KINEGRAFProject financed by

the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Polandfrom funds on science in years 2009 – 2011 as development project

Software producer and distributor:

Research and Training Centreof Polish Forensic Association

www.kryminalistyka.pl

The PolishForensicAssociation

Universityof Warsaw

Project financed bythe Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland

from funds on science in years 2009 – 2011 as development project

Programme GuideAuthors of software:

Andrzej Łuszczuk M.Sc.Krystyn Łuszczuk M.Sc. Eng.

Scientific consultation:Prof.Tadeusz Tomaszewski

Dr Mieczysław Goc

English version:Agnieszka Łukomska (M.A.)

System and equipment requirements:

TO ENSURE PROPER RUNNING OF PROGRAMMETHE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS SHOULD BE MET:

2. IMPORTANT: required monitor (display) resolution 1024 × 600 or higher. In lower resolution, the programme cannot be started.

3. Recommended default font size "9" at 96 dpi (not more than 120 dpi).

4. In Windows „.NET Framework" platform in v.2.0.50727 or more recent version should be installed. It is necessary for proper running of the programe.

1. Operating system: Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7 or Windows 8.

In KINEGRAF programme the so-called Kinetic and Geometric Similarity Index

was applied for handwriting examination.

Andrzej Łuszczuk is the author of this examination method

If a graphical line is solid, it is recommended to designate beginning point of next element in ending point of preceding element

First click – starting point

Second click – ending point and line between starting and ending

points

Third click – „deflection” point. The distance between this point and the line which links starting and ending points serves to determine whether a marked element

is straight or arched. 1

2

3

2

31

23

1

In KGSI method, it has been accepted that a graphical line of handwriting constitutes of straight and arched elements. Every element is marked by three clicks:

If deflection „u” is smaller than or equals „g” (u ≤ g) the element is

considered as straight. If deflection „u” is bigger than

thickness „g” (u > g) the element is considered as arched.

Starting point marked by expert

Ending point marked by expert

„Deflection” point marked by expert and line between starting

and ending points

Principle of classifying a graphical element as being straight or arched

Thickness of graphical line(0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 mm),

chosen by expert. If not selected,a default thickness

of g = 1,5 mm applies.

„g”Let us enlarge a yellow fragment

„d”

Point of „deflection” of graphical element. It should be designated by expert in the

middle of line thickness. There is a possibility of selection of „d” diameter of

that point ( 4; 6; 8; 10; 12; 14 px).A default setting d = 8px is recommended.

„u”

„Deflection” of graphical element, i.e. distance between the centre of

deflection point and line which links starting and ending

points.”Deflection” is calculated by computer with use of special

formula.

Arched element – straight element

Straight element is a graphical line fragment, whose „deflection” (convexity or concavity) along the entire line is smaller than or equals the thickness of this line

Arched element is a graphical line fragment, whose „deflection” is bigger than

the thicknessof this line

As in handwriting examination one may encounter specimens of various line thickness, the programme provides the possibility of defining (selecting) thickness for each specimen individually by an expert, and also the decision whether the programme

classifies a given graphical element as being straight or arched.

It has been accepted in KGSI method that infinite number of possible directions of writing of graphical elements in the process of writing

can be reduced down to 10 basic ones by selecting:

8 – directions of writing of straight elements, 2 – directions of writing of arched elements.

Basing on many years’ graphological practice, it has been concluded that the frequence of occurence of these directions is

variable. Some of them appear more often, whereas the others less frequenlty.

To systemise frequence of of occurence, directions of writing were attributed increasing values from 0.1 to 1.0 range, while

observing the rule that the most often a given direction occurs, the lower its numerical representation.

Pictogram Point valueAngular range of writing

directions of straight elements[in degrees]

0,1260 – 280

80 – 100 0,2

10 – 80 0,3

190 – 260 0,4

280 – 350 0,5

Arched elements written counterclockwise 0,7

Arched elements written clockwise 0,8

100 – 170 0,6

350 – 10 0,9

170 – 190 1,0

Principles of attributing point value to directions of writing of graphical elements

(straight elements of low point value occur more frequently)

3500

100

8001000

1700

1900

28002600

00

900

1800

2700

Analysis of specimens in KGSI method involves designation of straight and arched elements on graphical elements of these specimens.

Total point (numerical) value of graphical element

is the sum of values „for direction” and „for length”.

At the same time, computer calculates the length of designated element and attributes, basing on empirical algorithm, point (numerical) value „for length”

is attributed. The number is contained between 0.0000 and 0.0999 range.

After designation of each element (third click), computer determines its direction by highlighting one of the following buttons with relevant pictogram representing direction of writing.

This also means that the element is attributed point (numerical) value„for direction”.

40 mm

Example of score: Straight, 40 mm long element drawnin the direction indicated with red arrow,is given the following score value: 0,3 „for direction” 40 x 0,0016 = 0,064 „for lenght”================================== Total 0,3 + 0,064 = 0,364

c=12 mmh=6 mm

Length of arched element of „opening”c=12mm and "deflection" h=6mmis calculated according to the formula:The element drawn in the directionindicated with red arrow is 18.33 mm longand given the following score value: 0,8 "for direction" 18,33 x 0,0016 = 0,029 "for length"================================== Total 0,8 + 0,029 = 0,829

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16hcl

I.N.Bronsztejn, K.A. Siemiendiajew, MATEMATYKA Poradnik encyklopedyczny,Wydanie XX, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWNWarszawa 2004, strona 216

Marking KGSI in programme KINEGRAF

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1- arc

2-arc

3-line

4-arc

5-arc

6-arc

7-arc

8-arc

9-line

10-arc

1. In the same way, straight and arched elements on graphical elements are designated.

2. These elements are attributed point values according to the principle described on previous slides.

3. Basing on these values, the computer finds in specimens the number of common elements Ncom (i.e. the ones which have similar writing directions, and whose difference in scoring "for length" is lower than 5%, 10%, 15% or 20% depending on verification level) and defines the number of all elements subject to examination Nall.

Kinetic and Geometric Similarity Index KGSI = 100 * Ncom / Nall [%]

1 - line

2 - arc

3 - line

4 - arc

5 - arc

6 - line

7 - arc

8 - arc

9 - line

10 - arc

11 - line

12 - arc

13 - arc 14 - arc

Designating straight and arched elements on grahical line of signature

1. In this example, 14 elements have been designated (5 straight and 9 arched elements) alongside the entire signature graphical line. 2. This is not prerequisite. The expert decides on selection of the entire graphical line, its fragment(s) or a single letter for the analysis.3. The only prerequisite is to designate no less than 5 elements. An attempt to calculate KGSI when this requirement has not been met, will generate an error message.

In paralell to calculating KGSI index, the so-called identification value coefficients designated as Wi are calculated for examined specimens.

Wi connects the number of directions of writing L found in the specimen and made by a writer with a total number of elements in specimen (signature) subject to examination Nall.

Wi coefficient is calculated according to the empirical formula:

where: Wi – identification coefficient, Nall – number of all graphical elements in specimen subject to examination, 11 – fixed value (max. number of writing direction escalated with 1) L – number of writing directions found in examined specimen.

Specimen identification coefficient Wi in programme KINEGRAF

Mathematical value of Wi coefficient provides for substantial usefulness of a specimen as regards verification and comparison. The higher number of writing directions in a

specimen, the higher value of this coefficient, and hence – higher identification value of the specimen.

If, during the analysis, in both specimens THE SAME number of graphical elements Nall was found, then the specimen of higher Wi value is of higher identification value.

If, in examined specimens, DIFFERENT numbers of graphical elements Nall were found, then Wi values should be interpreted for each specimen individually and they should not

be compared with each other.

Wi = Nall/(11- L)

Examples of graphical lines and coefficients Wi L

NW alli 11

Nall = 1L = 1

Nall = 6L = 2

Nall = 6L = 6

10.010

1

111

1

iW

67.09

6

211

6

iW

20.15

6

611

6

iW

Interpretation of Wi identification value coefficient

To determine whether specimens for which Wi coefficients have been determined, are of the sufficient verification value, the term of a critical coefficient of identification value

Wikr was introduced by accepting empirically that the specimen of sufficient (satisfactory) identification value should contain at least 3 writing directions Lkr = 3.

Hence, for each specimen, in each analysis computer determines critical coefficients according to the formula:

In the next step, comparison between real values of Wi coefficients foundin a given analysis and Wikr critical values takes place.

In case of the following relation:Wi >= Wikr - specimen is of sufficient verification value

Opposite relation:Wi < Wikr - means insufficient verification value of the specimen, the result of

analysis of such specimen can be burdened with a serious error. Change of specimen is recommended.

Wikr = Nall/(11 – Lkr)

Notes on programme application:

1. Highest Wi values may be obtained only when Nall ≥10 (then theoretically all writing directions L=10 may occur).

2. Recommended number of graphical elements designated in the analysis should be therefore equal or higher than 10 in each text specimen.

3. KINEGRAF programme admits the minimum number of Nall=5 to enable the examination of very short specimens, such as initials.

4. Higher threshold of Nall can theoretically be any number. In the programme it has been limited to Nall=100 for practical reasons (better legibility).

Basic principles of verification of handwriting

specimens in KINEGRAF

KINEGRAF is a measuring tool, which examines geometrical shape of specimens. It does not account for other features

(such as tremor, points of stoppage, shading distribution) which may appear in examined specimens and be in conflict with high

geometrical similarity.

PROGRAMME IS A MEASURING TOOL AND DOES NOT INTEND TO SUBSTITUTE THE EXPERT

A final decision on match of examined entries belongs to the user !!!

KINEGRAF

KINEGRAF allows for evaluation of similarity between handwriting specimens basing on: - value of kinetic and geometrical similarity index KGSI

- identification value of examined specimens

Level of measurement accuracy is determined by expert who accepts admissible percentage range to contain differences between examined specimens

(5%; 10%;15% i 20%)

The choice of line thickness, i.e. the "deflection" of graphical element criterion, allows for determining whether the

element is arched or straight. This enables the specimens of different line thickness to be compared.

Pictograms defining writing directions of graphical lines

KINEGRAF – programme interface

KINEGRAF – handwriting elements after analysis

Results of measurements of graphical elements of signatures, as designated by expert

Graphical results

Numerical results

KINEGRAF – graphical and numerical results of analysis

You are welcome to use our programme