Laboratory Operations andTechniques

are the proper ways of manipulating/utilizing the apparatus in the laboratory.

A. Handling liquid

1. transferring into a narrow-mouthed container (such as test tube, graduated cylinder, flasks)

2. transferring into a wide-mouthed container (such as beaker)

B. Handling Solids/Powder

1. transferring into a wide-mouthed container

1. transferring into a narrow-mouthed container

C. Heating Using a test tube

Using other containers (beaker, flask, etc.)

D. Measuring a liquidMeasuring the Volume of Liquid – measure at an eye level

Measuring Solid

1. Measuring the volumea. Irregularly-shaped solid – use Water

Displacement Method

Regularly-shaped solid v= l x w x h

v= 20cm x 8cm x 16cm

v= 2560 cm3

Measuring the mass

Measuring the Temperature

E. Filtration

F. Diluting Acid

Always add the acid to the water. Otherwise the acid can splash you and get on your skin and also if it is a concentrated acid, as you dilute it, a lot of heat is generated, and you want the larger volume of water to be able to absorb that heat.

D. Determining the acidity and alkalinity of a chemical

Blue litmus paper turns red - acidic Red litmus paper turns blue - basic