la revision
TRANSCRIPT
LA REVISION - I
Dr.V.RAMKUMARCONSULTANTDENTAL&FACIOMAXILLARYSURGEON
REGNO:4118 TAMILNADU-INDIA(ASIA)
Local anesthesia has been defined as a loss of sensation in a circumscribed area of the body caused by a depression of excitation in nerve endings or an inhibition of the conduction process in peripheral nerves.
Properties deemed most desirable for a LA solution –
It should not be irritating to the tissue. It should not cause any permanent
alteration of nerve structure. Its systemic toxicity should be low. It must be effective regardless of whether
it is injected into the tissue or applied locally to mucous membranes.
The time of onset of anesthesia should be as short as possible.
The duration of action must be long enough to permit completion of the procedure.
It should be relatively free from producing allergic reactions.
It should be stable in solution and readily undergo biotransformation in the body.
Electrophysiology of nerve conduction
Exitation of nerve segment leads to an increase in permeability of the cell membrane to Na ions
At firing threshold permeability increases dramatically
Reversed polarity
Repolarization (the action potential is terminated)
Mode and site of action of LA
LA interfere with the excitation process in a nerve membrane in one or more of the following ways
Altering the basic resting potential of the nerve membrane
Altering the threshold potential (firing level) Decreasing the rate of depolarization Prolonging the rate of repolarization
Where do local anesthetics work?
Various theories –
Acetylcholine theory
Calcium displacement theory (most popular)
Surface charge (repulsion) theory
Membrane expansion theory
Specific receptor theory
How LA work?
Ca++ which exist in bound form within the cell membrane are thought to exert a regulatory role on the movement of Na+ ions
Ca++Ca++
Ca++Ca++
Displacement of Ca++ ions from the Na+ channel receptor site
Binding of LA molecule to this receptor site produces –
Blockade of the Na+ channel –
and results in conduction blockade
Pharmacology of LA
Classification of LA
1…Esters
Benzoic acid Paraaminobenzoic acid
ButacaineCocaineEthyl aminobenzoate (benzocaine)HexylcainePiperocaineTetracaine
ChlouopeocaineProcainePropoxycaine
2…Amides Articaine Bupivacaine Dibucaine Etidocaine Lidocaine Mepivacaine Prilocaine Ropivacaine
3…Quinoline Centbucridine
Half life of LA Lidocaine – 1.6 hours
Bupivacaine – 3.5 hours
Pharmacology of vasoconstrictors
Vasoconstrictors are drugs that constrict blood vassals.
Advantages – Decreases blood flow to the site of
administration. Absorption of LA into the CVS is slowed. Minimizing the risk of LA toxicity. Increasing the duration of action of LA.
Classification
Catecholamines Noncatecholamines
EpinephrineNorepinephrineLevonordefrin
AmphetamineMethamphetaminePhenylephrine
Felypressin (vasoconstrictor), a synthetic analogue of the polypeptide vasopressin.
Maximum doses of LA Lidocaine with epinephrine
7 mg/kg of body weight for the adult (not to exceed a dose of 500 mg).
Lidocaine without epinephrine 4.4 mg of body weight for the adult (not to
exceed a dose of 300 mg).
Same dose for children.
Calculation of number of cartridges (for70 kg)
Lidocaine with epinephrine
According to manufacturer –
20 mg/ml i.e. in 1 ml - 20 mg Considering cartridge as 1.8 ml
i.e. in 1.8 ml - 36mg(1.8×20)
or in 1 Cartridge - 36 mg Not to exceed a dose of 500 mg
So total no of cartridges 500/36 = 13.88 cartridges
Lidocaine without epinephrine
According to manufacturer –
20 mg/ml i.e. in 1 ml - 20 mg Considering cartridge as 1.8 ml
i.e. in 1.8 ml - 36mg(1.8×20)
or in 1 Cartridge - 36 mg Not to exceed a dose of 300 mg
So total no of cartridges 300/36 = 8.33 cartridges
Armamentarium
Tow types of armamentarium
Major components
Syringe Needle Cartridge
Other components
Topical antiseptic Topical anesthetic Applicator sticks Cotton gauze (2×2
inches) Hemostat
Syringe – It is the vehicle whereby the contents of the
anesthetic cartridge are delivered through the needle to the patient.
Needle –The needle permits the local anesthetic
solution to travel from the dental cartridge into the tissues surrounding the needle tip.
Cartridge – Is a glass cylinder containing the local
anesthetic drug.
Topical anesthetic -
Applicator sticks –
Cotton gauze (2×2 inches) –
Hemostat –
LA REVISION – II
Types of Local anesthetic injection
Local infiltration – Small terminal nerve endings in the area of the
dental treatment are flooded with local anesthetic solution.
Example: administration of LA into an interproximal papilla.
Field block –LA solution is deposited near the larger
terminal nerve branches so the anesthetic area will be circumscribed.
Nerve block –LA is deposited close to a main nerve trunk.
Common Techniques of Anesthesia (Maxillary / Mandible)
1…Supraperiosteal (infiltration)2…Periodontal ligament injection
(intraligamentary injection)
3…Intraseptal
4…Intracrestal
5…Intraosseous
Posterior superior alveolar nerve block
Techniques of maxillary anesthesia
Infraorbital nerve block
Middle superior alveolar nerve block Is present in only about 28% of the
population
Palatal anesthesia Greater palatine nerve block
Nesopalatine nerve block
Techniques of mandibular anesthesia Inferior alveolar nerve block
Lingual nerve block –
After depositing LA solution for inferior alveolar nerve pull the needle half way out, aspirate and deposit the LA solution for lingual nerve
Advantage – nicking of soft tissue will be avoided.
Buccal nerve block –a. Parallel with occlusal plane on the side of
injection but buccal to it.b. Distal and buccal to the last molar.
Mental nerve block
Mandibular nerve block: the GOW-GATES technique
VAZIRANI-AKINOSI closed-mouth mandibular block
Complications of local anesthesia Local complications Needle breakage Persistent anesthesia or
paresthesia Facial nerve paralysis Trismus Soft-tissue injury Hematoma Pain on injection Burning on injection Infection Edema Sloughing of tissues Post-anesthetic intraoral
lesions
Systemic complications Vasodepressor syncope Over dosage (toxic
reaction) Allergy Psychogenic reactions
Local complications
Needle breakage
Causes – Weakening of the dental needle by
bending it before it’s insertion. Sudden unexpected movement by the
patients.
Prevention – Use a 25-gauge needle. Use long needle requiring penetration (>
18 mm).
Persistent anesthesia or paresthesia
Causes – Trauma to any nerve. Injection of contaminated LA solution. Hemorrhage into or around the neural
sheath (Bleeding increases pressure on the nerve)
Prevention – Strict adherence to injection protocol. Proper care and handling of dental
cartridges.
Causes – Transient facial nerve paralysis is commonly caused by
the introduction of LA into the capsule of the parotid gland.
Prevention – Adhering to protocol with the IANB . A needle tip should be in contact with the bone.
Management – Reassure the patient Contact lance should be removed An eye patch should be applied to the affected eye. “tincture of time” is the recommended medicine.
TrismusCauses – Trauma to muscles or blood vessels. Contaminated LA solution. Hemorrhage. A low grade infection. Excessive volumes of LA solution.
Prevention – Practice atraumatic insertion and injection technique.
Management – Heat therapy, physiotherapy. Warm saline rinses. Anti-inflammatory, Analgesics, Muscle relaxants,
Antibiotics.
Soft-tissue injury
Causes – Common in younger children and mentally or
physically disabled children or adults.
Prevention – Proper instruction and education of guardian
HematomaCauses – The effusion blood into extravascular spaces due to
nicking of blood vessel (artery or vein) during injection.
Prevention – Use a short needle for PSA nerve block. Minimize number of needle penetration.
Management – Direct pressure should be applied to the site of
bleeding. Do not apply heat to the area for at least 4 to 6 hours.
Pain on injection
Causes – Careless injection technique.
Prevention - Proper technique. Use of sharp needle. Use of topical anesthetic. Inject LA slowly.
Burning on injection
Causes – pH of the solution (pH = 5 acidic) Rapid injection of LA. Contamination of LA cartridges
Prevention – Slowing the injection ( ideal rate 1 mm per sec.)
InfectionCauses – Contamination of needle. Injecting LA solution into an area of infection.
Management – Rx treatment consist of those procedures to
manage Trismus.
EdemaSwelling of tissue is a clinical sign of the presence
of some disorder.
Causes – Trauma, Infection, Allergy, Hemorrhage.
Prevention – Complete medical evaluation of the patient
before drug administration.
Sloughing of tissues Prolonged irritation or ischemia of gingival
soft tissue may led to – Epithelial desquamation Sterile abscess
Post-anesthetic intraoral lesions
These are recurrent aphthous stomatitis and Herpes simplex.
Management – Primary management is symptomatic.
Systemic complications Vasodepressor syncope Over dosage (toxic reaction) Allergy Psychogenic reactions
Thank You