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Kouki Matsuse Professor Meiji University, Japan Fellow, IEEJ & IEEE IPEC-Hiroshima Invited Speech 2014. 5. 19 1/34 Contributions of Japan to Power Electronics and Motor Drive Systems Overview Brief History of IPEC Power Electronics and Drive Technologies in Japan Future Trends of Power Electronics and Drives

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1964 First high-speed railway Shinkansen using DC drive with diode rectifiers began operation in Japan 1964 Electric vehicle Electrovair1 using IM drive of thyristor inverter with Silver-Zinc Battery was introduce by GM 2 A few significant events in global history of power electronics and drives 1953 Prof. Kawamura was born in Yamaguchi, Japan! 1. Brief History of IPEC 1879 2.2kW electric locomotive drew 3 coaches in Berlin industrial exposition as the first electric rail 1881 First electric vehicle with a rechargeable battery as power source was introduced 1891 --Ward-Leonard speed control was introduced 1948 --Transistor was invented at Bell Labs 1956-1957 --Power diode and thyristor(SCR) was introduced by GE 1961 --Impulse-commutated inverter was introduced 1964 --Principles of Inverter Circuit was published (almost all AC drive main circuit topologies using thyristors were introduced)

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1969 --Dissertation on dynamic speed controlled drive was introduced by Dr. Hasse 1971 --Flux detecting vector control was introduced by Siemens 1974 PWM technique for single-phase converter in rail application was introduced in Germany 1975 --Giant transistor GTR was commercialized in Japan 1978 --Power MOSFET was introduced 1980 --High-power GTOs were commercialized in Japan 1981 --3 level inverter was introduced 1987 --IGBT was commercialized in Japan 1996- First mass-produced and purpose-designed electric vehicle was introduced by General Motors. (Prototype in 1990) 1997 Hybrid electric vehicle PRIUS was commercialized by TOYOTA 2009 Electric vehicle i-MiEV was commercialized by Mitsubishi Motors 2012 Large-capacity SiC diode was introduced in rail application of Japan 3 A few significant events in global history of power electronics and drives 1. Brief History of IPEC

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Japanese Attendees in Major P.E. Conferences in the 1970s *An important milestone. 1. Brief History of IPEC Prof. R.G.Hoft proposed to hold the P.E. Intr. conference in Japan. Dr. E. Reimers was the general chair and host scientist of this conference. 4 1977*

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A Commemorative International Event The US-Japan Cooperative Science Seminar on Analysis and Design in Power Electronics Nov. 25-29, 1981 International Conference Center, Kobe, Japan Sessions General analysis of power electronics, Simulation of power electronics Analysis and design of static converters Analysis and design of motor drives, and Workshop on microprocessor application in power electronics with 29 separate papers. 1. Brief History of IPEC 5

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US participants Richard G. Hoft John G. Kassakian Thomas A. Lipo Donald W. Novotny Robert D. Middlebrook Thomas G. Wilson U. S. Observers Laszlo Gyugyi William McMurray B. J. Min Third Country Observers Sashi B. Dewan Klemens Heumann US Members of the Seminar 1. Brief History of IPEC 6/34

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Japanese Members of the Seminar Japanese participants Tung Hai Chin Yasuhiko Dote Hiromasa Haneda Kosuke Harada Fumio Harashima Tagao Hirasa Toru Maruhashi Takuro Mochizuki Yoshishige Murakami Akira Nabae Noriaki Sato Yuzuru Tsunehiro Japanese observers Yoshihisa Hirane Yoshitaka Ikeda Kenzo Kamiyama Yasuo Miki Mutsuo Nakaoka Eiichi Ohno Yukio Takeda Hiroshi Watanabe 1. Brief History of IPEC 7

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8 IPEC-Tokyo 1983 1. Brief History of IPEC

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10 1. Brief History of IPEC IPEC-Tokyo 1990

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11 1. Brief History of IPEC

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12 1. Brief History of IPEC

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13 1. Brief History of IPEC

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1995: in Yokohama T.A.Lipo,Converter Fed Motors; A New Family of Electrical Machines K.Imai, Power Electronics strives to be friendly to the Environment 14 1983: in Tokyo S.Saba,Electric Challenges for Innovation in Industrial and Social Systems R.G.Hoft,Power Electronics: Historical Review Present Status and Future Prospect 1. Brief History of IPEC Keynote Speech 1990: in Tokyo E.Ohno,The Semiconductor Evolution in Japan-A Four Decade Long Maturity Thriving to an Indispensable Social Standing K.Heumann,Power Electronics-State of the Art M.Nishihara,Power Electronics Diversity

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15 1. Brief History of IPEC Painted by Prof. M.Matsui

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1. Brief History of IPEC 16

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17/34 1. Brief History of IPEC

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18 1. Brief History of IPEC

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19 1. Brief History of IPEC

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20 1. Brief History of IPEC

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2010: in Sapporo E.Masada,Railway Technologies in the Next Decade and Power Electronics G.Snitchler,Progress on High Temperature Superconductor Propulsion Motors and Direct Drive Generators P.K.Steimer,Enabled by High Power Electronics- Energy Efficiency, Renewables and Smart Grid 21 1. Brief History of IPEC Keynote Speech 2000: in Tokyo Y.Kaya,Response Strategies for Global Warming and the Role of Power Technologies H.Stemmler,State of the Art and Future Trends in High Power Electronics L.Gyugyi,Converter-based FACTS Technology: Electric Power Transmission in the 21 st Century 2005: in Niigata T.Fukao,Energy Environment and Power Electronics J.G.Kassakian, Innovation, Technology and Power Electronics L.Lorenz,Power Semiconductors State of the Art and Future Development

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22 Japanese Foreigners Sessions Participants Year Sessions Sessions and participants of IPECs 1. Brief History of IPEC

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JEMA: The Japan Electrical Manufacturers' Association No. of Units (Million) JEMA DataEstimated - General purpose ac motor drives - up to 75kW IPEC Tokyo IPEC Tokyo IPEC Yokohama IPEC Tokyo IPEC Niigata IPEC Sapporo Practical applications of technologies growth of industry. Road to the Worldwide Events 1. Brief History of IPEC 23

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24 2 Power Electronics and Drive Technologies in Japan 2014

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Flux control based on slip frequency type vector control (1978) Neutral-Point-Clamped PWM inverter (1981) PWM control applying instantaneous space voltage vector (1983) PWM control to make maximum sinusoidal line to line voltage (1983) Quick response torque and flux control of IM (1985) Signal injection method for estimating two parameters simultaneously(1993) 25 2. Power Electronics and Drive Technologies in Japan Some New Technologies from Japan

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26/34 2 Power Electronics and Drive Technologies in Japan Series 300 Power Converter Length 3250mm Width 2400mm S. 700 2200mm 3200mm S. N700 S. N700A 2180mm 3250mm 1630mm 3250mm The weight of Series 300 is set to 100 100 80 60 40 20 0 Series 300 700 N700 N700A Traction converter weight comparison Transition of Traction Converters in Shinkansen by Dr. K.Sato, JR Central 1990 1997 2007 GTO IGBT 1,120kg

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Future Needs 27 1)Requirement for high efficiency, fewer resources, high packaging density, and lower cost power electronics and drive systems. 2) Pursuit for high reliability of the whole drive system requires sensor-less control of not only speed sensor but also other sensors as the intrinsic solution. 3)Advancing SiC and GaN based power conversion technologies for high efficiency and high temperature operation. 4) Major factors for riding comfort are loudness, vibration, EMI noise and so on. These drive systems must control such factors within a permissible range for comfort of passengers. 5) In transportation applications, smooth acceleration and deceleration, sufficient starting torque, re-adhesion control against slips, and coasting operations are necessary. 2. Power Electronics and Drive Technologies in Japan

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28/36 Power Electronics for More Electric Aircraft 3. Future Trends of Power Electronics and Drives K. Rajashekara, Converging Technologies, SAE Power Systems, 2010, Power Optimized Aircraft http://www.terrafugia.com/

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29 Boat Length* Beam* Depth :10.00* 2.30* 1.20 [m] Weight :1.3 [ton] Speed :12 [knots] Crew :12 Electricity Battery capacity :26 [kWh] Motor maximum speed :6,480 [min-1] Motor rated power :45 [kW] Motor maximum power :80 [kW] Motor maximum torque :200 [Nm] RAICHO-I Specifications Plug-In Electric boat RAICHO-I Electrical system diagram Referred by Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology 3. Future Trends of Power Electronics and Drives Plug-in Electric Boat by Dr. H. Hara, Yasukawa Elec.

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Future standardization landscape Facing future trends in TC 22 - a discussion INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION Holger Laible Chairman IEC SC 22E Version: 2013-09-27 Technical Trends *Increased appearance of power electronics *More power electronics in the grid (less rotating mass) *Increased importance of grid codes *Functional Safety for power electronics *Security of systems (to be discussed) *Environmental aspects (e.g. Energy Efficiency and CO2) *Merging of functions from different products in one system 3. Future Trends of Power Electronics and Drives Lots of merged products What product category is it? 30

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Example for future standards architecture Page 31 3. Future Trends of Power Electronics and Drives

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Challenges Renewal of structures Larger working groups Achieving speed Changing mindsets Changed responsibility of subcommittees 32/34 Changes Overhauled standardization landscape *More requirements in group standards, less requirements in product standards. *Product standards use group standards as reference document. *Addition of further group standards based on specific topics like: EMC / EMF Grid connection Functional Safety...... *Movement towards topic experts, rather product specialists ? 3. Future Trends of Power Electronics and Drives

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33 Background * The big theme is the reduction of power consumption and diversification of power generation sources. *The 2nd motivation is a measure against a big blackout that could come just after a major disaster. IEC TC22 NWIP of bi-directional grid connected power converter The Japanese National Committee for IEC TC 22, 2013-09-27, 2014.1.30 Object *In order to optimize the power consumption of a home, it is necessary to combine a generator with a storage unit to control optimally. *For stable growth of a market, extendibility, and compatibility, energy conservation is important. Product certification based on new standard will advance the development. 3. Future Trends of Power Electronics and Drives

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Typical example of bi-directional grid connected power converter 34 Distribution board Bi-directional grid connected power converter Power source, battery(FEV,HEV, EV,.) Public mains DC/DC DC/AC Power source (PV,---) Home appliances DC/AC: Grid side inverter DC/DC: Application side d.c. converter Power source: generator or storage DC-connection interface DC-port interface Bi-directional GCPC is combined with multiple power sources for unified home power supply which provides electricity power to home appliances. Meter 3. Future Trends of Power Electronics and Drives Finally, I think the world needs more power electronics, and power electronics is spreading to new applications to give a bright future. Thank you very much for your kind attention.