lab1
DESCRIPTION
Matlab HelpTRANSCRIPT
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Signals and
Systems Lab 1 Lab instructor : Maheen Islam
Contact: [email protected]
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam- Electrical Department-Air University 1
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Announcements
CR
Class group-mail
Manuals to be submitted in each lab and to be collected from office by CR before Friday every week.
Lab manual to be followed
Marks division
Quizzes 6%
Project 6%
Lab Notebook 3%
Assignments 3%
Lab performance 2%
Sig
nals
And S
yst
em
s Lab -
Lab e
ngin
eer
Maheen Isl
am
-Ele
ctr
ical
Depart
ment-
Air
Univ
ers
ity
2
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Introduction
Lab manual (individual)
Matlab Excercises practiced in lab
Submission in every Lab, Cr to collect manuals every Friday
from office.
Quiz (Unannounced Anytime in Lab)
Assignments (done in manual)
Project Submission
Attendance within First 10 minutes
Sig
nals
And S
yst
em
s Lab -
Lab e
ngin
eer
Maheen Isl
am
-
Ele
ctr
ical
Depart
ment-
Air
Univ
ers
ity
3
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Objective of the Lab
Signals and systems analysis - a fundamental course
with various topics having applications in many areas
of engineering such as
Sig
nals
And S
yst
em
s Lab -
Lab e
ngin
eer
Maheen Isl
am
-Ele
ctr
ical
Depart
ment-
Air
Univ
ers
ity
Signals and System
Digital signal
processing
Communication
systems
Control engineering
Image Processing
Radar Engineering
System-Design
4
Announcement Regarding Projects
Project Proposal deadline: Week
before mids.
Failure of submission till
deadline will result
in deduction of 2%
marks and a project
will be assigned.
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Flow of the Lab
Introduction of Matlab
Introduction of signals
Difference of continuous time and discrete time signals, system properties
Topics under focus
Convolution, Fourier series, Continuous time Fourier transform (CTFT), discrete time Fourier transform (DTFT), Z- transform.
Sig
nals
And S
yst
em
s Lab -
Lab e
ngin
eer
Maheen Isl
am
-
Ele
ctr
ical
Depart
ment-
Air
Univ
ers
ity
5
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Signals and Systems Labs
Lab 1 GETTING STARTED WITH MATLAB
Lab 2 LOOPS & DECISION MAKING
Lab 3 WORKING WITH FUNCTIONS IN MATLAB
Lab 4 HOW TO PLOT DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS IN MATLAB
Lab 5 TRANSFORMATION OF SIGNALS IN MATLAB
Lab 6 CONVOLUTION OF LTI SYSTEMS IN MATLAB
Lab 7 FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION OF PERIODIC SIGNALS IN MATLAB
Lab 8 FOURIER TRANSFORM OF DIFFERENT SIGNALS IN MATLAB
Lab 9 Z-TRANSFORM & INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM
Sig
nals
And S
yst
em
s Lab -
Lab e
ngin
eer
Maheen Isl
am
-Ele
ctr
ical
Depart
ment-
Air
Univ
ers
ity
6
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GETTING STARTED WITH
MATLAB
Lab 1
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University 7
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Introduction
Product by MathWorks
Supported Platforms-Windows, MAC and LINUX
Strong Online Help by MathWorks
http://www.mathworks.com
Versatile Tool
Contains a large collection of built- in functions and commands used in
an interactive mode, when you are in the command window
Special Packages for disciplines like control systems, digital signal
processing, communications engineering, and image processing.
More than 20 sets known as toolboxes
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University
8
Numerical
Computation
Data
Analysis
Graphical
Visualization
Software
and
Hardware
interface
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Matlab GUI
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University 9
Command
Window
Matlab
Workspace
Current
Folder
Editor
Window Simulink
Figure Window- all figures and plots generated by plot commands
appear in this window
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Commands
THE SAVE COMMAND: If you want to save the variables in the workspace before you quit, use the command SAVE. This automatically
saves all the variables in a file called matlab.mat. When you enter
MATLAB again, you can restore these variables with the command
LOAD.
clc COMMAND: It clears the command window during a work session.
Clear COMMAND: It deletes all the variables in the workspace. All
variables are cleared & cannot be retrieved.
Help COMMAND: simplest way to determine the syntax & behaviour of
a particular function.
Try help whos
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University 10
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Notes
Data type LESS language, caters everything in the form matrices
MATLAB is case sensitive i.e; time, Time, TIME are three different variables.
To recall previous commands MATLAB uses the up & down arrow keys.
Keys are used to edit the commands.
All text after percent sign (%) is taken as a comment statement.
Multiple commands can be placed on one line if they are separated by commas (,) or semicolons (;).Commas tell MATLAB to display results, semicolons suppress printing.
Ctrl+R => comment, ctrl+T=> uncomment
If a statement does not fit on one line use three periods,, followed by Enter to indicate that the statement continues on the next line. The maximum number of characters allowed on a single line is 4096.
You can interrupt MATLAB execution at any time by pressing CTRL+C.
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University 11
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Vector, Array and Matrices
Notation used by Matlab is the standard linear algebra notation
Vectors and scalars- special cases of a matrixall of which are represented as arrays in MATLAB
A scalar is an array of 1 1 dimension
A row vector is an array of 1 n dimension
A column vector is an array of n 1 dimension.
When elements of an array are typed in a row within square brackets,
with a space between the elements, MATLAB displays it as a row vector
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University 12
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Vector, Array and Matrices
Try it
A = [1 2 0 3 1 5] % A row vector with name A
[1 2 0 3 1 5] % will create a row vector with default name ans
B=[1 2 0; 3 1 5; 0 4 -2] % will display a 3x3 matrix, each ; shows next row
>> x = 5 % Real scalar
>> x = 5+10j (or >> x = 5+10i) % Complex scalar
>> x = [1; 2; 3] % Column vector
Note
Complex elements of a matrix should not be typed with spaces, i.e.,
-1+2j is ne as a matrix element, -1 + 2j is not. Also, -1+2j is interpreted correctly whereas -1+j2 is not (MATLAB interprets the j2 as the name of a variable. You can always write -1+j*2
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University 13
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Matrix Operations-Arithmetic Operators Some more operations and their syntax
Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication *
Power or exponent ^
Transpose e.g A
Left division \
Note: x=M\b gives solution to M*x=b solution is given by x = 1 b
Right division /
Note: x=M/b gives solution to x*M=b given by x=M* 1
x = 5;
F=x*C ;
FF=C/x; % will give error at x/C as matrix dimension wont be matching,
to cater this error use dot operator will be discussed later.
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University 14
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Matrix Operations-Relational Operators
< less than
greater than
>= greater than or equal to
== equal to
~= not equal to
THE LOGICAL OPERATORS, e.g., & (and), | (or), and ~
(not).
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University 15
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Matrix Operations Dot Operator:use a dot before the sign for the mathematical
operation between the two matrices. e.g (.*), (./), (.^)
Concatenation: A matrix can be expanded by adding new matrices
and column or row vectors
Colon Operator: : J:k IS THE SAME AS [ J, J+1 K] and J:K IS EMPTY IF J>K
Try It:
A=[1 2 1;0 1 1;2 1 1];
B=[2 1 0;1 1 1;-1 2 1];
F=[A B] % horizontal concatenate
b=[5 4 2];
G=[A;B;b]; % vertical concatenate
G(7,2) %access element in 7th row, 2nd column
G(7,2)=6 % change its value to 6
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University 16
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Matrix Operation
Colon Operator:
Can be used to extract a sub matrix from a matrix
Q(:,2) gives a sub matrix with elements in all rows and the second column only.
The command Q(3,:) gives the elements in all columns and the third row only.
The command Q(1:2,2:3) gives the elements in the rows from 1 to 2 and in the columns from 2 to 3
Q(:,:)
rot90(A) Rotates the matrix array by 90?
fliplr(A) Flips the columns left to right
flipud(A) Flips the rows up to down
triu(A) Gives the upper triangular part of the matrix
tril(A) Gives the lower triangular part of the matrix
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University 17
it will return the whole matrix.
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Few Special Matrices and Variables
ones(m,n), which gives a matrix with the number one in all its m rows and n columns
zeros(m,n), which gives a matrix with zeros in all its m rows and n columns
eye(m), which gives the identity ma trix of order m m.
Ans the default variable used for the most recent result. And this variable is also used as a default variable to store any value.
Pi it has the value of 3.14
Eps the smallest number such that when added to 1 creates a number greater than 1
Inf stands for infinity (8 1/0)
I or j i=j=v-1
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University 18
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Special Operations with
Complex Numbers
>> x = 3+4j % Complex scalar
x >> real(x) = 3 % Real part
x >> imag(x) = 4 % Imaginary part
x >> abs(x) = 5 % Magnitude
x >> angle(x) = 0.9273 % Angle
x >> conj(x) = 3 - 4i % Complex conjugate
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University 19
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Pre-defined functions
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University 20
Try your self using Matlab Help. Included in course
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Notes
When we use the same variables used above but define
them with new values, they become the current values
for the variables
Solve Exercise 1.91 from manual
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University 21
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Exercise-1.91
1. Create a vector
a) A of even whole numbers between 31 and 75.
b) B of odd whole numbers between 74 and 131.
2. Let x=[2 5 1 6];
a) Add 16 to each element.
b) Add 3 to the odd indexed element.
c) Compute the square root of each element.
d) Compute the square of each element.
3. Let x = [3 2 6 8] and y = [4 1 3 5]
a) Add the sum of the elements of x to y
b) Raise each element of x to the power specified by the corresponding element of y.
c) Multiply each element in x by the corresponding element in y and store the result in z.
d) Evaluate x*y and interpret the result
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University 22
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Exercise-1.91
4. given a vector t = [1:0.2:2] write down the MATLAB
expressions that will correctly compute the following
a) ln(2 + t + t2 )
b) ( 1+ cos(3t) )
c) cos2(t) + sin2(t)
d) tan-1 (1)
e) 1+2t
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University 23
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Practice Lab Task
Create a matrix of dimensions 4x4.
Find the number of diagonal entries and Add even
number to each diagonal locations of the matrix.
That is:
A =
1 2 3 4
4 5 6 6
7 8 9 0
1 2 4 0
Signals And Systems Lab - Lab engineer Maheen Islam-Electrical Department-Air
University 24
A =
1 2 3 4
4 7 6 6
7 8 13 0
1 2 4 6