04/10/2013 05/12/2013

Kingdom of Lesotho

2009/2010 LESOTHO AGRICULTURAL CENSUS

Thabo Sophonea

23rd AFCAS_ MOROCCO 04 – 07/12/2013

04/10/2013 05/12/2013

Outline of the Presentation Introduction Background of Agricultural Censuses in Lesotho 2009/2010 Lesotho Agricultural Census Objective of the census Methodology -Modular Approach - Core module - Supplementary module - Community Level Data Achievements, challenges and lessons learnt Recommendations

05/12/2013 3

Introduction

Lesotho is the only country in southern Africa that is completely surrounded by the Republic of South Africa. Total population is 1.8 million (2006 Population and Housing Census) Country size is about 3,035 thousand hectares (ha). 300 thousand ha are suitable for farming (2009/2010 Agricultural Census).

05/12/2013 4

05/12/2013 5

Background of Agricultural Censuses and Surveys in Lesotho

Lesotho has been participating in the FAO programmes for the World Census of Agriculture ever since 1950. The 1st census was held in 1949/1950, followed by 1959/1960, both under the Ministry of Agriculture. The agricultural censuses of 1969/1970, 1979/1980, 1989/1990, 1999/2000 and the recent 2009/2010 were conducted by Bureau of Statistics (BOS).

05/12/2013 6

Background of Agricultural Censuses and Surveys in Lesotho

In addition to the success of conducting censuses of agriculture, Lesotho has been conducting annual Agricultural Production Surveys (APS) since 1973/1974 Agricultural Year to date. Agricultural Year starts on 1st of August to the 31st of July the following year

05/12/2013 7

Census Legislation The 2009/2010 Lesotho Agricultural Census was conducted under the 2001 Act. (section 15 (1)) stipulates that The Minister may, on the recommendation of the Council direct by Notice in the Gazette, that a census be taken in Lesotho on any matter specified in the First Schedule of this Act, and such Notice may specify: (a) the dates on which or between which the census is to be taken; and (b) the information to be obtained in the census. The act stressed the confidentiality of the collected information and indicates the penalties for people who refuse to comply with the collection of information.

05/12/2013 8

2009/2010 Lesotho Agricultural Census

Preparations of the Lesotho AC started as early as July 2008 with: Concept note Budgeting Proclamation and order, Formation of census committees, Drawing of Questionnaires and Tabulation plan User-Producer Workshops etc. Data collection started on the 1st of August 2009

05/12/2013 9

Census Budget

The 2009/2010 Lesotho Agricultural Census was fully funded by the Government of Lesotho with M15, 505,079.00 (2,067,344.00 USD) FAO provided technical support.

05/12/2013 10

Objectives of 2009/2010 Lesotho AC To provide Government planners, decision-makers as well as general users with detailed timely, reliable and relevant agricultural information at the national, district and zone level on crop, livestock, farm-inputs, farm implements and land utilization and population engaged in agriculture. This information is used for policy formulation, planning and decision making, sound and realistic development programme formulation, monitoring and evaluation. Agricultural census add benchmark data to the Bureau of Statistics data bank that can be accessed by the users.

05/12/2013 11

Census Methodology

The 2009/2010 Lesotho Agricultural Census followed a modular approach as recommended by FAO for the World Census of Agriculture 2010. The Modules are: Core Module (Complete Count) Supplementary module (Sample) Community Level Data (Complete Count)

05/12/2013 12

Core and Supplementary Modules

Core module was incorporated in the 2006 Population and Housing Census 10 out of 16 core items were covered under core module. About 15 items of the core items were further collected on a sample basis under supplementary module

.

Item no. Complete Sample 0001- Location of agricultural holding √ √ 0002- Legal Status √ √ 0003- Sex of holder √ √ 0004- Age of holder √ √ 0005- Household size √ √ 0006- Main purpose of production x √ 0007- Land use type √ √ 0008- Area of holding x √ 0009- Land tenure type √ √ 0010- Irrigation x √ 0011- Temporary crops x √ 0012- Permanent crops x √ 0013- Livestock numbers √ √ 0014- Aquaculture x x 0015- Forest and other wooded land √ √ 0016- Other economic activities √ √

10 15

05/12/2013 14

SUPLEMENTARY MODULE Methodology: A stratified multi-stage sampling scheme was adopted for the selection of the sample for supplementary module. Large enumeration areas constituted Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) individual agricultural holdings (farming households) constituted Secondary Sampling Units (SSUs) for estimation of land use, crop areas and livestock population. Fields under specific crops formed the third sampling units for estimation of crop yield.

05/12/2013 15

Two sub-plots for crop cutting in each selected field formed the ultimate sampling units for yield estimation. 120 PSUs in rural areas covering over 3,000 holdings were selected. A maximum of 10 fields for each of the main crops per PSU constituted the sample for the crop cutting. PSUs were selected with probability proportional to size, the size estimate being obtained from the 2006 Population and Housing Census.

SUPLEMENTARY MODULE Cont.

05/12/2013 16

In each PSU, about 20 agricultural households were selected through systematic sampling from a list of all agricultural households. The same sampling method was applied to the urban areas where 40 PSUs were selected.

SUPLEMENTARY MODULE:

05/12/2013 17

Coverage

The Census covered the whole country for the core module, which was attached to the 2006 Population and Housing Census. Supplementary module was conducted on a sample basis. The sample size was increased by 50 percent (from 80 rural PSUs to 120 PSUs) from that of the usual annual Agricultural Production Survey. Community level data module was conducted in a complete count.

05/12/2013 18

Census Questionnaire

Since the country is conducting annual APS, development of census questionnaire was not much a problem, because most of the APS questionnaires were slightly modified

Questionnaires for most of the data were filled by enumerators on a face to face interview method. Objective measurement was used for collection of crops area, yield and production.

05/12/2013 19

Tabulation plans were developed for all modules

Tabulation plan

Preparations of maps

05/12/2013 20

Preparation of Agricultural Census Frame

Master sampling frame of Enumeration Areas (EAs) was constructed using the 2006 Lesotho Population and Housing census. An adjacent 2 or more EAs from the total of 4,320 EAs were combined to form 783 PSUs. The size of a PSU ranges between 300 and 450 households PSUs were finally used as the Master Sample Frame. A total sample size of 120 rural PSUs and 40 urban EAs was determined based on available resources.

05/12/2013 21

A list frame of farming households were prepared from the listed households in the selected PSUs in order to update the farming household frame. Farming households were considered as:

-Households with at least one field, and with at least one cattle, sheep or goats or mixed herd. -Households with at least one field, but with no cattle, sheep or goats or mixed herd. -Households with no fields, but with at least one cattle, sheep or goats or mixed herd. Households with no fields, no cattle, sheep or goats or mixed herd were excluded in the farming households sampling frame

05/12/2013 22

Management of fields and/or livestock was considered as the main factor for determining whether a household was an agricultural household to be included in the census Ownership of Livestock and fields belonging to household members were counted under the household head The items of Sub-holder and Sub-holding were not captured during the census period. However, these items were included in the subsequent annual APS.

05/12/2013 23

Urban Frame EAs sampling frame rather than PSUs as in rural areas were used for selection of farmers at first stage. Similarly the procedure for defining a farming household is the same as in rural areas, however, in addition households with only kitchen gardens were included Those with improved poultry exceeding 50 as well as households with1 or more Improved pigs were also included

05/12/2013 24

Sampling frame for Institutions A complete enumeration of all institutions’ farms found in the selected PSU was done Institutions comprised: missions, commercial farms, communal gardens, school gardens, research and demonstration farms. A total enumeration of prison farms was done irrespective of whether they fall in the selected PSU or not; in fact the number of prisons is fairly small in Lesotho.

05/12/2013 25

Census enumerations Data collection of the Census followed the agricultural year (1st of August 2009 to the 31st July 2010). Livestock: livestock data was collected three times, (at the beginning of August, after six months in February and last round was at the end of July) A physical count of livestock present at the holding was taken where possible Enumerators tried to arrive at the holding either late in the afternoon or early in the morning when stock could be found present at the homestead of the household.

05/12/2013 26

Census enumerations

Stock at the cattle post could not be reached by the enumerators, and they depended on the holder to supply the required information. The enumerators required information on the livestock numbers, specified by age and sex. Livestock was further sub-divided by purpose of rearing (e.g. cows kept for milk, meat etc.). Information of milk and eggs production was also ascertained Information on stock change during the past six months was collected is February and July.

05/12/2013 27

Objective measurement was used for the collection of crops acreage, yield and production. Measurement of fields from selected farmers started on the 15th of August 2009 for winter crops (wheat and Peas). A 50m measuring tape, and campus were used in most PSUs while GPS was also introduced in some PSUs. Measurement of crops area for summer season started in November 2009. Farmers were regularly visited throughout the agricultural year to collect information on the agricultural activities. Availability and use of machinery, agricultural buildings etc data was also collected.

CROPS

05/12/2013 28

Community-level data covered agriculture-related data not able to be collected from holdings, such as the area of communal land. The community-level data complements the holding-level data; for example, community associations collected from each agricultural holding. Community Level Data was collected at the village or commune level where village Community leaders were respondents Data on whether the community is prone to natural disasters or subject to seasonal food shortages was collected for food security analysis

Community Level Data

05/12/2013 29

About 300 Officers were involved in the Census. 160 Enumerators (120 permanent and 40 temporary) 24 Field Officers, (all permanent) and 10 Senior Field Officers (all permanent) 10 Permanent District Statisticians 6 Temporary Statisticians Senior Statisticians and Clerical staff from headquarters and other staff from MAFF were also included in different committees.

Census Staff:

05/12/2013 30

Preparation of computer programs and data processing RETRIVAL AND STORAGE OF QUESTIONNAIRES

Questionnaires were submitted by Statisticians from the district to head office after thorough manual checking and editing. At head office Questionnaires were stored in the plastic folders, where each folder was labeled each selected Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) by district. Folders were filed at the shelves. Each set of data in BOS is kept for 5 yrs before destroyed.

05/12/2013 31

BOS Agriculture and Food security Statistics Division (AFSD) has microcomputer equipment serving other surveys and administrative activities. The 2009/2010 Agricultural Census was designed for processing using microcomputers with Microsoft Access for data capturing and running of some tables. Statistical Package for Social Scientists program version 16.0 (SPSS) was used for data analysis.

Data Processing

05/12/2013 32

Data Processing cont.

Data editing specification program was designed. Manual data editing was done by data entry clerks before data entry. Data entry staff stored their data in batch files. Batch files later merged and transferred from Microsoft Access to SPSS analysis version. Microsoft Access and Excel were used for data cleaning Frequencies and tables were run to check data consistency, missing values, outliers etc.

05/12/2013 33

Analysis and draft reports were done. User-producer workshop was held to discuss the results. Comments from the workshop were incorporated. After the Statistics Council and Minister approved the results, Dissemination of the Census was conducted through the local radios, TVs and district workshops. The final reports were published in January 2012.

Analysis and Dissemination

05/12/2013 34

Results of the Census

05/12/2013 35

Application of the results

The results of the CENSUS are used to monitor the following goals

Millennium Development Goals Poverty monitoring and analysis Food security monitoring analysis Measuring the role of women in agriculture Providing baseline data for monitoring agricultural development projects Agricultural planning and policy-making

05/12/2013 36

Application of the results

- - decentralized planning, - identification of poor villages, - planning of targeted area development programmes, - constructing sampling frames, and - targeting communities for relief operations in case of natural disasters.

Data collected from Community level data will be useful for:

05/12/2013 37

Dissemination

The following reports were produced and they are available in BOS library and website: www.bos.gov.ls -Volume I: RURAL HOUSEHOLDS AND CROPS STATISTICS -Volume II: RURAL LIVESTOCK STATISTICS -Volume III: URBAN CROPS AND LIVESTOCK STATISTICS -Volume IV: Community Level Data -Volume V: TECHNICAL REPORT (draft) The ongoing activity of the census is Metadata and Archiving of the results.

05/12/2013 38

Achievements Conducting Agricultural Census within the recommended World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2010 Follow the Modular approach Incorporated core module into the Population Census Use of GPS Process, Analyze and Disseminate Census results within a one year period.

05/12/2013 39

Challenges Analysis of Community level data (cross tabulating with core and supplementary modules was a challenge because community level was collected at Community council level while core and supplementary collected at the household level). Gender disaggregated data was also a challenge because we did not manage to design appropriate questionnaire for that module Crops acreage item was not included into the core module because most rural farmers do not know their field/parcel sizes.

05/12/2013 40

Challenges

Lack of trained Agricultural Statisticians Problem of identifying institutions and countries which are having a good success of some of the agricultural statistics e.g. Economic accounts for agriculture, post harvest losses, use of area frame etc. Lack of funds restricted sample size for supplementary module

05/12/2013 41

Lesson Learned

The Agricultural Census following Modular Approach is a very expensive exercise We learned from the FAO consultant who came during the analysis that Gender disaggregated is not only the analysis of data by sex. Use of GPS reduced the time spend on area measurement data collection and provided more accurate results. The items of Sub-holder and Sub-holding were not captured during the census. However, these items are included into our annual agricultural production surveys.

05/12/2013 42

Recommendations.

FAO to continue to support with TA particularly in collection and analysis of Gender disaggregated data

04/10/2013 43

MERCI ~

Thank you for Listening

Kea Leboha

Arable Land

Arable Land

-50,000

100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000400,000450,000

1989/90 1999/2000 2009/2010

Area Planted, Harvested, Average Yield/ha and Production for three Agric. Censuses

Maize

Agric. Census Year

Area Planted (ha)

Area Harvested (ha)

Average yield per hectare (mt)

Production (mt)

1989/90 177,900 147,300

(82.8%) 1165 kg 171,600

1999/00 170,102 157,946 (92.9%) 1300 kg 277,626

2009/10 151,717 141,340 (93.2%) 910kg 128,213

Area Planted, Harvested, Av Yield/ha and Production for three Agric. Censuses Cont.

Sorghum

Agric. Census Year

Area Planted (ha)

Area Harevested

(ha)

Average yield per hectare (mt)

Production (mt)

1989/90 48,100 37,300

(77.5%) 970 kg 36,100

1999/00 27,802 25,831

(92.9%) 770 kg 26,807

2009/10 35,614 33,146

(93.1%) 720 kg 23,830

Area Planted, Harvested, Av Yield/ha and Production for three Agric. Censuses Cont.

Agric. Census Year

Wheat

Area Planted (ha)

Area Harvested (ha)

Average yield per hectare (mt)

Production (mt)

1989/90 27,800 15,100

(54.3%) 2020 kg 30,500

1999/00 14,284 14,190

(99.3%) 900 kg 12,841

2009/10 14,088 13,693

(97.2%) 1470 kg 20,119

Production trend for APS

Crops cereals production for the period 2000/01-2008/09 and 2010/11

-20,00040,00060,00080,000

100,000120,000140,000160,000180,000

00/01

01/02

02/03

03/04

04/05

05/06

06/07

07/08

08/09

10/11

Agricultural Years

Prod

uctio

n (m

t)

Maize

Sorghum

Wheat

Livestock numbers

Livestock numbers for past three Agric. Census years

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

CattleSheepGoatsCattle 523,000 755,134 626,343

Sheep 1,377,000 1,109,107 1,228,558

Goats 994,000 937,600 875,184

1989/90 1999/00 2009/10

Linking Agricultural Census and Community level data.

DISTRICT Maize Production

FERTILIZER DEALER

PESTICIDES DEALER

SEED DEALER

BUTHA BUTHE 6,948 18 14 16

LERIBE 21,846 13 8 7

BEREA 20,479 20 18 16

MASERU 23,931 11 9 11

MAFETENG 7,745 6 5 5

MOHALE'S HOEK 8,640 6 0 6

QUTHING 3,948 7 6 8

QACHA'S NEK 7,785 2 2 2

THABA TSEKA 17,315 11 10 14

MOKHOTLONG 9,578 12 14 13

Gender perspectives. (Agricultural population pyramid)

0.40.5

1.6

1.8

2.0

3.4

3.4

3.73.3

4.1

5.4

8.112.1

14.2

12.9

11.8

10.1

1.1

0.70.9

2.0

2.7

2.6

2.7

3.43.8

4.3

4.1

4.4

4.8

7.59.4

11.6

13.1

12.1

9.7

20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0

00- 04

05 - 09

10 - 14

15 - 19

20 - 24

25 - 29

30 - 34

35 - 39

40 - 44

45 - 49

50 - 54

55 - 59

60 - 64

65 - 69

70 - 74

75 - 79

80 - 84

85 +

AGE

Percent of Total PopulationMale Female

Gender perspectives Cont. Percentage Distribution of Rural Population Participating in Farming Activities for the

Agricultural Year 2009/2010 by Sex

49.6

49.7

49.8

49.9

50.0

50.1

50.2

Per

cen

tag

e

Series1 49.8 50.2

Male Female