lable & contents of final thesis

7/29/2019 Lable & Contents of Final Thesis

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CONTENTSCHAPTER TITLE PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3

2.1 Definition and concept of wetlands2.2 Classification of wetlands

2.3 Wetlands in Bangladesh

2.4 Distribution of wetland soils of the world

2.5 Distribution of wetlands in Bangladesh

2.6 Soil processes in wetlands

2.7 Genesis and stages of soil formation under seasonally

flooded condition

2.8 Characteristics of wetland soils

2.8.1 Morphological characteristics and properties

2.8.2 Physical properties

2.8.3 Chemical properties

2.8.4 Physico-chemical properties

2.8.5 Mineralogical properties

35

7

9

12

15

15

19

20

20

23

25

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF WETLANDS IN BANGLADESH

3.1 Agro-Ecological Regions (AER)

3.2 Geomorphology, geology and physiography of wetland soils

of Bangladesh

3.2.1 Geology

3.2.2 Geomorphology

3.2.3 Physiography and Sedimentation

3.3 Importance of wetlands for Bangladesh

3.4 Degradation of wetland soils

3.5 Strategies and plan for better use of wetlands

4. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF THE AREA UNDER

STUDY

52

4.1 Geology and landforms of Brahmanbaria district

4.2 Climate

52

55


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4.3 Hydrology

4.4 Drainage

4.5 Vegetation

4.6 Soil

56

58

59

605. MATERIALS AND METHODS 62

5.1 Selection of soil sampling sites and sample preparation

5.2 Methods of the field study of soils

5.3 Field description of the studied soils

5.3.1 Balaganj series

5.3.2 Phagu series

5.3.3 Nasirnagar series

5.3.4 Nabinagar series

5.4 Laboratory methods

5.4.1 Physical analysis

5.4.2 Chemical analysis

5.4.3 Physico-chemical analysis

5.4.4 Clay mineralogical analysis

62

62

65

65

68

71

74

77

79

79

79

80

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 81

6.1 Morphological properties

6.2 Physical Properties

6.2.1 Particle size distribution

6.2.2 Hygroscopic moisture

6.3 Chemical properties

6.3.1 Soil reaction (pH) 6.3.2 Organic matter

6.3.3 Total nitrogen and C/N ratio

6.4 Physico-chemical properties of the soils

6.4.1 Cation exchange capacity

6.4.2 Exchangeable cations

6.4.3 Base saturation percentage

6.5 Clay mineralogical composition

81

86

86

93

93

93101

103

107

107

112

117

1177. CHANGING SCENARIO OF THE STUDIED SOILS 126


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7.1 Changes in physical properties of the studied soils

7.2 Changes in chemical properties of the studied soils

7.3 Changes in physico-chemical properties of the studied

Soils

133

133

135

1378. GENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE STUDIED SOILS 139

8.1 Genesis of the soils

8.2 Classification of the soils

139

141

9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 144

10. REFERENCES 148


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L IST OF TABLESSL. NO. PAGE

1. Possible wetland classification system based on application of land

type definitions.

7

2. Characterization of the wetland soil series of Bangladesh in the U. S.

Soil Taxonomy.

8

3. Wetland soils of Bangladesh in relation to their classification in the

USDA Soil Taxonomy and the FAO-UNESCO Legend.

9

4. Distribution of principal wetland soils of the world. 10

5. Geographical distribution of wetlands and their areas in Bangladesh. 146. Area of different types of wetlands in Bangladesh. 14

7. Major soil groups in the non calcareous wetland areas of Bangladesh. 178. Minerals in the sand and silt fractions and the weatherable mineral

contents in some noncalcareous floodplain soils of Bangladesh.

17

9. Land Types in Bangladesh on the basis of Inundation Depth 22

10. Area distribution of various Land Classes 3011. Distribution of wetland soils in various physiographic locations,

drainage and hydrology.

49

12. Climatic Data of Comilla Meteorological Station. 57

13. Crop suitability ratings by soil series, phase or land type in different

wetlands of Brahmanbaria district.

60

14. Soil sampling sites and their environmental characteristics. 64

15. Parent material of the selected soil series and their expected areas. 7716. Coded morphological properties of the studied soils. 8417. Particle size distribution and textural class of some wetland soils under

study.

87

18. Soil reaction of the studied soil. 9619. Organic matter and nitrogen contents of the studied soil. 10220. Cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations of the studied soil. 10821. Results of percent composition of the exchangeable metal ions in the

exchange complex of the studied soils.

114

22. Some important Chemical properties of the studied soils. 11523. Semiquantitative estimation of minerals in the clay fraction of studied

soils.

124

24. Changes in particle size distribution (%) in the four selected soil series

of the studied area

129

25. Changes in pH, Organic carbon (%) and total nitrogen (%) in the

surface horizon of four selected soil series

131

26. Changes in cation exchange capacity, exchangeable Ca and Mg in the

surface horizon of four selected floodplain soils

131

27.Classification of the studied wetland (seasonally flooded) soils

132


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SL. NO. LIST OF FIGURES PAGE

1. Distribution of wetlands in Bangladesh 12

2. Major wetlands of Bangladesh 13

3. Agro ecological region in Bangladesh 16

4. Inundation land type map 18

5. Relation of crops with flood and irrigation 24


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6. Location map of Brahmanbaria district

7. Distribution of land types on the basis of flooding depth

8. Map of Sarail upazila showing the location of soil sampling sites 53

9. Balaganj soil profile 67

10. Phagu soil profile 70

11. Nasirnagar soil profile 73

12. Nabinagar soil profile 76

13. Vertical distribution of Sand fraction in the soils under

investigation

89

14. Vertical distribution of Silt fraction in the soils under investigation 90

15. Vertical distribution of Clay fraction in the soils under investigation 91

16. Relationship between clay content and hygroscopic moisture

in the studied soil.

94

17. Vertical distribution of pH (H2O) in the soils under investigation 98

18. A comparison of pH (H2O) with pH (KCl) in some studied wetland soils 99

19. Relationship between pH (H2O) and pH (KCl) in the studied soil. 100

20. Vertical distribution of Total Nitrogen in the soils under investigation 105

21. Relationship between organic matter and total nitrogen in the studied

soils

106

22. Vertical distribution of Cation Exchange Capacity in the soils under

investigation

109

23. Relationship between Clay and CEC in the studied soils 110


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24. Relationship between organic matter and CEC in the studied soils 111

25. Relationship between pH (H2O) and percent base saturation in the

studied soil.

116

26. X-ray diffraction patterns of the clay samples from surface horizon of

Balaganj soil.

119


Phagu soil.

120


Nasirnagar soil.

121


Nabinagar soil.

122

30. Changes in sand 134

31. Changes in silt 134

32. Changes in clay 134

33. Changes in pH 136

34. Changes in carbon 136

35. Changes in nitrogen 136

36. Changes in CEC 137

37. Changes in exchangeable Calcium 138

38. Changes in exchangeable Magnesium 138


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author has the immense pleasure to express his heartiest appreciation, deepest sense of

gratitude and best regard to his honorable teacher Dr. Mohammad Sultan Hussain,

M.Sc. (Dhaka), Ph.D. (Hawaii), Professor, Department of Soil, Water and Environment,

University of Dhaka for his valuable instruction, supervision, enthusiastic guidance and

constant encouragement throughout the research work and in the preparation and

completion of the manuscript.

The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to Dr. Aminur Rahman Mazumder,

Professor, Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, for his co-

operation and constant inspiration during the progress of this work.

It is a great pleasure for the author to express his gratefulness to Md. Jashim Uddin,

Lecturer; Dr. A. S. M. Mohi Uddin, Associate Professor, Department of Soil, Water and

Environment, University of Dhaka, who were very kind to help and co-operate with

valuable suggestions whenever needed during the tenure of study.

The author takes the pleasure of acknowledging Dr. Syed Fazle Elahi, Professor,

Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka for administrative help

and constant co-operation for completion of the paper work.

The author specially thankful to Dr. Shah Mohammad Ullah, Department of Soil, Water

and Environment, University of Dhaka, for his co-operation and meaningful suggestions.


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The author is also grateful to honorable Chairman Professor Dr. S. M. Imamul Huq,

Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka for his advice during

the study period.

The author remembers Mr. Iftekhar Uddin Ahmed, Senior Scientific Officer, Soil

Resource Development Institute, Dhaka for help in carrying out the X-ray diffraction

analysis of clay samples.

It is a great pleasure for the author to extent his cordial thanks to all his respectable

teachers of the Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, for their

gesture of good will and generous help.

Author

Abu Syed Md. Nizamuddin

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