on page 36 that soil can be harmed

56. What type of soil do we have here in NC?

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Name: ______________________ Date: ____________________ Block:_________________

Earth Systems

Study guide Worksheet # 6(pg 37-41)

Read the introduction and answer the following questions:

1. What 3 things should be monitored to ensure that individuals maintain good health?

2. Many human activities have affected Earth’s pedosphere. What is pedosphere anyway (look it up online!)

3. Name the 5 measures that are taken to control the impact of human activities on the pedosphere

4. What technology has allowed humans to better study the human impact on soil quality and erosional processes so that the soil can be protected and preserved?

5. It is important that humans be ___________________ of the pedosphere.6. What is a steward?

7. How can farmers take care of soil?

8. Name 3 techniques farmers use to demonstrate stewardship.

9. How do farmers today demonstrate they true stewards of the land?

10. The preservation or protection of natural resources including soil is called ______________________.

11. What are the 4 things listed as the farmer’s job on page 38?

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Answer the following questions regarding soil conservation:

Word bank: fertilization, crop rotation, strip farming, contour plowing, terracing, wind breaks, laws, individual efforts

1. This technique is used when farmers can plant different crops on the same land in different years. They can choose crops that add the nutrients that have been removed by other crops:___________________________

2. This is a technique farmers use to slow the speed of water flowing down a hill (which can carry away rich topsoil), and farmers plow furrows across the slope of a hill. ____________________

3. Adding fertilizers with one or more nutrients to soil to replace nutrients used up by previous crops: _____________________

4. Farmers use this technique to plant grasses between rows of other crops, since the roots help prevent soil from being washed or blown away:________________________

5. Governments pass laws to prevent pollution of soil:____________________

6. Informing people of the value of soil and how to conserve it:__________________

7. Farmers plant tall trees along the edges of farmland to slow the speed of wind across the ground. This prevents wind from blowing away topsoil where there are trees: ________________________

8. Crops are planted along each flat shelves cut into a hillside (terrace) to slow the speed of water flowing down a slope: _________________

9. What are 4 main environmental solutions available today? List 3 benefits they will provide

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