1

LABORECONOMICS250C,SPRING2017PROFESSORSKATEANTONOVICSANDJULIANBETTS

Thecoursewillprovideablendoftheoreticallaboreconomicsandappliedresearch.Wewillcoverfivebroadthemes:I.RaceandGenderInequality,DiscriminationII.IntergenerationalMobilityIII.WageandEmploymentDynamicsIV.TheSupplySideoftheLaborMarket 1)TheQuantityofLaborSupplied 2)TheQualityofLaborSupplied:HumanCapitalandtheEconomicsofEducationProfessorAntonovicswillteachtopicsI-IIIduringweeks1-5(April6toMay4(firsthalfofclass)).ProfessorBettswillteachTopicIVduringweeks5-9(May5(secondhalfofclass)toJune1).Duringthelastweekofclass(June8),youwillpresentyourresearchpapers.RequirementsfortheCourse/ScheduleTodowellinthiscourseyoushouldhavecompletedthemicroeconomicsandeconometrics(A-C)courses.ItwouldbehelpfulifyouhavealreadytakenLaborEconomics250A/B,becausetherewecoveredmanyoftheempiricalmethodsthatwewilluseinthiscourse.Ofthese250Aisthemostimportant.Ifyouareunsure,pleaseconsultoneofthepast250Acoursesyllabi,anddiscusswitheitherofusifthereareholesinyourknowledgeoftherelevantempiricalmethods. Youarerequiredto:writeyourownoriginaltermpaper,onasubjectinlaboreconomicsofyourchoosing;andcompleteonefinal.Inaddition,wewillaskyoutopresentandcritiquetworecentpapersinaninformalsetting;youarealsoexpectedtoattendandparticipateactivelyinallclasses. Hereissomeadviceonfindingatopicforyourtermpaper.PerusingrecentissuesoftheJournalofLaborEconomics,theJournalofHumanResources,orgeneralinterestjournalssuchastheAER,JPE,Econometrica,R.E.Statetc.maygiveyousomeideasontopics.NBERworkingpapersprovideanothersource.Thereadinglistforthiscoursemightalsohelpyou.Second,ifyoualreadyhaveageneralareainmind(immigration,laborsupply,economicsofeducationetc.)butnotaspecifictopic,thenoneofthemoredifficultchallengesistowhittleyourinterestdowntosomethingmorespecific.TheHandbookofLaborEconomicsprovidesliteraturereviewsthatmayhelpyouseewhichareasareoverlywell-troddenandwhicharerelativelysparselyresearched.AthirdapproachistoflipthroughtheStatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStatesorrelatedgovernmentpublicationssuchastheDigestofEducationStatistics–sometimesseeingwhatsortsofdatathegovernmentcollectsandpatternsindatacangetyourcreativejuicesflowing.Fourth,talktobothofusaboutyourideas.Thisiswhywearehere!

2

Evaluation5%Apaperproposal.PleaseemailbothofusaonetothreepageproposalwithafewreferencesbyFridayofWeek2(April14).(Feelfreetoconsulteitherofusinformallybeforethattime.)Weofferyouthreeoptionsforthispaper.Considerinweeks1and2whichoftheseoptionswillbemosthelpfultoyouasyouseektocompleteyourPh.D.

1)Comeupwithaproposalforanoriginalempiricalpaper.Inweek2pleasesubmittousoneortwoideasfororiginalpapers.Wewillworkwithyoutodecidewhichtopursue.Thefinalpapershouldbeaproposalforanoriginalempiricalpaper,whichstateshowthispaperwouldcontributetotheliterature,devisesanempiricalstrategythatis(ideally)basedintheory,anddiscussesdatasourcesthatyoucoulduse.Ideally,yourproposalwouldbeofsufficientqualitythatyoucouldsubmititasagrantproposaltoanoutsideorganization.(Wedonotrequiresubmittingagrantapplication,butencourageyoutothinkalongtheselines.Wewillworkwithyouifyoudecidetofollowthisroute.)2)Alternativelyyoucouldinitiateorcontinueanapplied(oratheoretical)project.Someofyoumayhaveinitiatedmoreempirically(ortheoretically)orientedprojectsin250A,250B,220F,orothergraduatecourses.Youarewelcometocontinuethatworkinthiscourse,butyoumustclearthiswithusandprovideuswiththefinalversionyoupreparedforthoseclasses,alongwithaclearstatementofhowyouwillextendthatanalysis.Notethatiftheempiricalprojectislimitedinscopeitmaybeconceivableforyoutostartfromscratch,developaplan,acquireandcleandata,andperformtheempiricalanalysis.(Thisgoesbeyondoption1above.)Wecertainlywouldwelcomethisbutdotalktousfirstsothatwecanhelpjudgewhetherthissoundsfeasibleoverthe10weeksofquarter.3)Alternativelywritea10-15pageliteraturereviewofatopicinlaboreconomics.ThisliteraturereviewMUSTalsoincludethoughtfulsuggestionsforfutureresearch.Thislatterstatementisparticularlytrueifyouwouldliketoextendalitreviewfromanearliercourse.Youwouldwanttocomeupwithamoredetailedandfocusedlitreviewthatbuildsupontheoriginalpaperandwhichdiscussesnewpaperideasindetail.

35%Afinaldraftofyourpaper.Dueonthelastdayofclass(June8).Pleasebringtwocopies.Wealsowouldappreciatereceivingacopybyemail.Therewillbenoextensionsbeyondtheendofquarter,andpaperssubmittedafterJune8willlose5percentagepoints(outof35)perdaylate.10%Apresentationofyourpaper:A20-minutepresentationofyourpaperinthelastweekofclass(June8).Youshouldpresentyourquestion,themotivationforyourquestion,thetheoreticalmodeland/oreconometrictechniqueyouwillusetoanswerthisquestion,thedatayouwilluse(ifyou’redoinganempiricalproject),anypreliminaryresults,andhowyouexpect

3

yourresultstoshedlightonthequestionyouinitiallyposed.Afteryourpresentation,therewillbe10minutesfordiscussion.10%Twoinformalpresentationsofotherresearch.OnewillbeduringProfessorAntonovics’sectionofthecourseandoneduringProfessorBetts’sectionofthecourse.ForAntonovics’section,presentationswilltakeplaceinclassonApril27andMay4.Giventhelargenumberofstudentstaking250C,pleasepickapartnerwithwhomyouwillco-presentthepaper.PleaseemailKatebyFriday,April14withthetitleofthepaperyouwouldliketopresent.YouwillbepresentingoneofthepapersbelowrelatedtoabilitygroupingingradesK-12.Ifthere’sanotherpaperyouknowofrelatedtothistopicthatyouwouldliketopresent,thenpleasecometalktome.Onthedayofyourpresentation,pleaseemailKateacopyofyourpresentationandbringashort(1-2page)handoutfortheclasshighlightingthepaper’smainpoints.

Horvath,Hedvig.“ClassroomAssignmentPoliciesandImplicationsforTeacherValue-Added

Estimation.”Workingpaper,January2015.Hanushek,EricandLudgerWobmann.“DoesEducationalTrackingAffectPerformanceand

Inequality?Differences-in-DifferencesEvidenceAcrossCountries.”TheEconomicJournal,116,March2016.’’

Figlio,DavidandMariannePage.“SchoolChoiceandtheDistributionalEffectsofAbility

Tracking:DoesSeparationIncreaseInequality?.”NBERWorkingPaper8055.Argys,L.M.,Rees,D.I.andBrewer,D.J.(1996),“DetrackingAmerica'sschools:Equityatzero

cost?”JournalofPolicyAnalysisManagement,15:623–645Card,DavidandLauraGiuliano.“CanTrackingRaisetheTestScoresofHigh-AbilityMinority

Students”AmericanEconomicReview,2016,106(10):2783-2816.Card,DavidandLauraGiuliano.“DoesGiftedEducationWork?ForWhichStudents?”

AmericanEconomicReview,2016,106(10):2783-2816.Betts,Julian.“TheEconomicsofTrackinginEducation”inHanushek,EricA.,StephenMachin

andLudgerWoessmann(Eds.),HandbookoftheEconomicsOfEducation,Volume3,Amsterdam:NorthHolland,pp.341-381.

Collins,CourtneyA.andLiGan.“DoesSortingStudentsImproveScores?AnAnalysisofClass

Composition.”NBERWorkingPaper18848.

ForBetts’section,youwillpresentarecentNBERworkingpaperofyourchoice(butintheareaoftheeconomicsofeducationorlaborsupply).Giventhelargenumberofstudentstaking

4

250C,pleasepickapartnerwithwhomyouwillco-presentthepaper.TheexceptionisthepaperbyHeckmanetal.(2010)whichisafairlyshortpaperandcanbepresentedbyjustoneperson.Youwillbepresentingpapersrelatedtotheeconomicsofeducation,andcanchooseanypaperonthesyllabuswitha➤nexttoit. PleasesendJulianemailbyFriday,May5witharankingofthepapersyouwouldliketopresentinclass,andthenameofyourpartner.FeelfreetoconsultwithProfessorBettsinadvance.Wemaydothepresentationsoneconomicsofeducationinclassonebyoneor,ifwecanfindatimeallofuscanmeet,wecouldcoveralloftheseinoneortwolongersessionstowardstheendofquarter.Oneweekbeforethescheduledpresentations,pleaseemailthepapertoallclassmatesandtoeitherAntonovicsorBetts(dependingonwho’steaching),orgiveallofusapapercopy.Inyourpresentation,youshouldplantopresentthepaperasifitwere“yours”andofferconstructivecriticismandideasforhowyoumightextendthework.Afewpagesofhandoutswouldbeuseful.Aroughguidelineforthetalkmightbe15minutesforpresentationofthepaper,anda5-minutediscussionofyour“refereecomments”,and5minutesforquestions.Thesearemeanttobeinformalpresentations,andtheremaybeteaandcoffeeand/orlunchinvolved.40%AfinalonAntonovics’andBetts’sectionduringfinalsweek(June13,3-6PM).Textbook:Thereisnorequiredtext.StudentslookingforastartingpointorbackgroundmaterialmaywishtouseCahucP.andZylberbergA.LaborEconomics(MITpress,2004)[C&Z].Foraclear,accessiblesummaryofmuchoftheempiricalliteraturetryEhrenberg,RonaldG.andRobertS.Smith(2006)ModernLaborEconomics,TheoryandPublicPolicy,(9thedition),HarperCollins,NewYork.Gudwritingizimportant.Foranentertainingstylemanual,seeBecker,HowardS.(1986)WritingForSocialScientists,U.ofChicago.OfficeHours:JulianwillhaveofficehoursThursdays10:30-12inweeks5-10.Anyothertimeisfineaswell,includingweeks1-4,althoughitisbesttosetupsomethingbyemailtomakesureheisavailable.Forweeks1-4Julianwillnotholdregularofficehoursbutfeelfreetosetupmeetingswithhimbyemailduringthistime.Kate’sofficehourswillbeonTuesdaysfrom1:30-2:30pm.ReadingList:Thelistissubjecttonegotiation.The(*)meanspriorityreading.Wewillalsotrytogiveyousomeguidanceastowhichpapersarethemostimportant.I.RaceandGenderInequalityBasicFactsAboutRaceandGenderInequality*Altonji,JosephandRebeccaBlank.“RaceandGenderintheLaborMarket,”inO.AshenfelterandD.

Card(ed.)HandbookofLaborEconomics,Vol3C,Chapter48.NewYork,NY:Elsevier,1999.*Altonji,Joseph,P.BharadwajandF.Lange.“ChangesintheCharacteristicsofAmericanYouth:

ImplicationsforAdultOutcomes”JournalofLaborEconomics,2012,30(4).

5

Blau,F.andL.Kahn,“SwimmingUpstream:TrendsintheGenderWageDifferentialinthe1980s.”JournalofLaborEconomics,15(1997),1-42.

Bound,JohnandRichardB.Freeman.“WhatWentWrong?TheErosionofRelativeEarningsand

EmploymentAmongYoungBlackMeninthe1980s.”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,February1992,107(1),pp.201-32.

Brown,Charles.“Black-WhiteEarningsRatiosSincetheCivilRightsActof1964:TheImportanceof

LaborMarketDropouts.”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,February1984,99(1),pp.31-44.Card,D.andLemieux,T.“WageDispersion,ReturnstoSkill,andBlack-WhiteWageDifferentials”,

JournalofEconometrics,1996,74,319-361.Card,DavidandAlanKrueger.“SchoolQualityandBlack-WhiteRelativeEarnings:ADirect

Assessment.”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,February1992,107(1),pp.151-200.Chandra,Amitabh.“IstheConvergenceoftheRacialWageGapIllusory?”NBERWorkingPaperNo.

9476,February2003Donohue,JohnJIIIandJamesJ.Heckman.“ContinuousVersusEpisodicChange:TheImpactofCivil

RightsPolicyontheEconomicStatusofBlacks.”JournalofEconomicLiterature,December1991,29(4),pp.1603-43.[JS]

Neal,Derek.“WhyHasBlack-WhiteSkillConvergenceStopped?”NBERWorkingPaperNo.11090,

January2005.

Smith,JamesP.“AffirmativeActionandtheRacialWageGap.”AmericanEconomicReviewPapersandProceedings,May1993,83(2),pp.79-84.

Discrimination--Theory*Aigner,DennisJ.andGlenC.Cain.“StatisticalTheoriesofDiscriminationintheLaborMarket.”

IndustrialandLaborRelationsReview,January1977,30(2),pp.175-87.Antonovics,Kate.“StatisticalDiscriminationandIntergenerationalIncomeMobility.”mimeo,2004.Arrow,Kenneth,“ModelsofJobDiscrimination”and“SomeMathematicalModelsofRaceintheLabor

Market”,inA.Pascal(ed.)RacialDiscriminationinEconomicLife.Lexington,MA:LexingtonBooks,1972.

Becker,GaryS.,TheEconomicsofDiscrimination,Chicago,IL:TheUniversityofChicagoPress,1957.Borjas,GeorgeandMatthewGoldberg.“BiasedScreeningandDiscriminationinLaborMarkets.”

AmericanEconomicReview,December1978,68(5),pp.918-922.*Coate,S.andLouryG.“WillAffirmativeActionEliminateNegativeStereotypes?”AmericanEconomic

Review,December1993,83(5),pp.1220-1240.

6

Lundberg,S.andStartz,R.“PrivateDiscriminationandSocialInterventioninaCompetitiveLaborMarket.”AmericanEconomicReview,June1983,73(3),pp.340-347.

Lundberg,ShellyJ.“TheEnforcementofEqualOpportunityLawsUnderImperfectInformation:

AffirmativeActionsandAlternatives.”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,February1991,106(1),pp.309-326.[JS]

Mailath,GeorgeJ.,LarrySamuelsonandAvnerShaked.“EndogenousInequalityinIntegratedLabor

MarketswithTwo-SidedSearch.”AmericanEconomicReview,March2000,90(1),pp.46-72.McCall,J.“TheSimpleMathematicsofInformation,JobSearchandPrejudice,”inA.Pascal(ed.),Racial

DiscriminationinEconomicLife.Lexington,MA:LexingtonBooks,1972.

Milgrom,PaulandSharonOster,“JobDiscrimination,MarketForces,andtheInvisibilityHypothesis.”

QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,1987,102(3),pp.453-476.Schwab,Stewart,“IsStatisticalDiscriminationEfficient?”AmericanEconomicReview,March1986,76(1),

pp.228-234.Discrimination--EmpiricalEvidence*Anwar,Shamena,andHanmingFang.2006."AnAlternativeTestofRacialPrejudiceinMotorVehicle

Searches:TheoryandEvidence."AmericanEconomicReview,96(1):127-151.Antonovics,KateandBrianKnight.“ANewLookatRacialProfiling:EvidencefromtheBostonPolice

Department.”ReviewofEconomicsandStatistics,February2009,91(1),pp163-177.*Bertrand,MarianneandSendhilMullainathan.“AreEmilyandGregMoreEmployablethatLakishaand

Jamal?AFieldExperimentinLaborMarketDiscrimination,”AmericanEconomicReview,September2004,94(4),pp.991-1013.

*Black,SandraE.andPhilipE.Strahan,“TheDivisionofSpoils:Rent-SharingandDiscriminationina

RegulatedIndustry.”AmericanEconomicReview,September2001,814-831.*Charles,KerwinandJonathanGuryan,“PrejudiceandWages:AnEmpiricalAssessmentofBecker’sThe

EconomicsofDiscrimination,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy,2008,116(5),773-809.Hamermesh,DanielandJeffBiddle.“BeautyandtheLaborMarket,”AmericanEconomicReview,

December1994.Hellerstein,JudithK.andDavidNeumark.“Wages,Productivity,andWorkerCharacteristics:Evidence

fromPlant-LevelProductionFunctionsandWageEquations.”InternationalEconomicReview,February1999,40(1),pp.95-123.

Hernández-Murillo,RubénandJohnKnowles.“RacialProfilingorRacistPolicing?BoundsTestsin

AggregateData,”InternationalEconomicReview,August2004,45(3).pp.959-89.

7

Knowles,JohnandPersico,Nicola.“RacialBiasinMotorVehicleSearches:TheoryandEvidence.”JournalofPoliticalEconomy,2001,109(1),pp.203-229.

Oettinger,Gerald.“StatisticalDiscriminationandtheEarlyCareerEvolutionoftheBlack-WhiteWage

Gap,”JournalofLaborEconomics,January1996,14(1),pp.52-78.Persico,Nicola.“RacialProfiling?DetectingBiasUsingStatisticalEvidence”AnnualReviewofEconomics,

September2009,1,pp.229-254,http://nicolapersico.com/files/ARoEPersico27.pdfII.IntergenerationalIncomeMobilityMeasuringIntergenerationalMobility*G.Solon,“IntergenerationalMobilityintheLaborMarket”,inHandbookofLaborEconomicsVol.3,

eds.OrleyAshenfelterandDavidCard.Elsevier,1999.*Chetty,Raj,NathanielHendren,PatrickKline,andEmmanuelSaez.2014.“WhereIsTheLandOf

Opportunity:TheGeographyOfIntergenerationalMobilityInTheUnitedStates.”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics129(4):1553-1623.

Chetty,Raj,PatrickKline,EmmanuelSaez,andNicholasTurner.2014.“IsTheUnitedStatesStillALand

OfOpportunity?RecentTrendsInIntergenerationalMobility.”AmericanEconomicReviewPapersandProceedings104(5).

CausesofIntergenerationalCorrelations

Black,SandraandPaulDevereux,2010,“RecentDevelopmentsinIntergenerationalMobility,”NBERWorkingPaper15889.

Mazumder,Bhashkar(2008),“SiblingsimilaritiesandeconomicinequalityintheUS”,JournalofPopulationEconomics,21:685-701.(usessiblings)

Björklund,Anders,MarkusJäntti,andGarySolon(2005),“Influencesofnatureandnurtureonearningsvariation:AreportonastudyofvarioussiblingtypesinSweden”,in:SamuelBowles,HerbertGintis,andMelissaOsborneGroves,eds.,UnequalChances:FamilyBackgroundandEconomicSuccess(Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress)pp.145-164.(usesdifferenttypesofsiblings)

Behrman,JereR.andMarkR.Rosenzweig(2002),“Doesincreasingwomen’sschoolingraisetheschoolingofthenextgeneration?”AmericanEconomicReview92:323-334.(twins)

Antonovics,KateandArthurS.Goldberger(2005),“Doesincreasingwomen’sschoolingraisetheschoolingofthenextgeneration?Comment”,AmericanEconomicReview95:1738-1744.(twins)

8

Sacerdote,Bruce(2007),“Howlargearetheeffectsfromchangesinfamilyenvironment?AstudyofKoreanAmericanadoptees,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics122:119-157.(adoptees)

Dahl,GordonB.,andLanceLochner.2012."TheImpactofFamilyIncomeonChildAchievement:EvidencefromtheEarnedIncomeTaxCredit."AmericanEconomicReview,102(5):1927-56.(naturalexperiment)

Oreopoulos,Philip,MarianneE.PageandAnneH.Stevens(2008),“Theintergenerationaleffectsofworkerdisplacement”,JournalofLaborEconomics,26:455-483.(naturalexperiment)

Black,Sandra,PaulDevereux,andKjellSalvanes(2005),“WhytheAppleDoesn'tFallFar:UnderstandingIntergenerationalTransmissionofHumanCapital,”AmericanEconomicReview,p.437-449.(naturalexperiment)

McCrary,Justin,andHeatherRoyer.2011."TheEffectofFemaleEducationonFertilityandInfant

Health:EvidencefromSchoolEntryPoliciesUsingExactDateofBirth."AmericanEconomicReview,101(1):158-95.(naturalexperiment)

Holmlund,Helena,MikaelLindahl,andErikPlug(2008)“TheCausalEffectofParent'sSchoolingonChildren'sSchooling:AComparisonofEstimationMethods”(withMikaelLindahlandErikPlug),IZADiscussionPaperNo.3630,August2008.(comparisonofmethods)

III.WageandEmploymentDynamics*Neal,DerekandSherwinRosen.“TheoriesoftheDistributionofEarnings.”InHandbookofIncome

Distribution,2000.HumanCapitalModelsBen-Porath,Yoram.“TheProductionofHumanCapitalandtheLifeCycleofEarnings.”Journalof

PoliticalEconomy,August1967,75(4),PartI,pp.352-365.ModelsofLearningandSortingFarber,H.,andR.Gibbons.“LearningandWageDynamics.”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,November

1996,111(4),pp.1007-1047.

Gibbons,RobertandMichaelWaldman.“ATheoryofWageandPromotionDynamicsInsideFirms.”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,November1999,114(4),pp.1321-58.

MacDonald,GlennM.“AMarketEquilibriumTheoryofJobAssignmentandSequentialAccumulationof

Information,”AmericanEconomicReview,December1982,72(5),pp.1038-1055.MatchingModels*Jovanovic,Boyan.“JobMatchingandtheTheoryofTurnover.”JournalofPoliticalEconomy,October

1979,87(5),pp.972-990.

9

*Jovanovic,Boyan.“FirmSpecificCapitalandTurnover.”JournalofPoliticalEconomy,December1979,87(6),pp.1246-1260.

Gittins,J.C.“Multi-ArmedBanditAllocationIndices.”JohnWileyandSons(1989).Miller,Robert.“JobMatchingandOccupationalChoice.”JournalofPoliticalEconomy,December1984,

92(6),pp.1086-1120.*Sargent,ThomasJ.DynamicMacroeconomicTheory.Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversityPress,1987,

pp.71-83.Insurance,Agency&Tournaments*Harris,MiltonandBengtHolmstrom.“ATheoryofWageDynamics.”ReviewofEconomicStudies,July

1982,49,pp.315-33[JS]Johnson,William.“ATheoryofJobShopping.”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,May1978,92(2),pp.261-

77.Lazear,EandS.Rosen,“Rank-OrderTournamentsasOptimumLaborContracts.”JournalofPolitical

Economy,October1981,89(5),pp.841-864.[JS]Murphy,Kevin“Incentives,LearningandCompensation:ATheoreticalandEmpiricalInvestigationof

ManagerialLaborContracts.,”RandJournalofEconomics,Spring1986,17(1),pp.59-76.[JS]Prendergrast,Canice.“TheProvisionofIncentivesinFirms,”JournalofEconomicLiterature,March

1999,37(1),pp.7-63.EmpiricalWorkonWage&EmploymentDynamicsAbraham,K.andH.Farber.“JobDuration,Seniority,andEarnings,”AmericanEconomicReview,June

1987,77(3),pp.278-297.*Altonji,J.andPierret,C.“EmployerLearningandStatisticalDiscrimination”,QuarterlyJournalof

Economics,February2001,116(1),pp.313-350.Baker,George,MichaelGibbsandBengtHolmstrom.“TheInternalEconomicsoftheFirm.”Quarterly

JournalofEconomics,November1994,109(4),pp.881-919.Baker,George,MichaelGibbsandBengtHolmstrom.“TheWagePolicyofaFirm.”QuarterlyJournalof

Economics,November1994,109(4),pp.921-55.Nagypal,Eva,“Learning-by-DoingVersusLearningAboutMatchQuality:CanWeTellThemApart?”

NorthwesternUniversity,mimeo.Neal,Derek.“Industry-SpecificHumanCapital:EvidencefromDisplacedWorkers.”JournalofLabor

Economics,October1995,13(4),pp.653-677.

10

*Topel,Robert.“SpecificCapital,Mobility,andWages:WagesRisewithJobSeniority.”JournalofPoliticalEconomy,February1991,99(1),pp.145-176.

11

IV.TheSupplySideoftheLaborMarket 1)TheQuantityofLaborSupplied i)TheBasicsandReviewArticles*Ben-Porath,Yoram(1973),"LaborForceParticipationRatesandtheSupplyofLabor",JournalofPoliticalEconomy(May/June).*Blundell,RichardandThomasMaCurdy(1999)“LaborSupply:AReviewofAlternativeApproaches”,inHandbookofLaborEconomics,Volume3A,edsO.AshenfelterandD.Card,Amsterdam:ElsevierScience.*Keane,MichaelP.(2011),“LaborSupplyandTaxes:ASurvey,”JournalofEconomicLiterature,59:4,pp.961-1075.Killingsworth,Mark(1983),LaborSupply,(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress)Chapters1and2. ii)StaticLaborSupply--TheoryandEstimationAshenfelter,Orley,KirkDoranandBruceSchaller(2010),“AShredofCredibleEvidenceontheLong-RunElasticityofLaborSupply,”Economica.*Heckman,James(1974),"ShadowPrices,MarketWagesandLaborSupply",Econometrica(July).*Heckman,James(1979),“SampleSelectionBiasasaSpecificationErrorWithanApplicationtotheEstimationofLaborSupplyFunctions”,inJamesSmith(Ed.)FemaleLaborSupply,(Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress).Heim,BradleyT.(2007),“TheIncredibleShrinkingElasticities:MarriedFemaleLaborSupply,1978-2002,”JournalofHumanResources,42:4.Moffitt,Robert(1984),“TheEstimationofaJointWage-HoursLaborSupplyModel”,JournalofLaborEconomics,(October).Mroz,Thomas(1987),"TheSensitivityofanEmpiricalModelofMarriedWomen'sHoursofWorktoEconomicandStatisticalAssumptions",Econometrica,(July). iii)DynamicLaborSupply--TheoryandBasicEstimation a)StructuralModelsNotUsingNaturalExperimentsAltonji,Joseph(1986),“IntertemporalSubstitutioninLaborSupply:EvidencefromMicroData”,JournalofPoliticalEconomy,(June),Supplement.Eckstein,ZviandKennethI.Wolpin(1989),“DynamicLabourForceParticipationofMarriedWomenandEndogenougWorkExperience”,ReviewofEconomicStudies,56:3(July),pp375-390.Eckstein,ZviandOsnatLifshitz(2011),“DynamicFemaleLaborSupply”,Econometrica,79:6(November)pp.1675-1726.

12

*Heckman,James(1974),"LifeCycleConsumptionandLaborSupply:AnExplanationoftheRelationshipbetweenIncomeandConsumptionOvertheLifeCycle",AmericanEconomicReview(March).Heckman,JamesandThomasMaCurdy(1980),“ALifeCycleModelofFemaleLaborSupply”,ReviewofEconomicStudies,(January).Imai,Susumu,andMichaelP.Keane(2004)"IntertemporalLaborSupplyandHumanCapitalAccumulation",InternationalEconomicReview,45(2):601-641.Lucas.RobertE.andLeonardRapping(1969),“RealWages,Employment,andInflation”,JournalofPoliticalEconomy,(October).*MaCurdy,Thomas(1981),"AnEmpiricalModelofLaborSupplyinaLifeCycleSetting",JournalofPoliticalEconomy(December).Peterman,William(2016),“ReconcilingMicroandMacroEstimatesoftheFrischLaborSupplyElasticity“,EconomicInquiry,Vol.54,No.1,January2016,100–120. b)ModelsUsingNaturalExperimentsCamererC,BabcockL,LoewensteinG,etal.,(1997),“LaborsupplyofNewYorkCitycabdrivers:Onedayatatime,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,112(2):407-441May.Connolly,Maria(2008),“HereComestheRainAgain:WeatherandtheIntertemporalSubstitutionofLeisure,”JournalofLaborEconomics,26(1),January73-100.Carrington,WilliamJ.,(1996)“TheAlaskanLaborMarketduringthePipelineEra,”TheJournalofPoliticalEconomy,Vol.104,No.1.(Feb.),pp.186-218.*Oettinger,GeraldS(1999),“Anempiricalanalysisofthedailylaborsupplyofstadiumvendors,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy107(2):360-392April.Ziliak,JamesandThomasKneisner(1999),“EstimatingLifeCycleLaborSupplyTaxEffects,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy,April,326-59. iv)UsingNon-linearBudgetConstraintsInducedbyTaxesandSubsidiesto EstimateLaborSupplyResponses*RichardBlundell,AlanDuncan,andCostasMeghir(1998),“EstimatingLaborSupplyResponsesUsingTaxReforms,”Econometrica,July,827-61.*Imbens,GuidoW.,DonaldB.RubinandBruceI.Sacerdote(2001),“EstimatingTheEffectOfUnearnedIncomeOnLaborEarnings,Savings,AndConsumption:EvidenceFromASurveyOfLotteryPlayers,”AmericanEconomicReview,2001,v91(4,Sep),778-794.

13

Eissa,NadaandJeffreyLiebman(1996),“Laborsupplyresponsetotheearnedincometaxcredit”QuarterlyJournalofEconomic,May(111:2).Moffitt,Robert(1986),"TheEconometricsofPiecewise-LinearBudgetConstraints,"JournalofBusinessandEconomicStatistics,4:3,317-328. v)PensionsandRetirementCoile,CourtneyandJonathanGruber(2000),“SocialSecurityandRetirement,”NBERWorkingPaperNo.7830,August.Samwick,Andrew(1998)“NewEvidenceonPensions,SocialSecurity,andtheTimingofRetirement,”JournalofPublicEconomics,November1998,207-36.Gruber,JonathanandPeterOrszag(2000),“DoestheSocialSecurityEarningsTestAffectLaborSupplyandBenefitsReceipt?”NBERWorkingPaperNo.7923,September. vi)HealthInsuranceandLaborSupplyMadrian,Brigitte(1994),“Employment-BasedHealthInsuranceandJobMobility:IsThereEvidenceofJobLock?”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,February,27-54.Gruber,JonathanandMadrian,BrigitteC(1997)“Employmentseparationandhealthinsurancecoverage”,JournalofPublicEconomics;December.

I will distribute notes on these topics to supplement what you may have studied in public economics. We may discuss briefly in class, but this will be optional reading.

14

2)TheQualityofLaborSupplied:HumanCapitalandtheEconomicsofEducation i)HumanCapitalTheoryBecker,Gary(1975),HumanCapital,2ndedition,Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.*Ben-Porath,Y,"TheProductionofHumanCapitalandtheLifeCycleofEarnings,"JournalofPoliticalEconomy,August1967,pp.352-65. ii)EconometricTechniquesForEstimatingTheReturnsToEducation a)StandardApproachMincer,Jacob(1974),Schooling,ExperienceandEarnings,NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPressforNBER.*Griliches,Zvi(1977),"EstimatingtheReturnstoSchooling:SomeEconometricProblems",Econometrica,45,Jan.pp.1-22. b)HeckmanSelectivityCorrection*Heckman,James(1979),"SampleSelectionBiasasaSpecificationError",Econometrica,47,pp.153-161.*Willis,R.J.andS.Rosen(1979),"EducationandSelf-Selection",JournalofPoliticalEconomy,87,(Supplement,October),pp.S7-S36. c)IVMethods*Angrist,JoshuaD.andAlanB.Krueger(1991),"DoesCompulsorySchoolAttendanceAffectSchoolingandEarnings?",QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,56,#4,pp.979-1014.Angrist,JoshuaD.andAlanB.Krueger(1991),"TheEffectofAgeatSchoolEntryonEducationalAttainment:AnApplicationofInstrumentalVariableswithMomentsfromTwoSamples",JournaloftheAmericanStatisticalAssociation,87,#418,June,pp.328-336.Angrist,JoshuaD.andAlanB.Krueger(1994),"WhydoWorldWarIIVeteransEarnMorethanNonveterans?",JournalofLaborEconomics,12,#1,Jan.,pp.74-97.*Ashenfelter,OrleyandAlanKrueger(1994),"EstimatesoftheEconomicReturntoSchoolingfromaNewSampleofTwins",AmericanEconomicReview,December.*Bound,John,DavidA.JaegerandReginaM.Baker(1995),"TheCureCanbeWorsethantheDisease:ACautionaryTaleRegardingInstrumentalVariables",JournaloftheAmericanStatisticalAssociation,June.Card,David(1999),“TheCausalEffectofEducationonEarnings”,inOrleyAshenfelterandDavidCard(eds.),HandbookofLaborEconomicsVolume3A.Card,David(1993),"UsingGeographicVariationinCollegeProximitytoEstimatetheReturntoSchooling",NBERWorkingPaper4483.Publishedin1995inAspectsofLabourMarketBehaviour:EssaysinHonourofJohnVanderkamp,LouisChristofidesetal.(eds.),Toronto:UniversityofTorontoPress.

15

Kane,ThomasJ.andCeciliaE.Rouse(1995),"LaborMarketReturnstoTwo-andFour-YearCollege",AmericanEconomicReview,June.Staiger,DouglasandJamesH.Stock(1997),“Instrumentalvariablesregressionwithweakinstruments”,Econometricav65,n3(May1997).Harmon,ColmandIanWalker(1995),“EstimatesoftheEconomicReturntoSchoolingfortheUnitedKingdom”,AmericanEconomicReview:1278-1286. d)FixedEffectMethodsAltonji,JosephandThomasDunn,(1996),"TheEffectsofFamilyCharacteristicsontheReturntoEducation",ReviewofEconomicsandStatistics,(November).Angrist,JoshuaandWhitneyNewey(1991),"Over-identificationTestsinEarningsFunctionswithFixedEffects",JournalofBusinessandEconomicStatistics(July).Ashenfelter,OrleyandDavidZimmerman(1997),"EstimatesoftheReturnstoSchoolingfromSiblingData:Fathers,SonsandBrothers",ReviewofEconomics&Statisticsv79,n1(Feb.).*Ashenfelter,OrleyandAlanKrueger(1994),"EstimatesoftheEconomicReturntoSchoolingfromaNewSampleofTwins",AmericanEconomicReview(December).(Note:Thispaperusesbothinstrumentalvariablesandfixedeffects.)*Light,Audrey(1995),"TheEffectsofInterruptedSchoolingonWages",JournalofHumanResources(Summer). iii)EstimatesofTheReturnsToEarlyChildhoodEducation➤Cascio,ElizabethU.(2017),“DoesUniversalPreschoolHittheTarget?ProgramAccessandPreschoolImpacts”,NationalBureauofEconomicResearchWorkingPaper23215.➤García,JorgeLuis,JamesJ.Heckman,DuncanErminiLeaf,MaríaJoséPrados(2016),“TheLife-CycleBenefitsofAnInfluentialEarlyChildhoodProgram”,NationalBureauofEconomicResearchWorkingPaper22993.➤Heckman,JamesJ.,SeongHyeokMoon,RodrigoPinto,PeterA.Savelyev,AdamYavitz(2010).“TheRateofReturntotheHighScopePerryPreschoolProgram”,JournalofPublicEconomics,Volume94,Issues1–2,February,pp.114–128. iv)HumanCapitalVersusSignaling a)AReviewoftheSignalingModel*Spence,Michael(1973),"JobMarketSignalling",QuarterlyJournalofEconomics.Stiglitz,Joseph(1975),"TheTheoryofScreening,Education,andtheDistributionofIncome",AmericanEconomicReview. b)EmpiricalEvidence

16

Altonji,Joseph(1995),"TheEffectsofHighSchoolCurriculumonEducationandLaborMarketOutcomes",JournalofHumanResources,(Summer).Altonji,JosephandCharlesR.Pierret(2001),“Employerlearningandstatisticaldiscrimination”,QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,Feb.116:1313-350.Arcidiacono,P.,P.Bayer,A.Hizmo(2010)."BeyondSignalingandHumanCapital:EducationandtheRevelationofAbility"AmericanEconomicJournal:AppliedEconomics,2,pp.76–104.*Bedard,Kelly(2001),“Humancapitalversussignalingmodels:Universityaccessandhighschooldropouts”,JournalofPoliticalEconomy,Aug.,(109:4),749-775.Farber,HenryS.andRobertGibbons(1995),"LearningandWageDynamics",QuarterlyJournalofEconomics(November).Gibbons,RobertandLawrenceF.Katz(1991),"LayoffsandLemons",JournalofLaborEconomics,9,#4,pp.351-380.*Lang,KevinandDavidKropp(1986),"HumanCapitalversusSorting:TheEffectsofCompulsoryAttendanceLaws",QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,101,#3,pp.609-624.Rose,HeatherandJulianR.Betts(2004),“TheEffectofHighSchoolCoursesonEarnings”,ReviewofEconomicsandStatistics,May(86:2),pp.497-513.*Tyler,JohnH.,RichardJ.Murnane,andJohnB.Willett(2000),“EstimatingtheLaborMarketSignalingValueoftheGED,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,115,(2),pp.431-468.Weiss,Andrew(1988),"HighSchoolGraduation,Performance,andWages",JournalofPoliticalEconomy(96:4). v)TheSocialReturnstoEducationandEducationExternalitiesCurrie,J.andMoretti,E."Mother'sEducationandtheIntergenerationalTransmissionofHumanCapital:EvidencefromCollegeOpenings."QuarterlyJournalOfEconomics,2003,118(4),pp.1495-532.Lochner,L.andMoretti,E."TheEffectofEducationonCrime:EvidencefromPrisonInmates,Arrests,andSelf-Reports."AmericanEconomicReview,2004,94(1),pp.155-89.Milligan,K.;Moretti,E.andOreopoulos,P."DoesEducationImproveCitizenship?EvidencefromtheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdom."JournalOfPublicEconomics,2004,88(9-10),pp.1667-95.*Moretti,Enrico,(2004)“HumanCapitalExternalitiesinCities”,inHandbookofUrbanandRegionalEconomics,North-Holland-Elsevier,alsoavailableathttp://www.econ.berkeley.edu/~moretti/papers.html.Moretti,E."EstimatingtheSocialReturntoHigherEducation:EvidencefromLongitudinalandRepeatedCross-SectionalData."JournalOfEconometrics,2004a,121(1-2),pp.175-212.

17

____."Workers'Education,Spillovers,andProductivity:EvidencefromPlant-LevelProductionFunctions."AmericanEconomicReview,2004b,94(3),pp.656-90.Rauch,J.E."ProductivityGainsfromGeographicConcentrationofHuman-Capital-EvidencefromtheCities."JournalofUrbanEconomics,1993,34(3),pp.380-400. vi)TheDeterminantsOfSchoolQuality a)LiteratureReviewonSchoolInputsandStudentOutcomesBasicLiteratureReviewColeman,Jamesetal.(1966),"EqualityofEducationalOpportunity",Washington:GovernmentPrintingOffice.*Hanushek,EricA.(1986),"ProductionandEfficiencyinPublicSchools",JournalofEconomicLiterature,24,#3,pp.1141-1177.SeealsothearticlesinBurtless,Gary(Ed.)(1996),"DoesMoneyMatter?TheEffectofSchoolResourcesonStudentAchievementandAdultSuccess."(Washington,DC:BrookingsInstitution).MoreRecentEvidenceAlexander,KarlL.,DorisR.Entwisle,LindaSteffelOlson(2007),“LastingConsequencesoftheSummerLearningGap”,AmericanSociologicalReview,72:2,pp.167-180.*Angrist,JoshuaD.,andVictorLavy,(1999),“UsingMaimonides’RuletoEstimatetheEffectofClassSizeonScholasticAchievement,”Quarterly-Journal-of-Economics.May,114(2):533-75*Betts,JulianR.,(1995),"DoesSchoolQualityMatter?EvidencefromtheNationalLongitudinalSurveyofYouth",ReviewofEconomicsandStatistics.*Betts,JulianR.,(1996),"IsThereaLinkBetweenSchoolInputsandEarnings?FreshScrutinyofanOldLiterature",inGaryBurtless(Ed.),"DoesMoneyMatter?TheEffectofSchoolResourcesonStudentAchievementandAdultSuccess."(Washington,DC:TheBrookingsInstitution).Betts,JulianR.(1996),“DoSchoolResourcesMatterOnlyforOlderWorkers?”,ReviewofEconomicsandStatistics(78:4),pp.638-652.Betts,JulianR.(2001),“TheImpactofSchoolResourcesonWomen’sEarningsandEducationalAttainment:FindingsfromtheNationalLongitudinalSurveyofYoungWomen”,JournalofLaborEconomics,(19:3),pp.635-657.Betts,JulianR.andJamieL.Shkolnik(2000),“TheBehavioralEffectsofVariationsinClassSize:TheCaseofMathTeachers”,EducationalEvaluationandPolicyAnalysis,Summer,(20:2),pp.193-213.Betts,JulianR.,AndrewZauandLorienRice(2003),DeterminantsofStudentAchievement:NewEvidencefromSanDiego,SanFrancisco:PublicPolicyInstituteofCalifornia.

18

Bishop,J.H.,(1989),"IstheTestScoreDeclineResponsiblefortheProductivityGrowthDecline?",AmericanEconomicReview,79,pp.178-197.*Card,DavidandAlanB.Krueger(1992a),"DoesSchoolQualityMatter?ReturnstoEducationandtheCharacteristicsofPublicSchoolsintheUnitedStates",JournalofPoliticalEconomy,100,pp.1-40.Card,DavidandAlanB.Krueger(1992b),"SchoolQualityandBlack-WhiteRelativeEarnings:ADirectAssessment",QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,57,#1,pp.151-200.Card,DavidandAlanB.Krueger(1996),“SchoolResourcesandStudentOutcomes:AnOverviewofTheLiteratureandNewEvidencefromNorthandSouthCarolina”,JournalOfEconomicPerspectives,(10:4),(Fall).Grogger,J.,(1996),"DoesSchoolQualityExplaintheRecentBlack/WhiteWageTrend?",JournalofLaborEconomics(April).Hanushek,EricA.andLoriL.Taylor(1990),"AlternativeAssessmentsofthePerformanceofSchools:MeasurementofStateVariationsinAchievement",JournalofHumanResources,25,#2,pp.179-201.*Heckman,JamesJ,AnneS.Layne-FarrarandPetraE.Todd(1996),"DoesMeasuredSchoolQualityReallyMatter?",inGaryBurtless(Ed.),"DoesMoneyMatter?TheEffectofSchoolResourcesonStudentAchievementandAdultSuccess."(Washington,DC:TheBrookingsInstitution).Hoxby,CarolineM.(2000),“TheEffectsofClassSizeonStudentAchievement:NewEvidencefromPopulationVariation,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,(November),115(4):1239-85.Lazear,Edward(2001),“EducationalProduction”,QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,August(116:3).ThispaperisalsoavailableasNBERWorkingPaper7349.SeealsotheNovember1996issueofReviewofEconomicsandStatisticsforaSymposiumonSchoolQualityandEducationalOutcomes.Krueger,AlanB.(1999),“ExperimentalEstimatesofEducationProductionFunctions”,QuarterlyJournalofEconomics(May):497-532.Lafortune,Julien,JesseRothstein,andDianeWhitmoreSchanzenbach(2016),“SchoolFinanceReformandtheDistributionofStudentAchievement”,NationalBureauofEconomicResearchWorkingPaper#22011. b)TheLaborMarketforTeachersBoyd,D.;Lankford,H.;Loeb,S.andWyckoff,J."TheDrawofHome:HowTeachers"PreferencesforProximityDisadvantageUrbanSchools."JournalofPolicyAnalysisAndManagement,2005a,24(1),pp.113-32.____."ExplainingtheShortCareersofHigh-AchievingTeachersinSchoolswithLow-PerformingStudents."AmericanEconomicReview,2005b,95(2),pp.166-71.

19

Lankford,H.;Loeb,S.andWyckoff,J."TeacherSortingandthePlightofUrbanSchools:ADescriptiveAnalysis."EducationalEvaluationAndPolicyAnalysis,2002,24(1),pp.37-62.Hanushek,EricA.,JohnF.Kain,andStevenG.Rivkin(2005),“Teachers,Schools,andAcademicAchievement”Econometrica,March,73(2):417-58.AnearlierversionisavailableasNationalBureauofEconomicResearchWorkingPaper6691.Hoxby,CarolineM.(1996),“HowTeachers'UnionsAffectEducationProduction,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,111:3.Loeb,SusannaandMarianneE.Page(2000),“ExaminingtheLinkbetweenTeacherWagesandStudentOutcomes:TheImportanceofAlternativeLaborMarketOpportunitiesandNon-pecuniaryVariation,”,ReviewofEconomicsandStatistics,August,82(3):393-408.Koedel,CoryandJulianBetts(2010),“Value-AddedtoWhat?HowaCeilingintheTestingInstrumentInfluencesValue-AddedEstimation”,EducationFinanceandPolicy,(5:1),54-81.Koedel,CoryandJulianBetts(2011),“DoesStudentSortingInvalidateValue-AddedModelsofTeacherEffectiveness?AnExtendedAnalysisoftheRothsteinCritique,”EducationFinanceandPolicy,Winter,(6:1),18–42.Jacob,BrianA.andLarsLefgren(2008),“CanPrincipalsIdentifyEffectiveTeachers?EvidenceonSubjectivePerformanceEvaluationinEducation,”JournalofLaborEconomics,26(1)January,101-136.Rockoff,JonahE.,BrianA.Jacob,ThomasJ.Kane,andDouglasO.Staiger(2011),CanYouRecognizeanEffectiveTeacherWhenYouRecruitOne?EducationFinanceandPolicyWinter,(6:1),43-74.Rothstein,Jesse(2009).“StudentSortingandBiasinValue-AddedEstimation:SelectiononObservablesandUnobservables,”EducationFinanceandPolicy,4(4):538–572.Chetty,Raj,JohnFriedmanandJonahRockoff(2014).“MeasuringtheImpactsofTeachersI:EvaluatingBiasinTeacherValue-AddedEstimates,”AmericanEconomicReview,104(9):2593-2632.*Chetty,Raj,JohnFriedmanandJonahRockoff(2014).“MeasuringtheImpactsofTeachersII:TeacherValue-AddedandStudentOutcomesinAdulthood,”AmericanEconomicReview,104(9):2633-2679. c)PeerGroupsandAbilityGroupingAngrist,JoshuaD.andKevinLang(2004),“HowImportantareClassroomPeerEffects?EvidencefromBoston’sMetcoProgram,”AmericanEconomicReview.December,94(5):1613-34.AnearlierversionisavailableasNationalBureauofEconomicResearchWorkingPaper9263.Argys,L.M.,Rees,D.I.,Brewer,D.J.,1996.DetrackingAmerica’sSchools:EquityatZeroCost?JournalofPolicyAnalysisandManagement15,(4),623-645.Betts,JulianR.(2011),“TheEconomicsofTrackinginEducation”,inHanushek,EricA.,StephenMachinandLudgerWoessmann(Eds.),HandbookoftheEconomicsOfEducation,Volume3,Amsterdam:NorthHolland,pp.341-381.

20

Betts,JulianR.andJamieL.Shkolnik(2000),“TheEffectsofAbilityGroupingonStudentMathAchievementandResourceAllocationinSecondarySchools”,EconomicsofEducationReview,(19:1),pp.1-15.Betts,JulianR.andAndrewZau(2003),“PeerGroupsandAcademicAchievement:PanelEvidencefromAdministrativeData,”manuscript,DepartmentofEconomics,UCSD.➤ Black,SandraE.Black,SanniBreining,DavidN.Figlio,JonathanGuryan,KrzysztofKarbownik,HelenaSkytNielsen,JeffreyRoth,MarianneSimonsen(2017),“SiblingSpillovers”,NationalBureauofEconomicResearchWorkingPaper23062.Card,DavidandLauraGiuliano(2016),“CanTrackingRaisetheTestScoresofHigh-AbilityMinorityStudents?”NationalBureauofEconomicResearchWorkingPaper22104.Carrell,Scott,MarkHoekstraandEliraKuka(2016),“TheLong-RunEffectsofDisruptivePeers”,NationalBureauofEconomicResearchWorkingPaper22042.Figlio,DavinN.(2007),“BoysNamedSue:DisruptiveChildrenandTheirPeers,”EducationFinanceandPolicy,Fall,Vol.2,No.4,Pages376-394.Hanushek,EricA.,JohnF.Kain,JacobM.MarkmanandStevenG.Rivkin(2001),“DoesPeerAbilityAffectStudentAchievement?”(AnearlierversionisavailableasNationalBureauofEconomicResearchWorkingPaper8502.)Hoxby,CarolineM.,“PeerEffectsintheClassroom:LearningfromGenderandRaceVariation,”NBERWorkingPaperNo.7867,2001.Lavy,Victor,andAnaliaSchlosser(2011)."MechanismsandImpactsofGenderPeerEffectsatSchool."AmericanEconomicJournal:AppliedEconomics3(2):1-33.Lavy,V.,Paserman,M.D.,Schlosser,A.(2012).“InsidetheBlackBoxofAbilityPeerEffects:EvidencefromVariationintheProportionofLowAchieversintheClassroom,”EconomicJournal,122(559),208-237.Lazear,Edward(2001),“EducationalProduction”,QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,August(116:3).ThispaperisalsoavailableasNBERWorkingPaper7349.(Thispaperhasasmuchtosayaboutpeersasitdoesaboutclasssize.)Sacerdote,Bruce(2001).“PeerEffectswithRandomAssignment:ResultsforDartmouthRoommates,”QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,vol.116,pp.681-704.Sacerdote,Bruce(2011).“PeerEffectsinEducation:HowMightTheyWork,HowBigAreTheyandHowMuchDoWeKnowThusFar?”,inHanushek,EricA.,StephenMachinandLudgerWoessmann(Eds.),HandbookoftheEconomicsOfEducation,Volume3,Amsterdam:NorthHolland,pp.249-277.Vigdor,JacobL.andThomasS.Nechyba(2004),“PeerEffectsinNorthCarolinaPublicSchools.”KennedySchoolofGovernmentProgramonEducationPolicyandGovernanceResearchPaper#04-20,July2004.

21

d)SchoolChoiceandSchoolCompetitionBetts,JulianR.andRichardC.Atkinson.(2012)“BetterResearchNeededontheImpactofCharterSchools,”Science,January13:Volume335no.6065pp.171-172.*Betts,JulianR.,LorienA.Rice,AndrewC.Zau,Y.EmilyTang,andCoryR.Koedel(2005),DoesSchoolChoiceWork?EffectsonStudentIntegrationandAchievement,SanFrancisco:PublicPolicyInstituteofCalifornia.Availableatwww.ppic.org.Cullen,J.B.;Jacob,B.A.andLevitt,S.D.(2005),"TheImpactofSchoolChoiceonStudentOutcomes:AnAnalysisoftheChicagoPublicSchools."JournalOfPublicEconomics,89(5-6),pp.729-60.(SeealsoNBERWorkingPaper7888.)*Cullen,JulieBerry;Jacob,BrianA;Levitt,Steven,(2006)“TheEffectofSchoolChoiceonParticipants:EvidencefromRandomizedLotteries,”Econometrica,.September,74(5):1191-1230.Dobbie,WillandRolandG.FryerJr.(2015).“TheMedium-TermImpactsofHigh-AchievingCharterSchools,”JournalofPoliticalEconomy123:5,pp.985-1037.➤ Dobbie,WillS.andRolandG.Fryer,Jr.(2016),“CharterSchoolsandLaborMarketOutcomes“,NationalBureauofEconomicResearchWorkingPaper22502.Epple,DennisandRomano,Richard(1998),“CompetitionBetweenPrivateandPublicSchools,Vouchers,AndPeer-GroupEffects,”AmericanEconomicReview88,33-62.Hoxby,CarolineM.(1998),“WhatDoAmerica’s‘Traditional’FormsofSchoolChoiceTeachUsaboutSchoolChoiceReforms?”,(March)EconomicPolicyReview,downloadablefromwww.ny.frb.org.*Hoxby,CarolineM.(2000),“DoesCompetitionamongPublicSchoolsBenefitStudentsandTaxpayers?”,AmericanEconomicReview,December.Hoxby,CarolineM."SchoolChoiceandSchoolProductivity(Or,CouldSchoolChoicebeaRisingTidethatLiftsAllBoats,"inC.Hoxby,ed.TheEconomicsofSchoolChoice,Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,2003.Hsieh,C.T.andUrquiola,M.(2003),"WhenSchoolsCompete,HowDoTheyCompete?AnAssessmentofChile'sNationwideSchoolVoucherProgram."JournalOfEconomicHistory,63(2),pp.558-58.(SeealsoNBERWorkingPaper10008.)Hsieh,C.T.andUrquiola,M.“TheEffectsofGeneralizedSchoolChoiceonAchievementandStratification:EvidenceFromChile’sVoucherProgram.”JournalofPublicEconomics90pp.1477–1503.Krueger,A.andZhu,P.(2003),“AnotherlookattheNewYorkCityschoolvoucherexperiment,NBERWorkingPaper9418,NationalBureauofEconomicResearch.Myers,D.,Peterson,P.,Mayer,D.,Chou,J.andHowell,W.(2000),“SchoolChoiceInNewYorkCityAfterTwoYears:AnEvaluationOfTheSchoolChoiceScholarshipsProgram,”ResearchPaper8404-045,MathematicaPolicyResearchInc.

22

Rothstein,Jesse(2007).“DoesCompetitionAmongPublicSchoolsBenefitStudentsandTaxpayers?ACommentonHoxby(2000).”AmericanEconomicReview,Decemberpp.2026-2037.AversionisavailableasNBERWorkingPaper11215.Rouse,CeciliaE.(1998),“SchoolsandStudentAchievement:MoreEvidencefromtheMilwaukeeParentalChoiceProgram”,(March)EconomicPolicyReview,downloadablefromwww.ny.frb.org.Urquiola,M."DoesSchoolChoiceLeadtoSorting?EvidencefromTieboutVariation."AmericanEconomicReview,2005,95(4),pp.1310-26. e)SchoolStandardsandAccountabilityTheoreticalWorkonStandards*Costrell,RobertM.(1994),"ASimpleModelofEducationalStandards",AmericanEconomicReview,September,84(4),pp.956-71.*Betts,JulianR.,(1998),“TheImpactofEducationalStandardsontheLevelandDistributionofEarnings”,AmericanEconomicReview,(88:1),pp.266-275. EmpiricalEvidenceBetts,Julian(1998),“TheTwo-LeggedStool:TheNeglectedRoleofEducationalStandardsinImprovingAmerica’sSchools”,(March)EconomicPolicyReview,downloadablefromwww.ny.frb.org.Betts,JulianR.BettsandJeffGrogger(2003),“TheImpactofGradingStandardsonStudentAchievement,EducationalAttainment,andEntry-LevelEarnings”,EconomicsofEducationReview,(22:4),August,pp.343-352.Chay,K.Y.;McEwan,P.J.andUrquiola,M."TheCentralRoleofNoiseinEvaluatingInterventionsThatUseTestScorestoRankSchools."AmericanEconomicReview,2005,95(4),pp.1237-58.Clotfelter,C.T.;Ladd,H.F.;Vigdor,J.L.andDiaz,R.A."DoSchoolAccountabilitySystemsMakeItMoreDifficultforLow-PerformingSchoolstoAttractandRetainHigh-QualityTeachers?"JournalOfPolicyAnalysisAndManagement,2004,23(2),pp.251-71.Dee,T.andB.Jacob(2010)“EvaluatingNCLB,”EducationNext10(3),54-61.http://educationnext.org/files/EdNext_20103_54.pdfJacob,B.(2003)“HighStakesinChicago,”EducationNext3(1),66-72.http://educationnext.org/files/ednext20031_66.pdfJacob,BrianA.(2001),“GettingTough?TheImpactofHighSchoolGraduationExams”,EducationalEvaluationandPolicyAnalysis(23:2)99-121.Jacob,BrianA."Accountability,IncentivesandBehavior:TheImpactofHigh-StakesTestingintheChicagoPublicSchools."JournalofPublicEconomics,2005,89(5-6),pp.761-96.

23

Jacob,B.A.andLevitt,S.D."RottenApples:AnInvestigationofthePrevalenceandPredictorsofTeacherCheating."QuarterlyJournalOfEconomics,2003,118(3),pp.843-77.Jacob,Brian,SusanDynarski,KennethFrank,BarbaraSchneider(2016),“AreExpectationsAloneEnough?EstimatingtheEffectofaMandatoryCollege-PrepCurriculuminMichigan”,NationalBureauofEconomicResearchWorkingPaper22013.Kane,ThomasJ.andStaiger,DouglasO.(2002),“ThePromiseandPitfallsofUsingImpreciseSchoolAccountabilityMeasures.”JournalofEconomicPerspectives,16(4),pp.91–114.Roderick,M.;Jacob,B.A.andBryk,A.S."TheImpactofHigh-StakesTestinginChicagoonStudentAchievementinPromotionalGateGrades."EducationalEvaluationandPolicyAnalysis,2002,24(4),pp.333-57.Schwerdt,Guido,MartinR.West,MarcusA.Winters(2015),“TheEffectsofTest-BasedRetentiononStudentOutcomesOverTime:RegressionDiscontinuityEvidencefromFlorida”,NationalBureauofEconomicResearchWorkingPaper21509.Zau,AndrewC.andJulianR.Betts(2008),PredictingSuccess,PreventingFailure:AnInvestigationoftheCaliforniaHighSchoolExitExam,SanFrancisco:PublicPolicyInstituteofCalifornia.