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7/30/2019 kulit kanker

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Actinic Keratosis (Solar Keratosis)

These small, scaly patches are caused by too much sun,and commonly occur on the head, neck, or hands, butcan be found elsewhere. They can be an early warningsign of skin cancer, but its hard to tell whether a

particular patch will continue to change over time andbecome cancerous. Most do not, but doctorsrecommend early treatment to prevent the

development of squamous cell skin cancer. Fair-skinned, blond, or red-haired people with blue orgreen eyes are most at risk.


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Actinic Cheilitis (Farmer's Lip)

Related to actinic keratosis, actinic cheilitis is aprecancerous condition that usually appears on

the lower lips. Scaly patches or persistentroughness of the lips may be present. Lesscommon symptoms include swelling of the lip,loss of the sharp border between the lip and skin,

and prominent lip lines. Actinic cheilitis mayevolve into invasive squamous cell carcinoma ifnot treated.


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Cutaneous Horns

The cutaneous horn appears as a funnel-shapedgrowth that extends from a red base on the skin.It is composed of compacted keratin (the sameprotein in nails). It is a specialized type of actininckeratosis. The size and shape of the growth canvary considerably, but most are a few millimetersin length. Squamous cell carcinoma can be found

at the base. It usually occurs in fair-skinnedelderly adults with a history of significant sunexposure.


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When Is a Mole a Problem?

A mole (nevus) is a benign growth ofmelanocytes, cells that gives skin its color.Although very few moles become cancer,abnormal or atypical moles can develop intomelanoma over time. "Normal" moles can appearflat or raised or may begin flat and become raisedover time. The surface is typically smooth. Moles

that may have changed into skin cancer are oftenirregularly shaped, contain many colors, and arelarger than the


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Dysplastic Nevi (Atypical Moles)

Atypical moles are not cancer, but they canbecome cancer. They can be found in sun-

exposed or sun-protected areas of the body.Atypical moles may be larger (one-quarter inchacross or larger) and more irregular in shape,with notched or fading borders. They may be flat

or raised or the surface smooth or rough. Theyare typically of mixed color, including pink, red,tan, and brown.


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Know Your ABCDEs

Most moles on a person's body look similar toone another. A mole or freckle that looks

different from the others or thathas anycharacteristics of the ABCDEs ofmelanoma should be checked by a dermatologist.It could be cancerous. The ABCDEs are important

characteristics to consider when examining yourmoles or other skin growths, so learn them in theslides to come.


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Know Your ABCDEs: 'A' is for Asymmetry

Asymmetry means one half of a mole does not

match the other half. Normal moles are

symmetrical. When checking your moles or

freckles, draw an imaginary line through the

middle and compare the two halves. If they do

not look the same on both sides, have itchecked by a dermatologist.


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Know Your ABCDEs: 'B' is for Border

If the border or edges of the mole are ragged,

blurred, or irregular, have it checked by a

dermatologist. Melanoma lesions often have

uneven borders.


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Know Your ABCDEs: 'C' is for Color

A mole that does not have the same color

throughout or that has shades of tan, brown,

black, blue, white, or red is suspicious. Normal

moles are usually a single shade of color. A

mole of many shades or that has lightened or

darkened should be checked by a doctor.


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Know Your ABCDEs: 'D' is for Diameter

A mole is suspicious if the diameter is larger

than the eraser of a pencil.


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Know Your ABCDEs: 'E' is for Evolving

A mole that is evolving shrinking, growing

larger, changing color, begins to itch or bleed

should be checked. If a portion of the mole

appears newly elevated, or raised from the

skin, have it looked at by a doctor. Melanoma

lesions often grow in size or change in heightrapidly.


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Tips for Screening Moles for Cancer

Examine your skin on a regular basis. A commonlocation for melanoma in men is on the back, andin women, the lower leg. But check your entirebody for moles or suspicious spots once a month.Start at your head and work your way down.Check the "hidden" areas: between fingers andtoes, the groin, soles of the feet, the backs of the

knees. Check your scalp and neck for moles. Usea handheld mirror or ask a family member to helpyou look


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How Are Moles Evaluated?

If you find a mole or spot that has any ABCDE's ofmelanoma -- or one that's tender, itching, oozing,

scaly, doesn't heal or has redness or swellingbeyond the mole -- see a doctor. Your doctor maywant to remove a tissue sample from the moleand biopsy it. If found to be cancerous, the entire

mole and a rim of normal skin around it will beremoved and the wound stitched closed.Additional treatment may be needed.


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A Primer on Skin Cancer

Malignant melanoma, especially in the laterstages, is serious and treatment is difficult. Earlydiagnosis and treatment can increase the survivalrate. Nonmelanoma skin cancers include basalcell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.Both are common and are almost always curedwhen found early and treated. People who've

had skin cancer once are at risk for getting itagain; they should get a checkup at least once ayear.


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Melanoma

Melanoma is not as common as other types ofskin cancer, but it's the most serious and

potentially deadly. Possible signs of melanomainclude a change in the appearance of a moleor pigmented area. Consult a doctor if a molechanges in size, shape, or color, has irregularedges, is more than one color, is asymmetrical,or itches, oozes, or bleeds.


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Squamous Cell Carcinoma

This nonmelanoma skin cancer may appear as afirm red nodule, a scaly growth that bleeds or

develops a crust, or a sore that doesn't heal. Itmost often occurs on the nose, forehead, ears,lower lip, hands, and other sun-exposed areas ofthe body. Squamous cell carcinoma is curable if

caught and treated early. If the skin cancerbecomes more advanced, treatment will dependon the stage of cancer.


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Bowen Disease

Bowen disease is also called squamous cell

carcinoma "in situ." It is a type of skin cancer that

spreads outward on the surface of the skin. By

contrast, "invasive" squamous cell carcinomas

can grow inward and spread to the interior of the

body. Bowen disease looks like scaly, reddishpatches that may be crusted; it may be mistaken

for rashes, eczema, fungus, or psoriasis.


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Basal Cell Carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common andeasiest-to-treat skin cancer. Because basal cell

carcinoma spreads slowly, it occurs mostly inadults. Basal cell tumors can take on many forms,including a pearly white or waxy bump, oftenwith visible blood vessels, on the ears, neck, or

face. Tumors can also appear as a flat, scaly, flesh-colored or brown patch on the back or chest, ormore rarely, a white, waxy scar.


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Less Common Skin Cancers

Uncommon types of skin cancer include Kaposi's

sarcoma, mainly seen in people with weakened

immune systems; sebaceous gland carcinoma, anaggressive cancer originating in the oil glands in

the skin; and Merkel cell carcinoma, which is

usually found on sun-exposed areas on the head,neck, arms, and legs but often spreads to other

parts of the body.


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Who Gets Skin Cancer, and Why?

Sun exposure is the biggest cause of skin cancer.But it doesn't explain skin cancers that develop

on skin not ordinarily exposed to sunlight.Exposure to environmental hazards, radiationtreatment, and even heredity may play a role.Although anyone can get skin cancer, the risk is

greatest for people who have: Fair skin or light-colored eyes

An abundance of large and irregularly-


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Reduce Your Risk of Skin Cancer

Limit your exposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays,especially between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., when thesun's rays are strongest. While outdoors, liberallyapply a broad spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of30 or higher (don't forget the lips and ears!),wear a hat and sunglasses, and cover up withclothing. And remember, if you notice changes to

your skin such as a new growth, a mole changingappearance, or a sore that won't heal, see adoctor right way.


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