knowg the e:,cperiencel or factsr or truths that one

. doubts and (U) tirat there is something out therewhich is e:cperienced, factual or true.

l,rtrell known that exp''rience and truths may bemade up of inconsistent parts -- coincidence ofcontrariese synthesis of thesis and antithesis.But question tt1l parts and the wholes and theinitial supposltLop tl.,,at they are harmeunious orincongruent.

. . i .' i j ' ; . , , , : ?,

How go about such a totg!,3{gu!t? Collapse of meaning of neven the*initial formulatl-on

.of the doubt or its resolutie

Take the questi-on in termn .of e xperience and interpreta-tion of facts rathel tlp4 of language ard interpretatiof statement. snow ls wh:ilo.tl

Neopgsitivism,-- Carnap -- rithe glrsxi:Exgrsxr.problems i11uslrated by relatton of .the EnglishGerman sentence stating the fact.

18th gnd fgth century -- Cquivalent cxanplediJ'ferent qgeStioni-- rfThe grass is green.rlgical problem -- primary ard secondayy (andquallties.

Epsitemoterttrpy)

Since reither propositian is usual$ true in Chicagoehad recourse f,o another l-ike but different illustr-atlye statoment -- rrThe slqy ls bluerrt -- to avoidllnguisticr Imf,Elxrcr pragmatlc, or epi-stemologicalproblems. Perhaps encounterc $he metaphysical equi-valent.

Shocked to discover that there was no u unambiguous way

?hilosophy 391-i. Philosophic Semantics and PhilosophicInquiry. (1967) l r t - .L. The Subject Matter of Phil_osophy and the processes

.of Philosophizing.

Course concerned with the nature and possibility of thephi losophic enterpr ise. Repeated t i t l -e -- I r lhat is phi loso-phy? Less enplicitly Vihy ix philosophize, if philosophyis?

,l3egin in more modest perspective -- How does me teachphi losophy? (g UNESCO projedt.)

(a) Teeeh by nodel of a great phi losophy -- Ar isto-t1ers, Aqui"nas t e Husser l r s, Wit tgenoteinrs.

(b) Avoid straitjacket of history -- (ph-ilosophy nothistory of philosophnr not even contemporary.Teaoh phi losophizing not phi losophy. Disguisei lform of (a) -- your orm philosophy.

(c) Problems of philosophy -- unreal problems --reflexivity of deterrnination of problens.

(a) Tlrpes or approaches to philosophy. (stereotype' of ry approach).

Desircble ef'fect of each; insufficienby of each.Broadened to ttp problen of relations amongphi losophies (communicat ion) and the signi f icanceor appl ieat ion of phi losophic posit ions.

Need to broaden and apply Cartesian unj-versal doubt -- bytuniversalized.

(f) Dsubt philosophic pooitions -- but assunption thatone has seized, llknowsrr, what Hegel neans when onedoubts it. Doubt of the intetpretation -- long llneof auth6r$tative interprefhtlons of Hegel or Aristot.le. hhite a paper on Aristotle -- as the seafightof the De Interpretqtione -- because for the firstt ime a correct interpretat i r ,n. Ss Goatstag. fmpro-babilitye it m:ight seem, that a document read for

" 2000 Jrears interpretad, correctly for ttre first tirptoday.

rrAmblguitytl -- well recognized that all philoso-phlc terms like all other words a::e ambiguous.

:r ' ; ( ' . . c. .But anbigulty conceived as an imperfect state for

',,uruambiguous. Consider instead the v irtues andaecompllshnents of ambiguity -- fruitful ambifuit1

(2) OouUt expcrience or fa0ts or scient i f ic t ruths --: 'but l ike assumption that (a) one has seized or

rr Libguisltiand the

of like but

to say the slqy is blue ln Greek or latin.Greek -- ku6neos -- dark b1ue1_ 4ark greqns blackesablc; applied to slqy and sealxeRfarrls --,papis iazuli,or dark bl-ue enamel used to adorn armor.

Iatln -- caeruleus -- sarrn range of meaning andapplications. Cgerulewnr darkr bluee sabIel darkgreen.

They ercperienced the slcy and ttre colors oftheir color word was one r,rhich covercd thecontinuity of slry and seal a word for thempf a successton of color words.

Sinrilarly bruiqe -- black and bluee lrownishlThe word which we put in our dictlonaries as

originally. meant the ygllowish statebruise ends before disaPpearing.the expnessions brrt in the questlonr --

and the Romans exlperience f,he slcy as blue.

the slcy --dinam:icand not one

ye11orblueinprobably

which theInterett not indid ttre Greeks

dogmati-c. Revol-utions of the 2Oth century transition to

"third column -- pragmatism, positivi-sme phenomenaology. iFsurth cslumn present in each of the three -- mode of I

:expression.

IRecognition of this anbiguity light on contemporary philo- isqphic enterprise -- nevQlt agalrst metaphysics, reformula-ition of the revolt of Hwc and Kant. i

Philosophy 39h. Philosophic Senantics and Philosophietrnquiry. Ir2.

Not unambiguously: the ambiguity -- (*) tn a sense theysaw aht we do when the looked at the slqy; but (U) tfrei-rattenti-on and connections were so dif lerent from ours thatthey did nqt see a sky and a colore and thqrsfore the skywas not blue for them. ,

0n this variety of historical and semanticpvidence theslry becann blue for the first time in West/ Culture inthe 15th or the 16th century.

Siln-ilar story of inquiry concerning the changing i*sideas of rrresponsibilityrt frqm antiq@ty to the pre-sent; invention of concept in tire l8th century andits use l , r t rospect ively to int , : rpret Greek Romanand Medieval fistory.

The universal-ized douht indicative of the nature of philo-sophic enterpri-se and the presqnce of phi-losophlc problemsin all questions and in all inqulry.

Doubt about sonething meante a rrthingprt and subject --either of direct e:cperien@ or of statement in comrmrnication. Assumption in treating the anbiguity that thcnthingrf has a natr:re to be disclosed and statcdr and thin arly given context the word has a proper meaning to

. be e:cplicat ed ard refemed.Four elerpnts to be d:istinguished --

Th:ings Thoughts Actions Statements.The four al-l dir,tinction from each other -- and all fourassi-niJ.ablg one to another. Thus, tlioughtse rctions andst,atements are things -- and they are all thoughts, actionsand staenents.

The problem of the blue slqy there involves ambiguitiesof two sorts -- (") on the supposit ion that the sky (athing) is blue (a quality) tfre.ambiguities of determini-ng at a given instant whetirer it is blue and the ambigu-lties of stating its deterrnined qualityl and (b) on thesupposltion that a thing is a knowne statede and operat-lvc thlng -- that is one ercperienced -- the anbiguitiesof tbe expcrienees constitutive of the thing.

Hlstorical.clrcumstances or fashions of thought or philosoPtly qnter iqtg tho process.

Kantrs'Qopernican revolution a transit ion from the f ir*,to the second orientation -- from metaphysics to epis-temology: critical preparation for metaphysics, no longe

What is the reorientabl* ln tle light of this anbiguityi(a) t'lef,aphysical or,$r*t-t$1*[qn -- Descartosr doubts -- Icstablish of selfe ?rctonra.L worlde and God -- thaeeq, ikinds of things in leckor Berkeley and Hunpe Spinozae iLeibnize Malebranche.(U) fp:-stenological erj-entation -- NaturwissenschaftenGeisteswissenschaften.: The two or the three culturesfiris Natural Sciencee Humanities and Social Sciences'(c) Semantic and pragmatic oriehbrtion -- what is and

- .what is known determ:ined byr prror. determination of what. 1s derre and what is said. Emphasis therefore on

cxistence and errperience; the concrete and individualrstatement and action.

But all these words amblguous in the double sense.fmportance of applying the doubt to onets owncenstructions

Uhat have we been doing? Semantics. An ambiguous term --two senscs.

(1) tire structure of meanings and connections which ispart of t he formation of any philosophy. It isin terms of one|s own rneanings that one usually critic izes another phl losophy. Thus Aristot lers refuta-tion of Fllto -- rrraningsuf, of Aristotle; refutationvalid in that s nse; not the meaings of Plato.

(2) The structure of meanings of different philosophiesin their own terms. But is a semantics in th-is sepossible? Ambiguity -- similar to the ambiguityof particular sernaitics -- was Aristotl-e fair toPlator philosophic sense but not Plators sanse.Structure of reanings liker+ise depends on a semantictheory -- it can make inclusive sense and yet notbe the uniquc way of schematizlng and experience anda vocebulary richer than the scheme. Philosophlc

inquiry basis of phl.Iosophic s emantics; philosophicsemantics propadeuctic to philosophic inquiry.Circulatity or reflexivitY.

Distinction between semantics and incluiry: senantics inves-'Philosophy 391-r. Philosophic Sernanticstigati-on of the variety of the rreanings of a term or aspects Inquiry.og a subject; inquiry investig$tirrn of the nature, proper-

discr iminat ion 1n terms off orrn and content.

3+ terms 2 termsof the t errn term. Unity ofa sequence or consequence

realm or world.

and PhilosophicI '3 '

di s crinrina ti one

differentiate the

statement and things

l- term.an element, of

or si tuat ion, of a

t ies and processes of a th ing.Thusrffreedomrl -- semantics the rariety of meanings offreedom or aspects of freedomy inquiry the n:rture offreedom and means of acquir ing i t in one of these senses

rn adrJj t ion to sernant j-cs apd inquiry -- the phi los ptr ic artrGrammar, rhetor ic logice dialect ic -- with t l ie reduct i n d ,phi losophy to one of the arts '

Concern -- not ambiguilus or lr{la,tz univocal ter.ms butderivative or paronynric terms. Inqiriry -- meanings tieddorm to subject matter; semantics -- univ. ,rsal ; artsshif t ing subject matters. Themes. Thus in addit ion tothe semantic problem of the meanings of nfreedom8 andthe problem of inquiry concernlng how to achieve freedomthe problem of the theme of freedom -- wandering frortpoetrye to pol i t ics, to morals, to psychology.

The continuihies of inquiry fron thenBs rather thanfrom univocal report ions of doctr ine.

Refer to page 13 of MimeograPh.Begin with eyistence or e{perience. undif ferent iated -- f

James, big, buzzLng confusion. Differentiate modes of

simpl ic i ty (aspects of experience) combined in modes of

fact (or existence; relaled to *E*.rk other facts in modes

of thought l related to 1 oer things which are in modes of

being.

Things Thoughts Actions Statenpnts

Ulodes of Philosophic InquiiY

Modes of Being. M.of thought 1{. of fact. nI . of- : iT:pl lcr ty

Four modes of thought -- assim:ilation,construct ione and resolut ion.

Use of the four modes of thought toparts of philosophic semantics.

Pri nciples l{ethods Interpretat i -ons Select ionsFour m't hods -- dialect ical , operat ionale logisb iceproblematic. And so for pr inciples interpretat ions,and select ions.

The senantics rdci:tr will apply to philosophies to differ-ent iate kinds of phi losopl$es. Use a single method to

accomplish the ends of all the modes of thought.ltraat method have'f been uslng -- the operational.Adequate to e:qplain without distortion the other m thodsand all the modes of thoughts. If I had used the diale-ctical nethod a different schemal but j t woufd hasestablished the meanj ngs of the operational methodwithout distsrtion in smanticsl but with distortion ininquiry.

Flnally -- the Topics of philosophic discussion.and, commonplaees.

Things. Thoughts Act ions FactsPrinciples Methods IruterpretationsTheses Thenre s HypothesesSystema Consequences Proposit ions

(t*roles, (sequenceq) ( facts)cosmos). Accounts (var iat ions

on thenes)

Categorie

StatementsSele ctionsCommonplaCategories(element$

on this matrixsubject natter

of' meanj-ngs in

Sequence of meetings of. the course arranged-^to focus discussion but not to predeterrnine;; ;;;;i;;;;: 1. fuh Philo eommun1c_

2' :l'1"::::

1. SFh Phi losophic semantics -- var. iet ieseommuni-c.rtion and dis cussion.

2. Phi losophic inquiry -- prob;ems and solutions -- useresolve problem.

in contexts ardof a semantic select ion to state and

3. Phi losophical arts -- f ixed meaningin transformations.

h. Philosophical topics -- discovery and evaluations --facts and vaLues.

OperationFignif ied'N termsAmbiguitya factr ofsystem or

PhilosopW 39h. Philosophic"Inquiry.

Second set of four meetings,of the f irst fgur.

5. Theses. -in811ir#ernlAtEb$n6f principle, their groundinin inquiryr their development by the arts, theiruncovering-gnd connecticns in toplcs. (ft)SystemsThenes --'tHe evolution of problemsp in meanings,differentiated by senanticse warranted b1r inquirypwith turns deterrn-ined by topics. (3) Discou.r'se, connHypotheses -- the formul-ation of possibilitieslf ixed by semanties in staterent of facte shown tobe wamanted by inquiryl modified by topics.(2)Facts (semantics)Topics -- the commonplaces of discovery, specifiedwhen ertablished as categories or elementse cornbinein staterents of facte sequences, and systems. ( l+)

Smenatics and Philosophic1'L '

developments and applications

A

nlo

B.