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Lesotho

Country Overview

Politics LesothoisaparliamentaryconstitutionalmonarchyinSouthernAfrica.InMay2012,PrimeMinisterMotsoahaeThomasThabanereplacedthe14-yearincumbent,PakalithaMosisili,inthecountry’sfirstcoalitiongovernment.Mosisilireturnedtopowerin2015.1Humanrightsgroupsnoteahighlevelofpoliticalinstability.2

Economy LesothoisclassifiedbytheWorldBankasalow-incomecountry.GDPgrowthdecreasedfrom3.5percentin2014to1.7percentin2015.ThedeclinewasmainlyattributedtolowergrowthinSouthAfrica,lowerglobalgrowthprospectsandthedrought.GDPgrowthisexpectedtoremainlowat2.4percentin2016-2017.3

DiamondmininghasgrowninrecentyearsandaccountedformorethaneightpercentofGDPin2015.Lesothomostlydependsonaneconomicbaseoftextilemanufacturing,agriculture,remittancesandregionalcustomsrevenue.4ThecountryexportedUSD367.3millionworthoftextilesin2012.TheGovernmentofLesothoisthecountry’slargestemployerandgovernmentconsumptioncontributedto37percentofGDPin2014.Thelargestprivateemployeristhetextileandgarmentindustrywhereapproximately40,000womenworkinfactoriesproducingforexport.5

Social/Human Development Lesothoisasmallcountrywithapopulationoftwomillionpeople,99.7ofwhomarepartoftheSothoethnicgroup.MorethanhalfofLesotho’speoplelivebelowthepovertylineandtheprevalenceofHIV/AIDSisthesecondhighestintheworld.Between1990and2005,lifeexpectancyatbirthdeclinedfromalmost60yearsto47years,andcurrentlystandsat49years.HIVincidenceisstillhighat1.9newinfectionsper100person-yearsofexposure.6

AmnestyInternationaldescribesanon-goinghealth-carecrisisinLesotho’spublichealthcaresystemprimarilyasaresultofhealthcaredebts.7

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U.S. Department of State TIP Report Summary (2017)

U.S. Department of State TIP Ranking: Tier 2 AccordingtotheTraffickinginPersonsReport,traffickingandtraffickingriskwasnotedinpotentiallyexportedsupplychainsincludinganimalherding.

ReadthefullTIPReportat:https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2017/271226.htm

Migrant and Other Vulnerable Populations Lesothohasnetnegativemigration.MostmigrantsresidinginLesothocomefromSouthAfrica,withapopulationofaround2,600people,whereas350,611BasothomigrantsliveinSouthAfrica.8Historically,manyhouseholdshavedependedonremittancesfromtheirfamilymembersemployedinSouthAfrica.9TheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR)reportsthatLesothohadaminimalpopulationofpersonsofconcernin2016.10

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Exports and Trade ThetopexportedproductsbyvaluefromLesothoin2016wereapparel,diamonds,machineryandwool.11

In2016,thetopimportersofgoodsfromLesothoweretheUnitedStates,BelgiumandSouthAfrica.12

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LesothoexportedasignificantamountofappareltotheUnitedStatesandwasthe101stlargestsupplierofgoodstotheUnitedStatesin2013.Apparelamountedto90percentofLesotho’sexportstotheU.S.13

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Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors Analysis

Legal/Policy Risk Factors

Level of Legal Protection for Civil Liberties and Workers’ Rights

FreedomofAssociation

AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofState,Lesotho’sconstitutionandlawallowprivatesectoremployeestojoinandformtradeunionsoftheirownchoosingwithoutpriorauthorization,althoughtheymustregisterwiththeRegistrarofUnions.Civilservantsandpoliceareprohibitedfromjoiningunionsbutarepermittedtoformstaffassociationstofacilitatecollectivebargaining.14

Employersgenerallysupportedfreedomofassociationandcollectivebargaining,butmostworkerswerelimitedintheireffortstocollectivelybargainduetoalawthatrequiresunionsenteringnegotiationswithmanagementtorepresent50percentofworkers.Onlyafewtextilefactoriesmetthiscondition.15

Limitationsoncollectivebargainingcompelledthreeunions,theFactoryWorkersUnion(FAWU),theLesothoClothingandAlliedWorkers’Union,andtheNationalUnionofTextileWorkerstomergeandformtheIndependentDemocraticUnionofLesothotostrengthentheirbargainingpowerthroughincreasedmembership.However,theUnionbecamefragmentedastheNationalClothingandTextileandAlliedWorkersUnionseparatedfromFAWU,whowereblacklistedbyemployerswhoallegedthatthefoundershadincitedlaborstrikes.16AccordingtoFreedomHouse,demonstrationsaresometimesbrokenupviolently.17

WorkingConditions

AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofStateInvestmentClimateStatementfor2016,theMinistryofLaborandEmploymentsetsastatutoryminimumwagewithrecommendations,butthereisnostatementrequiringadherencetotheminimumwage.18Theminimumwagediffersbysector,andtheseminimumsdonotcoversignificantportionsoftheworkforce.Generallaborlawsdonotapplytoagriculturalandotherinformaleconomyworkers.Theministry’sinspectoratereportsthatemployersinthesecurity,transportandconstructionsectorsdonotalwaysobservethelawspertainingtominimumwageandhoursofwork.19

Employers’compliancewithhealthandsafetyregulationsarereportedtobegenerallylow,apartfromtheminingsector,andhavereportedlyworsenedinsomesectorssuchasconstruction,whichhasexperiencedanincreaseinfatalaccidents.Thelawdoesnotexplicitlyprovideforthefreedomforworkerstoremovethemselvesfromsituationsthatarehazardoustotheirhealthandsafetywithoutjeopardizingtheiremployment.20

TheMinistryofLaborandEmploymentisresponsiblefortheenforcementoflaborlawsandstandardsbutbudgetaryconstraintshavelimitedtheseefforts.Inspectionsdonotcoveragriculturalorinformal

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sectorsbecausethesesectorsarenotcoveredbylaborlaws,eventhoughtheyemploythemostworkers.21

Discrimination

Laborcodesprohibitdiscriminationregardingrace,color,sex,maritalstatus,religion,politicalopinion,nationalextractionorsocialorigin,andHIV/AIDsstatus;however,thereisnoexplicitlawthatprohibitsagainstdiscriminationofpeoplewithdisabilities.Therearenolawsinplacethatspecifyequalpayforequalwork.Despitetheprohibitionofdiscriminationbasedonsex,ithasbeenreportedthatgenderisafactorinemployers’hiringdecisions.22

ForcedLabor

Thelawprohibitsallformsofforcedorcompulsorylabor,buttheU.S.DepartmentofStatehasreportedthatthegovernmentdoesnotenforcetheapplicablelawseffectively.Policearereportedtolackadequateresourcesforinvestigationsandremediationefforts.23

ChildLabor

Thelawdefinesthelegalminimumageofemploymentas15years,or18forhazardousemployment.Theminimumagelawisreportedlydifficulttoenforceoutsideoftheformalsector,despitetheinformaleconomy’sinclusioninthelaw,becausetherearelimitedresourcesforlaborinspectionsandthelawexcludesself-employedchildren.24In2015,thegovernmentapprovedguidelinesforherdboystodistinguishbetween“childwork”and“childlabor”,withtheguidelinesapplyingtochildrenbelow18yearsofage.Thehighestpercentageofchildrenreportedlyworkinherding.25

PrimaryschoolwasnotmadecompulsoryinLesothountil2010,throughtheEducationAct.26Educationiscompulsorybetweentheagesofsixand13.27Initsmostrecentreportin2014,UNICEFestimatedthat23percentofchildrenbetweentheagesoffiveand14wereworking.Oftheseworkingchildren,mostwereengagedinsubsistencefarmingandthesecondlargestgroupwereengagedindomesticservice.28

CivilSocietyOrganizations

FreedomHousereportsthatlocalandinternationalnon-governmentalorganizations(NGOs)generallyoperatewithoutrestrictions.29Journalists,however,facestrongrestrictionsonfreedomofexpressionduetophysicalattacksandharassment.30

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Immigration Policies Limiting the Employment Options or Movements of Migrants

TheU.S.DepartmentofStatereportsthatmigrantworkersenjoythesamelegalprotections,wagesandworkingconditionsascitizens.31TheLaborCodeallowsfirmstohirenon-citizenswithaworkpermit.Inthetextileandgarmentssector,aninformalpolicypermitsacompanytoemployoneexpatriateworkerforevery20Basothoworkers.Thestatutorymaximumdurationofaworkpermitistwoyears.Aworkpermitmaybecancelledbeforetermorrenewed.32

Ratification of ILO Conventions Related to Human Trafficking or Rights of Workers and Migrants

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Use of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) AccordingtotheInternationalTradeUnionConfederation(ITUC),therewereeightEPZsinLesothoin2009,employing44,000workers,mostlyintextileandpharmaceuticalmanufacturing.ViolationsoflaborlawswerereportedlyhigherinEPZs.34

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Promotion of Emigration/Remittance Economy Lesothoishighlydependentonremittancesasthecountryhaslimitedarablelandandahighunemploymentrateof28percent.35Today,remittancesequalabout17percentofGDPbecauseofhigherwagesavailableacrosstheborder.LabormigrationtoSouthAfricaforminingopportunitieshasreplacedagricultureastheprevailingBasothosourceofincome.36

Political Risk Factors Political Instability or Conflict

Lesothoisclassifiedunderthe2016FragileStatesIndexasa“HighWarning”country.Itscoresan80.9andrankedof66outof178ontheindex.Comparatively,neighboringSouthAfricaisclassifiedas“Warning”,scoringa69.9,andranked108outof178.37

Level of Crime and Violence

IntheWorldEconomicForum’s2016-2017GlobalCompetitiveIndex,Lesothowasranked2outof138forbusinesscostsofcrimeandviolence,indicatingthattheeffectofcrimeandviolenceonbusinessisrelativelysmall.38TheUnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrime(UNODC)reportedahomiciderateof38homicidesfor100,000peoplein2010,thelastyearforwhichdatawasavailable.39ThiswaswellabovetheaverageforotherAfricancountries.40

Level of Corruption

In2016,Lesothoreceivedascoreof39outof100ontheTransparencyInternationalCorruptionPerceptionsIndex,where0signals“HighlyCorrupt”and100signals“VeryClean.”41Lesotho’sscoredroppedtenpointsoverthecourseoftwoyears.42AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofStateInvestmentClimateReport,althoughcorruptionremainsaprobleminthecountry,itisnotidentifiedasabarriertoinvestmentbyU.S.firms.43SouthAfrica,amajorsupplieroflabor,scoreshigherontheCorruptionIndexwithascoreof45.44

Socio-Economic Risk Factors Level of National Economic Development

Lesothoscoresinthelowhumandevelopmentcategory,witharankof160outof188andascoreof0.497intheUNDP’s2016HumanDevelopmentReport.Whenthescoreisadjustedforinequality,theHDIfallsto0.320,alossof35.6percent.45

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Level and Extent of Poverty

AccordingtotheUNDP,49.5percentofthepopulationlivesinmultidimensionalpovertycomparedto10.3percentinSouthAfrica,46theprimarycountrywhereBasothomigrate.47

Degree of Gender Inequality

TheGenderInequalityIndexscoresLesothoat0.549,rankingit132outof188countries.48Womenandmenenjoythesamelegalstatusexceptwithregardtoinheritancerights,ascustomarylawprotectsinheritance,succession,andpropertyrightsformaleheirsonly.49Customarylawisdominantinruralareas,whereabout70percentofpeoplelive.50

DomesticviolenceisdescribedbytheU.S.DepartmentofStateaswidespread.51

WomeninLesothohavehigherliteracyratesthanmen.Thishasbeenattributedtofreeeducationandapatterninboysbeingwithdrawnfromschooltoworkasherdersand–toalesserextent–miners.52

Landlessness and Dispossession

Theon-goingconstructionofPolihaliDamcausedthedisplacementandresettlementofvillagers,livestockandancestralgravesinMokhotlongtown.Thelimitedspaceallocatedtoresettlementresultedindisplacedvillagerslosingtheirlivelihoods,whichhadbeendependentonsubsistencefarming.TheprojectisdesignedtosupplywaterforSouthAfrica,butthoselivingnearthedamhavenoorlimitedaccesstopipedcleanwaterandelectricity.53

Environmental Factors

Muchofthepopulationreliesonsmall-scaleagricultureforincomeandtheirfamilies’subsistence.54However,settlementonmarginalareas–suchassteepslopes–hasresultedinapatternofovergrazing,severesoilerosion,andsoilexhaustion,aswellasdesertification.55Inaddition,ruralhighlandcommunitiesmayexperiencedrought,floods,strongwinds,heavysnowfall,andseverefrost.SouthAfricanresearchershavepresentedruralhighlandcommunitiesasparticularlyvulnerabletosufferingtheeffectsofthesenaturalhazardsbecauseofwidespreadpoverty,underdevelopment,andtherelativeinaccessibilityofthesecommunities.56In2015,forexample,thegovernmentdeclaredastateofemergencyaftertwoconsecutivecropfailuresleftanestimated650,000peopleatriskofseverehunger.57

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Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Key Commodity Supply Chains

Apparel Apparel Overview

TheLesothoapparelandtextilemanufacturingsectorhasbenefittedfromtheAmericanGrowthandOpportunitiesAct(AGOA),aU.S.tariffpreferenceprogram.Thesectortripledinsizefollowingthe2000signingoftheactandhasreceivedsignificantforeigninvestment,mostnotablyfromTaiwanesecompanies.58However,becauseAGOAissettoexpirein2025,therearesomeinsecuritiesaroundthefutureofthesectorandthereisapushtodiversifytheexportbasetonon-U.S.partners.59

Thesectorproducesprimarilywoven(deniminparticular)andknitgarments.Theknitgarmentmanufacturingsectorreportedlyproducessignificantamountsofyogaandathleticgear.In2015,therewere11wovengarmentproducers,employingapproximately15,000workersand28knitgarmentfactoriesemployingapproximately21,000people.60Nearlyallofthe40,000employedworkersarewomen.61Thesectoristhelargestformalemployer,employingabouthalfoftheformallyemployedworkforce.62

Apparelandtextilefactorieswerenotdescribedasenjoyingexemptionstolaborlawsandregulations.63Rather,someexportingtextilefactorieswerevisitedundertheInternationalLaborOrganization’sBetterWorkLesotho(BWL)program,whichstrivestoimprovecompliancewithLesotho’snationallaborlawsaswellasinternationallaborstandards,andwhichfocusesonconditionswithintheapparelindustry.64

Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors inApparel

Mostofthelow-skilledfemalemigrantsintheLesothoapparelmanufacturingindustryaredomesticmigrantsfromotherregionsofthecountry.65Reportshavenotedthatbecausesalariesaresolow,afterpayingforrentandtransportation,thesewomencanbecomeindebtedanddonotearnenoughinwagestocovertheircostoflivingaroundthefactories.66TherearealsoreportsofChinesemigrantworkersinfactoriesinLesotho.67

AstudybytheILOfoundrelativelywidespreadwageviolationsinapparelfacilities.68Workingconditionsarereportedlypoorinmanycases,particularlyintermsofextremetemperature;manyfactoriesarereportedlynotadequatelyheatedinthewinter,causinglargenumbersofemployeestoresign.69

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Case Study: Swazi Migrants in the Lesotho Textile Sector Thegrowthofthetextile/apparelsectorinLesotho,fueledbytheAmericanGrowthandOpportunityAct(AGOA)hasdrawnmigrantworkersfromruralregionsofLesothoaswellasneighboringSwaziland.FieldresearchconductedforthiscasestudyconfirmedthepresenceofSwazimigrantworkerswholostjobsastheapparelmanufacturingsectorinSwazilandcontracted.ResearchersnotedthephenomenonoffemaleSwaziworkersrecruitedbytheirformerbossestoworkinfactoriesinLesotho.Althoughitappearsthattherearearelativelysmallnumberoftheseworkers,theymaybehighlyvulnerabletotrafficking.Theseworkersareundocumented/lackingproperworkpermits.Insomecases,theiridentitydocumentsarereportedlywithheldbytheiremployers.Theyaredescribedaslivingin“insidethefirmsmonitoredbytheowner,”withlimitedcontactwithoutsidetheworksite,returninghomeapproximatelyonceperyear.Somearereportedlyfreetoconfinedtotheemployer’shomesandmonitored.Oneworkerinterviewedbyresearchersstatedthat,“Wearenotallowedbyourbosstogoout,whenwegotobuygrocerieswearealwaysaccompaniedbysomeone.Itisnotagoodlife,islikeoneisaprisoner.”

Livestock Livestock Overview

Approximately75percentofLesotho’scitizenliveinruralareasanddependonsubsistenceagriculturalpracticestosurvive.70Livestockcultivationisthelargestsubsetofthecountry’sagriculturaleconomy,andthemainproducttheindustryproducesisbeef(43percent).AccordingtotheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),therewere650,000headofcattleinthecountryin2011,with83,000tonsofbeefslaughteredinthesameyear.Lesothoiscompletelyself-sufficientintermsofbeefproduction,andrarelyimportsorexportstheproduct(productionwasevenlybalancedatanaverageof10,500tonsand11,000tonsrespectivelybetween2001and2011).71SheepandgoatsarealsoraisedinLesotho,andthesameFAOreportreportingthattherewereslightlymorethan2millionsheepandgoatsinthecountrybeingusedprimarilyforwoolandmohair.Therearealsoapproximately1.95millionchickensinthecountry,and14,500litersofmilkproducedannually.72

Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Livestock

AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofState,childreninLesothoaresubjectedtoforcedlaborinanimalherding.73The2016U.S.DepartmentofLaborListofGoodsProducedbyChildLabororForcedLabor,noteschildlaborincattleranchingandherdinginLesotho.74

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HerdingisintegraltoBasothoculture.75CNNreportedin2013thataboutonethirdofboysinLesothoareshepherdsanddonotattendschool.76Theseboyscanbeginherdingasyoungasthreeyearsold.77Inpart,thishighrateofchildlaborhasbeenareactiontoadultmenmigratingtoSouthAfricaforworkinmines,leavingalaborshortagearoundherding.78

Diamonds Diamonds Overview

DiamondmininginLesothohasbeenrevivedinrecentyears,withtwooperatingminesin2014.79About2,000workerswereemployedintheindustrialsector.80Artisanalminingactivityhasalsobeennoted.81Lesothohaslargekimberlitereservesanddiamondsareexpectedtobeadriverofeconomicgrowth.82 Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Diamonds Mining

Organizedminingworkersthreatenedstrikesin2017,citingovertimeandwageviolations.83

ThisreportwasfundedbyagrantfromtheUnitedStatesDepartmentofState.Theopinions,findingsandconclusionsstatedhereinarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflectthoseoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofState.

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Endnotes

1CentralIntelligenceAgency(CIA).TheWorldFactbook.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lt.html2AmnestyInternational.AnnualReport:Lesotho2016/17.https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/africa/lesotho/report-lesotho/3TheWorldBank.LesothoData.http://data.worldbank.org/country/Lesotho4CentralIntelligenceAgency(CIA).TheWorldFactbook:Lesotho.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lt.html5Molupe,Majar.“Textileindustry:Lesotho’senclavedeconomy.”SouthernAfricanNews.February24,2016.https://southernafrican.news/2016/02/24/textile-industry-lesothos-enclaved-economy/6TheWorldBank.LesothoOverview.http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/lesotho/overview7https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/africa/lesotho/report-lesotho/8WorldBank.NetMigration.2017.http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.NETM?locations=LS9CentralIntelligenceAgency(CIA).CIAWorldFactbook:Lesotho.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lt.html10UNHCR.PopulationStatistics.2017.http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/overview11InternationalTradeCentre.TradeMap.www.trademap.org.12InternationalTradeCentre.TradeMap.www.trademap.org.13OfficeoftheUnitedStatesTradeRepresentative.Lesotho.https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/southern-africa/lesotho14U.S.DepartmentofState.BureauofDemocracy,HumanRightsandLabor.CountryReportsonHumanRightsPracticesfor2015:Lesotho.2015.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/252907.pdf15U.S.DepartmentofState.BureauofDemocracy,HumanRightsandLabor.CountryReportsonHumanRightsPracticesfor2016:Lesotho.2016.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265480.pdf16U.S.DepartmentofState.BureauofDemocracy,HumanRightsandLabor.CountryReportsonHumanRightsPracticesfor2016:Lesotho.2016.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265480.pdf17FreedomHouse.FreedomintheWorld2016:Lesotho.2016.https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/lesotho18U.S.DepartmentofState.BureauofEconomicandBusinessAffairs.InvestmentClimateStatementsfor2016.2016.https://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/investmentclimatestatements/#wrapper19U.S.DepartmentofState.BureauofDemocracy,HumanRightsandLabor.CountryReportsonHumanRightsPracticesfor2016:Lesotho.2016.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265480.pdf20U.S.DepartmentofState.BureauofDemocracy,HumanRightsandLabor.CountryReportsonHumanRightsPracticesfor2016:Lesotho.2016.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265480.pdf21U.S.DepartmentofState.BureauofDemocracy,HumanRightsandLabor.CountryReportsonHumanRightsPracticesfor2016:Lesotho.2016.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265480.pdf22U.S.DepartmentofState.BureauofDemocracy,HumanRightsandLabor.CountryReportsonHumanRightsPracticesfor2015:Lesotho.2015.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/252907.pdf23U.S.DepartmentofState.BureauofDemocracy,HumanRightsandLabor.CountryReportsonHumanRightsPracticesfor2015:Lesotho.2015.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/252907.pdf24U.S.DepartmentofState.BureauofDemocracy,HumanRightsandLabor.CountryReportsonHumanRightsPracticesfor2015:Lesotho.2015.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/252907.pdf25U.S.DepartmentofState.BureauofDemocracy,HumanRightsandLabor.CountryReportsonHumanRightsPracticesfor2016:Lesotho.2016.https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265480.pdf26EducationPolicyandDataCenter.Lesotho.2016.http://www.epdc.org/country/lesotho

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