Kingdom Animalia CharacteristicsKingdom Animalia CharacteristicsEukaryotic Eukaryotic MulticellularMulticellularHeterotrophic Heterotrophic – ingest foodingest food

Specialized cellsSpecialized cells– Most have tissuesMost have tissues

No cell wallNo cell wallMost motileMost motileMost sexual reproductionMost sexual reproductionDiploid is dominant generationDiploid is dominant generation

Animals can be distinguished by Animals can be distinguished by determining several characteristicsdetermining several characteristics..

Symmetry – how many lines can be drawn to Symmetry – how many lines can be drawn to divide the organism?divide the organism?Tissue- does the organism have tissue and how Tissue- does the organism have tissue and how many layers?many layers?Body plan – does the organism have a coelom Body plan – does the organism have a coelom (body cavity) lined with tissue?(body cavity) lined with tissue?Vertebrate or invertebrate – does the organism Vertebrate or invertebrate – does the organism have a backbone?have a backbone?Skeleton – what kind of skeletal structure does Skeleton – what kind of skeletal structure does the animal have?the animal have?Digestion– what kind of digestive system does Digestion– what kind of digestive system does the animal have?the animal have?

Types of Body symmetryTypes of Body symmetry

Types of body symmetryTypes of body symmetry

Asymmetry (lack of symmetry)Asymmetry (lack of symmetry)– Ex = sponges and coralEx = sponges and coral

Radial symmetry: body parts arranged Radial symmetry: body parts arranged around central axis around central axis – Ex = hydra and sea starsEx = hydra and sea stars

Types of body symmetryTypes of body symmetry

Bilateral symmetry: body parts can be divided Bilateral symmetry: body parts can be divided down a central planedown a central plane– Ex = all higher organisms, humans, insectsEx = all higher organisms, humans, insects

Types of body symmetryTypes of body symmetry

Bilateral Symmetry Creates Bilateral Symmetry Creates ComplexityComplexity

95% of animals are invertebrates. There 95% of animals are invertebrates. There are 29 invertebrate phyla. Most have are 29 invertebrate phyla. Most have bilateral symmetry. bilateral symmetry.

Body orientation – dorsal (top/back), Body orientation – dorsal (top/back), ventral (bottom/front), anterior (head), ventral (bottom/front), anterior (head), posterior (tail)posterior (tail)

CephalizationCephalization: : concentration of nerves concentration of nerves and sensory organs at front of organismand sensory organs at front of organism move easily & sense dangermove easily & sense danger

The symmetry of an animal The symmetry of an animal generally fits its lifestyle.generally fits its lifestyle.– Many radial animals are Many radial animals are

sessile, need to meet the sessile, need to meet the environment equally well environment equally well from all sides.from all sides.

– Animals that move Animals that move actively are bilateral; actively are bilateral; head end is usually first head end is usually first to encounter stimulito encounter stimuli

SegmentationSegmentation: Advanced/complex : Advanced/complex animals show either internal or animals show either internal or external segmentation. external segmentation.

Complex Animals have tissue Complex Animals have tissue layerslayers

Three Potential Layers of Tissues FormedThree Potential Layers of Tissues Formed

Ectoderm Ectoderm outer layer outer layer

Endoderm Endoderm inner layer inner layer

Mesoderm Mesoderm middle layer middle layer

Types of body plansTypes of body plansAcoelomateAcoelomate– Has no coelom (body cavity) surrounding Has no coelom (body cavity) surrounding

digestive tractdigestive tract– Phyla: PlatyhelminthesPhyla: Platyhelminthes

Types of body plansTypes of body plansPseudocoelomatePseudocoelomate– Has coelom surrounding digestive tract but it’s Has coelom surrounding digestive tract but it’s

incomplete (not surrounded in mesoderm)incomplete (not surrounded in mesoderm)– Phylum: NematodsPhylum: Nematods

Types of body plansTypes of body plansCoelomate Coelomate – Has completely lined coelom surrounding Has completely lined coelom surrounding

digestive tractdigestive tract– Every phylum after NematodaEvery phylum after Nematoda

Comparison of Body PlansComparison of Body Plans

Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate CoelomateAcoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate

Invertebrate or vertebrateInvertebrate or vertebrateInvertebrates – don’t have a backbone or Invertebrates – don’t have a backbone or spinal columnspinal columnVertebrates – has a backbone and/or Vertebrates – has a backbone and/or spinal columnspinal column– ONLY animals in Phylum Chordata are ONLY animals in Phylum Chordata are

vertebrates!vertebrates!

archaeopteryxsquid

Types of skeletonsTypes of skeletons

ExoskeletonExoskeleton– Ex = arthropodsEx = arthropods

EndoskeletonEndoskeleton– Ex = mammalsEx = mammals

SkeletonsSkeletons

OtherOther– Ex = sponges have spicules, sea stars have Ex = sponges have spicules, sea stars have

spiny skin and water vascular systemsspiny skin and water vascular systems

Types of digestive systemsTypes of digestive systemsIncomplete system – (aka one opening for digestion)Incomplete system – (aka one opening for digestion)– Food comes in and out the same place, a mouthFood comes in and out the same place, a mouth

Types of digestive systemTypes of digestive system

Complete system – (aka two openings for Complete system – (aka two openings for digestion)digestion)– Food comes in a mouth and out the anus! Food comes in a mouth and out the anus!

Phylum PoriferaPhylum Porifera- Sponges- SpongesPore-bearingPore-bearing

SessileSessile

Body hardened by spicules Body hardened by spicules

AsymmetricalAsymmetrical

Contain cells onlyContain cells only

Specialized cells for digestion, filter feedersSpecialized cells for digestion, filter feeders

Asexual (budding) and sexual reproduction Asexual (budding) and sexual reproduction (hermaphrodites)(hermaphrodites)

Phylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria- Cnidarians- CnidariansHydra, Corals, JelliesHydra, Corals, Jellies

Radial symmetryRadial symmetry

Two tissue layersTwo tissue layers

Incomplete digestion- Incomplete digestion- carnivorouscarnivorous

Asexual and Asexual and

sexual reproductionsexual reproduction

Stinging cells- Stinging cells- nematocystsnematocysts

Phylum PlatyhelminthesPhylum Platyhelminthes- Flat Worms- Flat WormsPlanaria, flukes, tapewormsPlanaria, flukes, tapewormsBilateral symmetry Bilateral symmetry 3 tissue layers3 tissue layersAcoelomatesAcoelomatesIncomplete digestionIncomplete digestionAsexual and sexualAsexual and sexualParasites and diseases for Parasites and diseases for humans and other animalshumans and other animals

Phylum NematodaPhylum Nematoda- Round worms- Round wormsAscaris, hookworms, Ascaris, hookworms, trichinella, pinwormstrichinella, pinworms

3 tissue layers3 tissue layers

PseudocoelomPseudocoelom

Two digestive openingsTwo digestive openings

Separate sexesSeparate sexes

Many cause human Many cause human diseasesdiseases

Phylum AnnelidaPhylum Annelida- Segmented worms- Segmented worms

Earthworms, leeches, Earthworms, leeches, sand wormssand worms

3 layers: Coelom3 layers: Coelom

Complete digestionComplete digestion

Asexual and sexualAsexual and sexual

Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca- Mollusks- Mollusks

Soft body, shellsSoft body, shells

Gastropods (snails), Gastropods (snails), Bivalves (clams), Bivalves (clams), Cephalopods (squid)Cephalopods (squid)

3 layers: Coelum3 layers: Coelum

Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction

3 distinct body parts3 distinct body parts

Phylum ArthropodaPhylum Arthropoda- Arthropods- Arthropods

Jointed appendagesJointed appendagesClasses:Classes:– ArachnidaArachnida– CrustaceaCrustacea– Insecta Insecta

3 layers: Coelum3 layers: CoelumMany: internal Many: internal fertilizationfertilizationExoskeleton (chitin)Exoskeleton (chitin)¾ of all animals¾ of all animals

Class ArachnidaClass Arachnida

2 body regions2 body regions

4 pairs of legs4 pairs of legs

No antennaeNo antennae

Book lungsBook lungs

Class CrustaceaClass Crustacea

2 body regions2 body regions

5 pairs walking legs5 pairs walking legs

3 pairs mandibles3 pairs mandibles

2 pairs antennae2 pairs antennae

GillsGills

Class InsectaClass Insecta

3 body regions3 body regions

3 pairs walking legs3 pairs walking legs

1 pair antennae1 pair antennae

Some = flightSome = flight

Phylum EchinodermataPhylum Echinodermata- Echinoderms- EchinodermsSpiny skinSpiny skin

Sea stars, sand dollars, Sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchinssea urchins

Bilateral then radial Bilateral then radial

3 layers: Coelum3 layers: Coelum

CompleteComplete

Regeneration/SexualRegeneration/Sexual

Endoskeleton and water Endoskeleton and water vascular systemvascular system

Tube feet Tube feet

Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata

Dorsal Nerve CordDorsal Nerve Cord

VertebratesVertebrates

Tail @ some stage of Tail @ some stage of

developmentdevelopment

Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry

Systems InteractSystems Interact

ClassesClasses– Agnatha -- Chondrichthyes -- OsteichthyesAgnatha -- Chondrichthyes -- Osteichthyes– Amphibia -- Reptilia -- Aves -- MammaliaAmphibia -- Reptilia -- Aves -- Mammalia

Class AgnathaClass Agnatha

Jawless fishJawless fish

No scalesNo scales

Long and slenderLong and slender

Ectotherm- Ectotherm- external temp. external temp. regulationregulation

Class ChondrichthyesClass Chondrichthyes

Cartilaginous fishCartilaginous fish

Tooth-like scalesTooth-like scales

Paired finsPaired fins

EctothermicEctothermic

Internal fertilization Internal fertilization (give birth to live (give birth to live young)young)

Their bone Their bone structure is actually structure is actually cartilagecartilage

Class OsteichthyesClass OsteichthyesBony fishBony fish

ScalesScales

Paired finsPaired fins

Air BladderAir Bladder

2 chambered heart2 chambered heart

External fertilizationExternal fertilization

EctothermicEctothermic

Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia

AmphibiansAmphibians

Life in water/on landLife in water/on land

Gills then lungsGills then lungs

3 chambered heart3 chambered heart

EctothermicEctothermic

Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia

ReptilesReptiles

Dry skin, scalesDry skin, scales

Amniotic eggAmniotic egg

LungsLungs

EctothermicEctothermic

Class AvesClass Aves

BirdsBirds

Endothermic: Endothermic: body temp. regulated by body temp. regulated by homeostasishomeostasis

4 chambered heart4 chambered heart

Feathers=modified scalesFeathers=modified scales

Class MammaliaClass Mammalia

MammalsMammals

Mammary glandsMammary glands

Internal developmentInternal development

HairHair

EndothermicEndothermic

Class MammaliaClass Mammalia