LABEC, FlorenceLaboratory of Nuclear Techniques for Environment and Cultural Heritage

F. LucarelliF. Lucarelli

From mid 1980’s its “research goals” were changed to applications, mainly Ion Beam Analysis, IBA (mostly Particle-Induced X ray

Emission, PIXE)

In Florence....• Long-time tradition with PIXE (and IBA

in general) applied to Cultural Heritage This activity started in the middle of This activity started in the middle of

the Eighties with an old Van de the Eighties with an old Van de Graaff single-ended accelerator...Graaff single-ended accelerator...

Until mid 1980’s a local activity of nuclear physics with the 3 MV van de Graaff accelerator

3

Ion Beam Analysis (IBA)• Material composition analysis through beam particle bombardment

typically proton or alpha beams at some MeV energy

particle accelerator

radiation detection and spectral analysis

particle beam

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

EX (eV)

Con

tegg

i

Mg

Al

Si

Ca

Fe

emission of radiation of characteristic energies (X-rays, -rays, particles…)

move of the Physics Department to the new campus in Sesto Fiorentino

• INFN and University create a new lab

• new 3 MV Tandetron, designed from the beginning to perform both IBA and

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)

• The new laboratory, LABEC, is operational in May 2004

2002-2003

Tandetron, 3 MV max. terminal voltage

3 independent ion sources (single-cahode Cs sputter, 59-cathode Cs sputter, Duoplasmatron)

6 beamlines for Ion Beam Analysis (IBA)

1 beamline for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)

Copyright foto Luca Casonato, 2009

Accelerator hall

The Tandetron facility at LABEC

IBA dualsource

3 MV Tandetron

chopped beam line

multi-angle scattering chamber

multipurpose IBA vacuum chamber

external beam(Cultural Heritage)

high-energyAMS

spectrometer

multi-sampleAMS source

externalmicro-beam

external beam(Environment)

technological developments (electronics and process automation, data acquisition systems, detection setups, further beamlines)

methodological developments (test of new ideas for application procedures)

measurements in the framework of both:

interdisciplinary research projects in collaboration with other Institutions (CNR, Cultural Heritage safeguard Institutions,

Environmental Protection Agencies) and University Departments other than Physics Dpts

“internal” collaborations supporting other nuclear physics groups (detector tests, radiation damage measurements, etc.)

Activities at LABEC

25-30% AMS

30% IBA aerosol

30-35% IBA for Cultural Heritage and other applications

10% neither AMS nor IBA

Beam time

at LABEC AMS 14C14C, in turn, mainly for archaeological dating

AMS at LABECThe low-energy and high-energy AMS lines are equipped with the necessary hardware to implement the measurement of 14C, 10Be, 26Al and 129I.

Standard precision < 0.5% (< 0.3% when required)

Overall background: ~ 50000 y equivalent

AMS 14C dating at LABEC about 300 samples analysed per year (home-prepared)

+ 100 prepared outside

Distribution of analysed materials

Relics of St. Francis (tunics and other) kept in the church of St.Francis in Cortona and in the Basilica of Santa Croce (Florence)

Archaeological diggings in downtown Florence (Palazzo

Vecchio and surroundings)

Etruscan site diggings in Southern Tuscany

River sediments – the Abak Creek layers in Ethiopia

NEWS @ Nature.com

5 settembre 2007

Scientific American online

6 settembre 2007

The Artemidor’s papyrus

The Rosano Crucifix

The icon in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Aracoeli, Rome

Atmospheric aerosols

Impact on the environment Impact on

human health Impact on cultural heritage

Solid or liquid particles with a diameter from 10-3 to 102 μm• natural or anthropogenic sources

• primary or secondary origin

What do we need to study aerosols

Many good data concerning:• PM concentration and composition• size distribution• optical properties• time and space evolution

OUTPUT

Quantification and

identification of PM emissions

sources through receptor models

Contribution to climate models to assess the role of atmospheric aerosols in radiative forcing

Contribution to pollution abatement policies to improve air qualitity

Higher-Z elements Higher-Z elements X ray detector X ray detector

(Si(Li))(Si(Li))

Light elements X ray Light elements X ray detector (SDD)detector (SDD)

Faraday cupFaraday cup

Gamma ray det. HPGeGamma ray det. HPGe

He

PIXE-PIGE PIXE-PIGE externalexternal set-upset-up at LABEC at LABEC for aerosol composition measurementsfor aerosol composition measurements

LABEC aerosol group research projectsLocal impact:• Study of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 in Tuscany (PATOS, PATOS 2) and in major Italian towns, Barcelona, Sevilla, Elche, Alicante, London, Japan

Global impact:• EPICA - European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica• TALDICE - TALos Dome Ice CorE• ANDRILL - Antarctic Geological Drilling• AMMA - African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis• MAIL - Marine Aerosol in the Island of Lampedusa• DIRIGIBILE ITALIA (multidisciplinary study of climate change

in Arctic region)

Environmental monitoring at cultural heritage sites

Indoor pollution/Personal exposure:• HEARTS - Health Effects And Risks of Transport Systems

Average source apportionment

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

06

/09

/05

20

/09

/05

04

/10

/05

18

/10

/05

01

/11

/05

15

/11

/05

29

/11

/05

13

/12

/05

27

/12

/05

10

/01

/06

24

/01

/06

07

/02

/06

21

/02

/06

07

/03

/06

21

/03

/06

04

/04

/06

18

/04

/06

02

/05

/06

16

/05

/06

30

/05

/06

13

/06

/06

27

/06

/06

11

/07

/06

25

/07

/06

08

/08

/06

22

/08

/06

05

/09

/06

19

/09

/06

03

/10

/06

con

cen

trat

ion

(m g

/m3 )

marine aerosolbiomass burningtrafficsecondary nitratesecondary sulphatesoil dust

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

06

/09

/05

20

/09

/05

04

/10

/05

18

/10

/05

01

/11

/05

15

/11

/05

29

/11

/05

13

/12

/05

27

/12

/05

10

/01

/06

24

/01

/06

07

/02

/06

21

/02

/06

07

/03

/06

21

/03

/06

04

/04

/06

18

/04

/06

02

/05

/06

16

/05

/06

30

/05

/06

13

/06

/06

27

/06

/06

11

/07

/06

25

/07

/06

08

/08

/06

22

/08

/06

05

/09

/06

19

/09

/06

03

/10

/06

PM10

soil dust18%

traffic25%

secondary nitrate12%

secondary sulphate

17%

marine aerosol

5%

biomass burning

23%

Remote areasAntarctic dust Desert aerosol

dust particles deposited over the Antarctic ice sheet and archived in ice core samples (spanning the last 220 kyr), to investigate global climate changes

collected during the AMMA project(African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses)

S. Szidat, Science 323 (2009), 470

14C fraction with respect to modern carbon:~ 0 in the aerosols produced by fossil fuels~ 1 in the aerosol of biogenic origin or from biomass burning

Marker of pollution from fossil fuels burning

AMS 14C measurements in aerosols

LABEC – LABEC – LLaboratorio di Tecniche Nucleari per l’aboratorio di Tecniche Nucleari per l’AAmbiente mbiente e i e i BeBeni ni CCulturaliulturali

Ion Beam Analysis techniques for Cultural Heritage

Using external beam set-ups

we can investigate

in a totally non-destructive way

the complete quantitative

composition of any kind of artwork

...glazed terracottas,

External PIXE analysis of the “Ritratto di fanciullo” by Luca Della

Robbia – before restoration at the Opificio delle Pietre Dure in

Florence

Analysis of ancient glass,

External PIXE-PIGE analysis of the glass tesserae from Villa Adriana

External-beam PIXE analysis of the frontispiece of Pl.16,22 (XV century, Biblioteca Laurenziana in Florence)

...ancient illuminated manuscripts,

...historical documents,

Inks in Galileo’s manuscripts (Florence National Library) analysed by external PIXE

…ancient embroideries,

Micro-PIXE and –PIGE analysis of gold threads of a Renaissance

embroidery based on a cartoon by Raffaellino del Garbo

…early photographs,

PIXE-PIGE analysis of a print on metal plate of the XIX century

...drawings,

PIXE-PIGE analysis of a drawing on prepared paper, by Leonardo or his school

PIXE-PIGE analysis of a drawing on prepared paper, school of Verona, XVI cent.

...paintings on wood or canvas

Micro-PIXE and -PIGE analysis of the “Ritratto Trivulzio” by Antonello da Messina

Differential PIXE and PIGE analysis of the Madonna dei Fusi by Leonardo

Giorgio Vasari

Tavoletta with S.Lucia, from Pala Albergotti, Arezzo

Andrea Mantegna

Madonna col Bambino, oil on canvas, Accademia Carrara di Bergamo

…manufacts in semi-precious stones,

“Disc with star” from the “Collezione Medicea di Pietre Ornamentali” of the Natural History Museum in Florence ( mineralogy and lithology division)

Two dedicated external beamlinesbeam size defined by collimation

(Ø 0.2 ÷ 1 mm)strong focusing system,

quadrupole doublet (Ø 8÷10 mm)

External microbeam line

magnetic scan of areas within the window aperture

list-mode (E,x,y) DAQ

includes detection systems for PIXE, PIGE, backward and forward particle scattering,

< 10 mm beam size on target

ion induced luminescence (IBIL)

beam

Au LAu Lαα Pb LPb Lαα

Sn KSn K FeFe

Elemental mappingThe eye of the Virgin

The veilAu LAu Lαα

AlAlSiSi Pb LPb Lαα

2 mm2 mm

2 mm2 mm

External microbeam line

full control of beam currents from a few nA down to ultra low (hundreds of particles/sec)

higher beam intensities

elemental PIXE –PIGE maps also for trace elements (of great interest e.g. for geologists)

ultra-low currents

possibility of scanning transmission ion microscopy (STIM)

tests of detectors response as a function of position (through IBICC, ion beam induced charge collection)

Ion lithography (with protons or even heavier

ions) through beam-induced alteration of material

properties (optical, electrical, etc.) on selected

zones “drawn” by the microbeam scan (material

properties are selectively altered in depth thanks

to the Bragg peak)

Another achievement, exploiting IBMM

(Ion Beam Modification of Materials)

Electrostatic deflector beamline

(pulsed beam facility)

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

14012010080604020

MeV

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Beam bunches with different particle multiplicity can be delivered directly to a detector for response tests to particles

3 MeV protons

5 MeV protons

Not only accelerator-based techniques at LABEC

Design, construction and applications of an

innovative transportable XRF system

with superior performance, in particular for

low-Z elements detection

The transportable XRF spectrometer

● 2 X ray tubes (30 kV max, 1 mA max) with two different anodes (typically Mo e Ti; W if needed)

● SDD detector (active area 10 mm2, 450 μm thickness, FWHM 139 eV @ 5.9 keV)

● helium flow in front of both tubes and detector

● telecamera

● 2 laser beams for accurate positioning

● interchangeable collimators; typical beam diameter 0.5 mm

Measurement head

Controller

● independent PS for the two tubes

● data acquisition, He flow, X-Y-Z displacement and video camera are remotely controlled (via Ethernet) by the same computer

Stesura oltremare artificiale

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

energia (eV)

con

teg

gi

Mo 22kV

Na

Al

Si

S (+Mo)

K

Ca

Ca Fe

ultramarine blue layer

Ultramarine blue layer on chalk XRF spectrum with our spectrometre

“Head of a Prophet” by Lorenzo Ghiberti (part of the Paradise Gate of the Florence Baptistery)

Gilded bronze

Affresco della Resurrezione

Piero della Francesca

Sansepolcro,Museo Civico

Crocefisso, Maestro di FiglineSanta Croce

Globi del Coronelli

Museo Galileo

Santa Croce, Cappella Bardi – ciclo di affreschi di Giotto

Madonna del Granduca

Raffaello Galleria Palatina

Thank you for your Thank you for your attention!attention!

LABEC – chi ci lavora

Luca CararresiMassimo ChiariLorenzo Giuntini (tec)Franco LucarelliPier Andrea Mandò

Marco Manetti (tec.)Silvia NavaFrancesco Taccetti (tec.)

yellow INFNwhite UniFi

Silvia Calusi (post doc)Giulia Calzolai (post doc)Mariaelena Fedi (ricerc. tempo det.)

Lucia Caforio (phd st.)

S.Francesco Church at Cortona

It was build by Padre Elia a few years after the death of St- Francesco (1226). Three important relics are kept there :

The frok; according to tradition, the one used to cover the Saint’s body at the moment of his death.

A pillow, on which tradition tells St.

Francis was leaning his head while passing away

un evangeliario

Atmospheric data from Reimer et al (2004);OxCal v3.10 Bronk Ramsey (2005); cub r:5 sd:12 prob usp[chron]

600CalAD 800CalAD 1000CalAD 1200CalAD 1400CalAD 1600CalAD

Calibrated date

tonaca Cortona 857±18BP

cuscino 1 915±40BP

cuscino 3 885±30BP

Tonaca S.Croce 666±18BP

cingolo S.Croce 852±34BP

Identification of fugitive

emissions from industries

Traffic emissions

No chemical analysis is

possible!

1 Hour

0

1

2

34

5

3.00

15.0

03.

0015

.00

3.00

15.0

03.

0015

.00

3.00

15.0

03.

0015

.00

3.00

15.0

0

As

Na

K

m g/m

3

Montelupo Fiorentino: artistic glass industry

Continuous streaker sampler

ghiaccio

SiO2

68%

MgO2%

K2O3%

TiO2

1%

Fe2O3

8%MnO0%

Al2O3

15%

CaO1%

Na2O2%

Composizione media del mineral dust durante le ultime ere glaciali

SiO2

52%

CaO1%

Fe2O3

16%

K2O3%

Na2O0%

MgO5%TiO2

1%

MnO0%

Al2O3

22%

K2O4%

MnO0%

CaO1%

Fe2O3

17%

TiO2

1%

Al2O3

27%

Na2O1%

SiO2

44%

MgO5%K2O

3%

MgO3%

Na2O1%

MnO0%

Fe2O3

10%

CaO2%

TiO2%1%

Al2O3

20%

SiO2

60%Confronto con composizione sedimenti nelle possibili zone

sorgenti per studiare i fenomeni di trasporto

Ice-dust and PSA-sediments Ice-dust and PSA-sediments compositioncomposition

External STIM set-up

STIM of a thin copper grid

map of higher-energy transmitted protons

map of lower-energy transmitted protons