Perceptions while working Perceptions while working with Koreans’ Englishwith Koreans’ English

(It’s not just Konglish)(It’s not just Konglish)

Robert J. DickeyRobert J. DickeyKOTESOL Daejeon-ChungcheongKOTESOL Daejeon-Chungcheong

Annual Autumn SymposiumAnnual Autumn Symposium

November 24, 2012November 24, 2012

Woosong University, DaejeonWoosong University, Daejeon

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RoadmapRoadmap

1.1. IntroductionIntroduction

2.2. The LiteratureThe Literature

3.3. Survey of TeachersSurvey of Teachers

4.4. AnalysisAnalysis

5.5. Conclusions & the futureConclusions & the future

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Role(s) of English in KoreaRole(s) of English in Korea

Course of studyCourse of study Preparation for overseas travel or studyPreparation for overseas travel or study

• Does destination matter?Does destination matter? Interaction with non-KoreansInteraction with non-Koreans Work-related Work-related

• international materialsinternational materials• business partnersbusiness partners

EntertainmentEntertainment

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Teachers’ PerceptionsTeachers’ Perceptions

Qualifications and BackgroundQualifications and Background• Time in Korea / Asia / AbroadTime in Korea / Asia / Abroad

• Time in Teaching (EFL, Asia)Time in Teaching (EFL, Asia)

• Educational BackgroundEducational Background

Teaching ApproachesTeaching Approaches• GTM/Audio-Lingual (avoid errors)GTM/Audio-Lingual (avoid errors)

• Communicative (risk-taking)Communicative (risk-taking)

• World EnglishesWorld Englishes

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Learners’ PerceptionsLearners’ Perceptions

AgeAge Experience with EnglishExperience with English

• Formal educationFormal education

• Informal learning / useInformal learning / use

Self-monitoringSelf-monitoring• Error vs. MistakeError vs. Mistake

Parent/Employer/Other influence?Parent/Employer/Other influence?

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Defining KonglishDefining Konglish

Literature doesn’t agreeLiterature doesn’t agree Teachers don’t agreeTeachers don’t agree Koreans don’t agreeKoreans don’t agree

How do we deal with itHow do we deal with it

if we don’t know what it is?if we don’t know what it is?

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““Growing a Language?”Growing a Language?”

SupposeSuppose• Languages are born, evolve, decay, dieLanguages are born, evolve, decay, die

• Vulgarization is natural (Latin, etc.)Vulgarization is natural (Latin, etc.)

Stages might beStages might be• Contact/PidginContact/Pidgin

• Creole (disputed)Creole (disputed)

• ““ish”ish”

• ““ian”ian”

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Users’ & Teachers’ PerceptionsUsers’ & Teachers’ Perceptions

When does the local variety become When does the local variety become valid for various purposes?valid for various purposes?• Local business & entertainmentLocal business & entertainment• Local mediaLocal media• Communication with outsiders while “here”Communication with outsiders while “here”• International communicationInternational communication

When are there “native speakers” of a When are there “native speakers” of a localized variety?localized variety?

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LiteratureLiterature

From scholarly research to books to From scholarly research to books to blogs, snippets/photos from local blogs, snippets/photos from local media, teachers wordlist handouts…media, teachers wordlist handouts…

Written in both English and KoreanWritten in both English and Korean Distinction 1:Distinction 1:

• Historical (linguistic source) orHistorical (linguistic source) or• Current (Usage)Current (Usage)

Distinction 2:Distinction 2:• Is it Korean or English?Is it Korean or English?

The Literature - GeneralThe Literature - General

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Literature SummaryLiterature Summary

L1 Interference / FossilizationL1 Interference / Fossilization Pidgins & Creoles (contact languages)Pidgins & Creoles (contact languages) World EnglishesWorld Englishes English as a Lingua FrancaEnglish as a Lingua Franca Common-core (simplified) EnglishCommon-core (simplified) English

• PronunciationPronunciation

• VocabularyVocabulary

• StructuresStructures11

Local Variety?Local Variety?

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““Only Singlish…”Only Singlish…” Singaporean English?Singaporean English? Australian English.Australian English.

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The Literature - KonglishThe Literature - Konglish

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Kim, J. (2010). Konglish as a second language? [New Perspective]. Kim, J. (2010). Konglish as a second language? [New Perspective]. The Korea HeraldThe Korea Herald, April 9., April 9.

Miller, J. (2003). A Word by Any Other Meaning: Konglish. Miller, J. (2003). A Word by Any Other Meaning: Konglish. MED Magazine 5MED Magazine 5..

Park, J-K. (2002). Teaching World Englishes and teacher development. Park, J-K. (2002). Teaching World Englishes and teacher development. KATE Newsletter 26KATE Newsletter 26(2).(2).

Doms, D. (2004). English and Korean speakers' categorization of spatial actions: A test of the Whorf hypothesis. Doms, D. (2004). English and Korean speakers' categorization of spatial actions: A test of the Whorf hypothesis. (Unpublished Masters' Dissertation.)(Unpublished Masters' Dissertation.)

Kent, D.B. (1999). Speaking in tongues: Chinglish, Japlish and Konglish. Kent, D.B. (1999). Speaking in tongues: Chinglish, Japlish and Konglish. KOTESOL Proceedings PAC2, 1999KOTESOL Proceedings PAC2, 1999..

Kent, D.B. (2001). Teaching Konglish: Selected resources for students and teachers. Kent, D.B. (2001). Teaching Konglish: Selected resources for students and teachers. KOTESOL Proceedings 2001KOTESOL Proceedings 2001..

Kent, D.B. (n.d.). "KONGLISH": A Strange Linguistic Practice of Koreans ["The Kent Konglish Dictionary"].Kent, D.B. (n.d.). "KONGLISH": A Strange Linguistic Practice of Koreans ["The Kent Konglish Dictionary"].

Everest, T. (2002). Konglish: Wronglish? Everest, T. (2002). Konglish: Wronglish? The English Connection 6The English Connection 6(5).(5).

Shaffer, D. (2010). English-to-Korean borrowing: Focusing on meaning. TShaffer, D. (2010). English-to-Korean borrowing: Focusing on meaning. The English Connection 14he English Connection 14(3).(3).

Nam, J.Y. and Southard, B. (1994). Orthographic representation and resyllabification of English loan words in Korea. Nam, J.Y. and Southard, B. (1994). Orthographic representation and resyllabification of English loan words in Korea. Language and Speech, 37Language and Speech, 37(3).(3).

Kang, Y., Kenstowicz, M., and Ito, C. (2008). Hybrid loans: A study of English loanwords transmitted to Korean via Kang, Y., Kenstowicz, M., and Ito, C. (2008). Hybrid loans: A study of English loanwords transmitted to Korean via Japanese. Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 17Journal of East Asian Linguistics 17..

Lee, J.S. (2006). Linguistic constructions of modernity: English mixing in Korean television commercials. Lee, J.S. (2006). Linguistic constructions of modernity: English mixing in Korean television commercials. Language in Language in Society 35Society 35(1).(1).

Shim, R. J. (1999). Linguistic constructions of modernity: English mixing in Korean television commercials. Shim, R. J. (1999). Linguistic constructions of modernity: English mixing in Korean television commercials. World World Englishes 18Englishes 18(2).(2).

Kim, H. (2009). Linguistic motivation in formation and translation of compound nouns. Kim, H. (2009). Linguistic motivation in formation and translation of compound nouns. Discourse and Cognition 16Discourse and Cognition 16(1).(1).

Min H-S. (2001). A study on the semantics of signboard language in Korea. Min H-S. (2001). A study on the semantics of signboard language in Korea. Korean Semantics 9Korean Semantics 9..

Kim, S-H. (2001). An error analysis of college students' writing: Is that really Konglish? Kim, S-H. (2001). An error analysis of college students' writing: Is that really Konglish? Studies in Modern Grammar 25Studies in Modern Grammar 25..

Literature ClassificationsLiterature Classifications

Anglicisms (loanwords in Korean)Anglicisms (loanwords in Korean) L1 Interference or FossilizationL1 Interference or Fossilization

• PronunciationPronunciation

• GrammarGrammar

• VocabularyVocabulary►Hybrid terms Hybrid terms (binil-bongtu, long-dari)(binil-bongtu, long-dari)►Truncated Truncated (remocon, aparteu)(remocon, aparteu)►Corruptions, Pseudo-loanwords & Corruptions, Pseudo-loanwords &

Fabrications Fabrications (fighting, manicure, gagman)(fighting, manicure, gagman)15

““Korean” LanguageKorean” Language

Three accepted avenues for inclusion Three accepted avenues for inclusion in “Korean” languagein “Korean” language• ““Pure”(indigenous) Korean (Pure”(indigenous) Korean ( 순한국어순한국어 ))

• Sino-Korean (Sino-Korean ( 한자어한자어 ))

• Adopted Loanwords (Adopted Loanwords ( 외래어외래어 ))►Treated as “proper” KoreanTreated as “proper” Korean

How defined?How defined?

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““Korean” LanguageKorean” Language (2)(2)

““Pure” Korean developmentsPure” Korean developments►Pre-Hangul (does this matter?)Pre-Hangul (does this matter?)►Hermit Kingdom era (pre-1870)Hermit Kingdom era (pre-1870)►1870-1945 (pre-American influence, words 1870-1945 (pre-American influence, words

from Korean linguistic roots)from Korean linguistic roots)►1945-current (“modern” words from Korean 1945-current (“modern” words from Korean

linguistic roots)linguistic roots)

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““Korean” LanguageKorean” Language (3)(3)

Treated as Korean:Treated as Korean:• Sino-Korean (Sino-Korean ( 한자어한자어 ))

►Korean words derived from ChineseKorean words derived from Chinese►Words created in Korea from Chinese Words created in Korea from Chinese

CharactersCharacters►Words created in Japanese from Chinese Words created in Japanese from Chinese

Characters and adopted in KoreaCharacters and adopted in Korea►Japanese words with created “Chinese” Japanese words with created “Chinese”

Characters and adopted in KoreaCharacters and adopted in Korea

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““Korean” LanguageKorean” Language (4)(4)

Treated as Korean:Treated as Korean:• 외래어 외래어 (( 단어단어 ) Foreign linguistic input, ) Foreign linguistic input,

accepted as new Koreanaccepted as new Korean►Foreign origins unknown to some usersForeign origins unknown to some users►Many are generally understood by society as Many are generally understood by society as

“English” (though some words were not)“English” (though some words were not)►Written more frequently in Korean scriptWritten more frequently in Korean script►Widely used to replace Korean lexical items Widely used to replace Korean lexical items

or to fill-in Korean lexical gaps, e.g., “bus”or to fill-in Korean lexical gaps, e.g., “bus”

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Korean Language (5)Korean Language (5)

Not KoreanNot KoreanWords recognized as “foreign”Words recognized as “foreign”

►Not in dictionary?Not in dictionary?►Korea has a government-recognized Korea has a government-recognized

language authoritylanguage authority►May be written in either (or both) Korean and May be written in either (or both) Korean and

English scriptsEnglish scripts►More or less common, depending on age More or less common, depending on age

groups, social level, education, etc.groups, social level, education, etc.

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English in Korea (1)English in Korea (1)

1880-19401880-1940: Missionary English - principally : Missionary English - principally North American EnglishNorth American English

1920-19801920-1980: Japanized English - principally : Japanized English - principally British English, Japanese pronunciation and British English, Japanese pronunciation and narrowed definitions, includes words from narrowed definitions, includes words from other languages treated as Englishother languages treated as English

1945-19901945-1990: US Army English - influenced by : US Army English - influenced by American Black Vernacular and (US) American Black Vernacular and (US) southern dialects plus military terminologysouthern dialects plus military terminology

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English in Korea (2)English in Korea (2)

1960-current1960-current: classic British/American : classic British/American LiteratureLiterature

1960-current1960-current: contemporary USA music, : contemporary USA music, radio, movies & TVradio, movies & TV

1966-19811966-1981: US Peace Corps “Educated : US Peace Corps “Educated American English”American English”

1990-current1990-current: Expatriate Teachers : Expatriate Teachers (US,CAN,UK,AUS)(US,CAN,UK,AUS)

2000-current2000-current: Outer Circle Englishes: Outer Circle Englishes

Historical SummaryHistorical Summary

A significant amount of so-called A significant amount of so-called “Konglish” has been adopted as valid “Konglish” has been adopted as valid Korean language (loanwords)Korean language (loanwords)

Some amount of “Konglish” is high-use Some amount of “Konglish” is high-use in Korea although not recognized as in Korea although not recognized as valid Koreanvalid Korean

Several recognized varieties of English Several recognized varieties of English are circulating in Koreaare circulating in Korea

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Survey of TeachersSurvey of Teachers

62 respondents, 56 responses used62 respondents, 56 responses used Demographic mix:Demographic mix:

• Teaching experienceTeaching experience

• Asian experienceAsian experience

• Higher educationHigher education

Diverse responses toDiverse responses to• ““How would you define “Konglish”How would you define “Konglish”

• Please provide examplesPlease provide examples24

Respondents’ QualificationsRespondents’ Qualifications

26 Respondents had M.Ed.English, 26 Respondents had M.Ed.English, MATESOL/related, or M. AppLingMATESOL/related, or M. AppLing

19 Respondents had a Master’s in another 19 Respondents had a Master’s in another field field (2 included above)(2 included above)

3 Doctorate English, 3 in other field3 Doctorate English, 3 in other field (3) (3) 28 Certificates (less than 150 hours)28 Certificates (less than 150 hours) 17 Diplomas (more than 150 hours)17 Diplomas (more than 150 hours) 24 Licenses/Diplomas to teach24 Licenses/Diplomas to teach 4 no teaching qualification (2 with Master’s)4 no teaching qualification (2 with Master’s)

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Teacher Responses (1)Teacher Responses (1)

Definitions coded into 20 FieldsDefinitions coded into 20 Fields Fields generated from responses and Fields generated from responses and

the literaturethe literature• 5 fields for “use in Korean language”5 fields for “use in Korean language”

• 15 fields for “use in English language”15 fields for “use in English language”►1 field (Decoration) no responses1 field (Decoration) no responses►10 fields only one response10 fields only one response

Many could be merged into “themes”Many could be merged into “themes”

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Coding FieldsCoding FieldsInto KoreanInto KoreanKorean w/English insertedKorean w/English inserted

Loanwords into KoreanLoanwords into Korean

Direct Transcription of Direct Transcription of English to Korean: English to Korean: Hangulization (or Hangulization (or speaking as writing)speaking as writing)

Created English-like Created English-like words for Koreanwords for Korean

Adopted Words Adopted Words 외래어외래어

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Into EnglishInto EnglishK think is English but...K think is English but...

Similar but not always Similar but not always corresponding to corresponding to US/UK EnglishUS/UK English

English Specific to English Specific to KoreaKorea

Structural borrowing Structural borrowing from Koreanfrom Korean

K thinking in English K thinking in English languagelanguage

Coding Fields (2)Coding Fields (2)

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Into EnglishInto EnglishInterlanguage (fossilized Interlanguage (fossilized

error)error)

Korean Pronunciation of Korean Pronunciation of EnglishEnglish

K In-group formations of K In-group formations of EnglishEnglish

Code-mix / -share even Code-mix / -share even within a created wordwithin a created word

Adapted WordsAdapted Words

Created WordsCreated Words

Into EnglishInto EnglishEnglish words w/ English words w/

adjusted meaningsadjusted meanings

narrowed meaningsnarrowed meanings

broadened meaningsbroadened meanings

Non-standard to Non-Non-standard to Non-AsiansAsians

Aberration (Non-Aberration (Non-standard) standard) InappropriateInappropriate

CreativeCreative

Coding Fields (3)Coding Fields (3)

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Into EnglishInto EnglishIdeological UseIdeological Use

K Culture influenced EnglishK Culture influenced English

DecorativeDecorative

Teacher Responses (2)Teacher Responses (2)

Examples coded into 5 “themes”Examples coded into 5 “themes”• Used in KoreanUsed in Korean

• Structure from Korean or code-mixingStructure from Korean or code-mixing

• Adaptation of Vocabulary use or meaningAdaptation of Vocabulary use or meaning

• Pronunciation issuePronunciation issue

• ErrorError

Definitions considered where examples Definitions considered where examples were unclear were unclear

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Teacher Responses (3)Teacher Responses (3)

ThemeTheme ResponsesResponses %% (56)(56)

Used in Korean: Used in Korean: 17 17 30.4% 30.4% **

Structure from Korean or Structure from Korean or

code-mixing:code-mixing: 1010 17.9%17.9%

Adaptation of VocabularyAdaptation of Vocabulary

use or meaning:use or meaning: 3434 60.7%60.7%

Pronunciation issue:Pronunciation issue: 1010 17.9%17.9%

Error:Error: 5 5 8.9% 8.9%31

Teacher Responses (4)Teacher Responses (4)

10 / 17 “In Korean” Theme did not indicate 10 / 17 “In Korean” Theme did not indicate any of the “English” issues.any of the “English” issues.

• Only 3 of those 10 had a higher degree in Only 3 of those 10 had a higher degree in TESOL/English/English EducationTESOL/English/English Education

14 Definitions indicated Konglish “specific to 14 Definitions indicated Konglish “specific to Koreans”Koreans”

8/ 13 “Aberrant” Definitions hold higher 8/ 13 “Aberrant” Definitions hold higher degree in TESOL/English/English Educdegree in TESOL/English/English Educ

5 Definitions indicated Created words5 Definitions indicated Created words32

DiscussionDiscussion

Learners enter the classroom with Learners enter the classroom with these words, structures, & soundsthese words, structures, & sounds

Resource to be developed, as Kent Resource to be developed, as Kent and Shaffer and others argueand Shaffer and others argue

Distinctions to be noted in terms of use Distinctions to be noted in terms of use outside intra-Korean usageoutside intra-Korean usage

Correction as needed for International Correction as needed for International CommunicationCommunication

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AnalysisAnalysis

Differences in source of Konglish Differences in source of Konglish impact manner of correctionimpact manner of correction

Differentiated terminology perhaps Differentiated terminology perhaps necessary?necessary?• Engrish or Engrean for AnglicismsEngrish or Engrean for Anglicisms

Appreciation of CreativityAppreciation of Creativity

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The FutureThe Future

Bilingual future for Korea?Bilingual future for Korea? Functional multilingualism?Functional multilingualism? Heightened general proficiency?Heightened general proficiency? Only for a few?Only for a few? Test-based?Test-based? Role for (imported) native-speakers of Role for (imported) native-speakers of

English teachers?English teachers?

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Rob DickeyRob Dickey

Keimyung UniversityKeimyung University

Email: rjdickey@content-english.orgEmail: rjdickey@content-english.org

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